Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant: Potential for bioremediation?
|
摘要
This study involved an evaluation of the potential for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. It was focused on the presence of PCBs in two types of effluents: the continuous effluent present during dry weather conditions and the intermittently present effluent that was present during wet weather due to incoming stormwater. The annual discharge of PCBs for both types of effluent was calculated based on a five-year dataset(2011–2015). In addition, the toxicity and bioremediation potential of the PCBs in the effluent were also assessed. It was found that the continuous effluent was responsible for the majority of the discharged PCB into the receiving river(1821 g for five years), while the intermittent effluent contributed 260 g over the five years.The average number of chlorine per biphenyl for the detected PCB congeners showed a 19%difference between the two types of effluent, which indicated a potential for organohalide respiration of PCBs during the continuous treatment. This was further supported by a high level of tri-, tetra-and penta-chlorinated congeners accounting for 75% of the anaerobically respired PCBs. Potential for aerobic degradation and thus biomineralization of PCBs was identified for both effluents. Furthermore, toxicity of 12 dioxin-like PCBs showed that normal operation of the wastewater reduced the toxicity throughout the wastewater treatment plant.
This study involved an evaluation of the potential for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. It was focused on the presence of PCBs in two types of effluents: the continuous effluent present during dry weather conditions and the intermittently present effluent that was present during wet weather due to incoming stormwater. The annual discharge of PCBs for both types of effluent was calculated based on a five-year dataset(2011–2015). In addition, the toxicity and bioremediation potential of the PCBs in the effluent were also assessed. It was found that the continuous effluent was responsible for the majority of the discharged PCB into the receiving river(1821 g for five years), while the intermittent effluent contributed 260 g over the five years.The average number of chlorine per biphenyl for the detected PCB congeners showed a 19%difference between the two types of effluent, which indicated a potential for organohalide respiration of PCBs during the continuous treatment. This was further supported by a high level of tri-, tetra-and penta-chlorinated congeners accounting for 75% of the anaerobically respired PCBs. Potential for aerobic degradation and thus biomineralization of PCBs was identified for both effluents. Furthermore, toxicity of 12 dioxin-like PCBs showed that normal operation of the wastewater reduced the toxicity throughout the wastewater treatment plant.
This study involved an evaluation of the potential for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. It was focused on the presence of PCBs in two types of effluents: the continuous effluent present during dry weather conditions and the intermittently present effluent that was present during wet weather due to incoming stormwater. The annual discharge of PCBs for both types of effluent was calculated based on a five-year dataset(2011–2015). In addition, the toxicity and bioremediation potential of the PCBs in the effluent were also assessed. It was found that the continuous effluent was responsible for the majority of the discharged PCB into the receiving river(1821 g for five years), while the intermittent effluent contributed 260 g over the five years.The average number of chlorine per biphenyl for the detected PCB congeners showed a 19%difference between the two types of effluent, which indicated a potential for organohalide respiration of PCBs during the continuous treatment. This was further supported by a high level of tri-, tetra-and penta-chlorinated congeners accounting for 75% of the anaerobically respired PCBs. Potential for aerobic degradation and thus biomineralization of PCBs was identified for both effluents. Furthermore, toxicity of 12 dioxin-like PCBs showed that normal operation of the wastewater reduced the toxicity throughout the wastewater treatment plant.
引文
Abbas,S.H.,Ismail,I.M.,Mostafa,T.M.,Sulaymon,A.H.,2014.Biosorption of heavy metals:a review.J.Chem.Sci.Technol.3,74-102.
Abramowicz,D.A.,1995.Aerobic and anaerobic PCB biodegradation in the environment.Environ.Health Perspect.103,97.
Ahmed,M.,Focht,D.,1973.Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by two species of Achromobacter.Can.J.Microbiol.19,47-52.
Baars,A.,Bakker,M.,Baumann,R.,Boon,P.,Freijer,J.,Hoogenboom,L.,et al.,2004.Dioxins,dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs:occurrence and dietary intake in the Netherlands.Toxicol.Lett.151,51-61.
Balasubramani,A.,Howell,N.L.,Rifai,H.S.,2014.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in industrial and municipal effluents:concentrations,congener profiles,and partitioning onto particulates and organic carbon.Sci.Total Environ.473,702-713.
Barbalace,R.C.,2003.The chemistry of polychlorinated biphenyls.https://environmentalchemistry.com.
Bedard,D.L.,2004.Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Aquatic Sediments:Environmental Fate and Outlook for Biological Treatment,Dehalogenation.Springer,pp.443-465.
Bedard,D.L.,2008.A case study for microbial biodegradation:anaerobic bacterial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls-from sediment to defined medium.Annu.Rev.Microbiol.62,253-270.
Bedard,D.L.,Ritalahti,K.M.,L?ffler,F.E.,2007.The Dehalococcoides population in sediment-free mixed cultures metabolically dechlorinates the commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1260.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,2513-2521.
Chang,Y.-C.,Takada,K.,Choi,D.,Toyama,T.,Sawada,K.,Kikuchi,S.,2013.Isolation of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading bacteria and their degradation pathway.Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol.170,381-398.
Cheng,H.,Hu,Y.,2010.Curbing dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration in China:re-thinking about management policies and practices.Environ.Pollut.158,2809-2814.
Chun,C.L.,Payne,R.B.,Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2013.Electrical stimulation of microbial PCB degradation in sediment.Water Res.47,141-152.
Correa,P.A.,Lin,L.,Just,C.L.,Hu,D.,Hornbuckle,K.C.,Schnoor,J.L.,et al.,2010.The effects of individual PCB congeners on the soil bacterial community structure and the abundance of biphenyl dioxygenase genes.Environ.Int.36,901-906.
De,J.,Ramaiah,N.,Sarkar,A.,2006.Aerobic degradation of highly chlorinated polychlorobiphenyls by a marine bacterium,Pseudomonas CH07.World J.Microbiol.Biotechnol.22,1321-1327.
Deblonde,T.,Cossu-Leguille,C.,Hartemann,P.,2011.Emerging pollutants in wastewater:A review of the literature.Int.J.Hyg.Environ.Health 214,442-448.
Dong,B.,Chen,H.Y.,Yang,Y.,He,Q.B.,Dai,X.H.,2015.Biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls using a moving-bed biofilm reactor.Clean Soil Air Water 43,1078-1083.
EPA,2008.Method 1668B.chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water,soil,sediment,biosolids,and tissue by HRGC/HRMS.Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste(Washington,DC).
Fagervold,S.K.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2007.Microbial reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in Baltimore Harbor sediment microcosms is catalyzed by three phylotypes within the phylum Chloroflexi.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,3009-3018.
Fagervold,S.K.,Watts,J.E.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2005.Sequential reductive dechlorination of meta-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediment microcosms by two different Chloroflexi phylotypes.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.71,8085-8090.
Fagervold,S.K.,Watts,J.E.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2011.Effects of bioaugmentation on indigenous PCB dechlorinating activity in sediment microcosms.Water Res.45,3899-3907.
Field,J.A.,Sierra-Alvarez,R.,2008.Microbial transformation and degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls.Environ.Pollut.155,1-12.
Focant,J.-F.,Sj?din,A.,Patterson,D.G.,2004.Improved separation of the 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-offlight mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.A 1040,227-238.
Gray,N.F.,2004.Biology of Wastewater Treatment.World Scientific.
Grimm,F.A.,Hu,D.,Kania-Korwel,I.,Lehmler,H.-J.,Ludewig,G.,Hornbuckle,K.C.,et al.,2015.Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls.Crit.Rev.Toxicol.45,245-272.
Hansler,G.M.,Fikslin,T.J.,Greene,F.W.,Greene,R.W.,1998.Study of the Loadings of Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Tributaries and Point Sources Discharging to the Tidal Delaware River.
Herbst,W.,Hunger,K.,2006.Industrial Organic Pigments:Production,Properties,Applications.John Wiley&Sons.
Johnson,P.D.,Girinathannair,P.,Ohlinger,K.N.,Ritchie,S.,Teuber,L.,Kirby,J.,2008.Enhanced removal of heavy metals in primary treatment using coagulation and flocculation.Water Environ.Res.80,472-479.
Kaya,D.,Imamoglu,I.,Sanin,F.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2018.Acomparative evaluation of anaerobic dechlorination of PCB-118 and Aroclor 1254 in sediment microcosms from three PCB-impacted environments.J.Hazard.Mater.341,328-335.
Keith,L.H.,1996.Compilation of EPA's Sampling and Analysis Methods.CRC Press.
Kiedrzyńska,E.,Urbaniak,M.,Kiedrzyński,M.,Jó?wik,A.,Bednarek,A.,G?ga?a,I.,et al.,2017.The use of a hybrid sequential biofiltration system for the improvement of nutrient removal and PCB control in municipal wastewater.Sci.Rep.7.
Kjellerup,B.,Naff,C.,Edwards,S.,Ghosh,U.,Baker,J.,Sowers,K.,2014.Effects of activated carbon on reductive dechlorination of PCBs by organohalide respiring bacteria indigenous to sediments.Water Res.52,1-10.
Kjellerup,B.V.,Paul,P.,Ghosh,U.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2012.Spatial distribution of PCB dechlorinating bacteria and activities in contaminated soil.Appl.Environ.Soil Sci.2012.
Kranzioch,I.,Stoll,C.,Holbach,A.,Chen,H.,Wang,L.,Zheng,B.,et al.,2013.Dechlorination and organohalide-respiring bacteria dynamics in sediment samples of the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.20,7046-7056.
Krzmarzick,M.J.,Crary,B.B.,Harding,J.J.,Oyerinde,O.O.,Leri,A.C.,Myneni,S.C.,et al.,2012.Natural niche for organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.78,393-401.
Kuipers,B.,Cullen,W.R.,Mohn,W.W.,2003.Reductive dechlorination of weathered Aroclor 1260 during anaerobic biotreatment of Arctic soils.Can.J.Microbiol.49,9-14.
Kulkarni,P.S.,Crespo,J.G.,Afonso,C.A.,2008.Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies-a review.Environ.Int.34,139-153.
Lallas,P.L.,2001.The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.AJIL 95,692-708.
Laroe,S.L.,Fricker,A.D.,Bedard,D.L.,2014.Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain JNA in pure culture extensively dechlorinates Aroclor 1260according to polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB)dechlorination process N.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,9187-9196.
Lombard,N.J.,Ghosh,U.,Kjellerup,B.V.,Sowers,K.R.,2014.Kinetics and threshold level of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination by an organohalide respiring bacterium.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,4353-4360.
Mattes,T.E.,Ewald,J.M.,Liang,Y.,Martinez,A.,Awad,A.,et al.,2017.PCB dechlorination hotspots and reductive dehalogenase genes in sediments from a contaminated wastewater lagoon.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.1-13.
May,H.D.,Cutter,L.A.,Miller,G.S.,Milliken,C.E.,Watts,J.E.,Sowers,K.R.,2006.Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of organohalides on the dehalogenating activities of PCB-dechlorinating bacterium o-17.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,5704-5709.
Murínová,S.,Dercová,K.,Dudá?ová,H.,2014.Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)by four bacterial isolates obtained from the PCB-contaminated soil and PCB-contaminated sediment.Int.Biodeterior.Biodegrad.91,52-59.
North,K.D.,2004.Tracking polybrominated diphenyl ether releases in a wastewater treatment plant effluent,Palo Alto,California.Environ.Sci.Technol.38,4484-4488.
Nyholm,J.R.,Lundberg,C.,Andersson,P.L.,2010.Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.Environ.Pollut.158,2235-2240.
Passatore,L.,Rossetti,S.,Juwarkar,A.A.,Massacci,A.,2014.Phytoremediation and bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs):State of knowledge and research perspectives.J.Hazard.Mater.278,189-202.
Patureau,D.,Trably,E.,2006.Impact of anaerobic and aerobic processes on polychlorobiphenyl removal in contaminated sewage sludge.Biodegradation 17,9-17.
Payne,R.B.,Ghosh,U.,May,H.D.,Marshall,C.W.,Sowers,K.R.,2017.Mesocosm studies on the efficacy of bioamended activated carbon for treating PCB-impacted sediment.Environ.Sci.Technol.51,10691-10699.
Payne,R.B.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2011.Enhanced reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl impacted sediment by bioaugmentation with a dehalorespiring bacterium.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,8772-8779.
Pieper,D.H.,2005.Aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.67,170-191.
Rodenburg,L.A.,Du,S.,Fennell,D.E.,Cavallo,G.J.,2010.Evidence for widespread dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in groundwater,landfills,and wastewater collection systems.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,7534-7540.
Rodenburg,L.A.,Du,S.,Lui,H.,Guo,J.,Oseagulu,N.,Fennell,D.E.,2012.Evidence for dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and-furans in wastewater collection systems in the New York metropolitan area.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,6612-6620.
Rodriguez,C.,Cook,A.,Devine,B.,Van Buynder,P.,Lugg,R.,Linge,K.,et al.,2008.Dioxins,furans and PCBs in recycled water for indirect potable reuse.Int.J.Environ.Res.Public Health 5,356-367.
Rosińska,A.,Karwowska,B.,2017.Dynamics of changes in coplanar and indicator PCB in sewage sludge during mesophilic methane digestion.J.Hazard.Mater.323,341-349.
Rushneck,D.R.,Beliveau,A.,Fowler,B.,Hamilton,C.,Hoover,D.,Kaye,K.,et al.,2004.Concentrations of dioxin-like PCBcongeners in unweathered Aroclors by HRGC/HRMS using EPAmethod 1668A.Chemosphere 54,79-87.
Smith,B.J.,Boothe,M.A.,Fiddler,B.A.,Lozano,T.M.,Rahi,R.K.,Krzmarzick,M.J.,2015.Enumeration of organohalide respirers in municipal wastewater anaerobic digesters.Microbiol.Insights 8(Suppl.2),9-14.
Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2013.In situ treatment of PCBs by anaerobic microbial dechlorination in aquatic sediment:Are we there yet?Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.24,482-488.
Su,X.,Zhang,Q.,Hu,J.,Hashmi,M.Z.,Ding,L.,Shen,C.,2015.Enhanced degradation of biphenyl from PCB-contaminated sediments:The impact of extracellular organic matter from Micrococcus luteus.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.99,1989-2000.
Tu,C.,Teng,Y.,Luo,Y.,Li,X.,Sun,X.,Li,Z.,et al.,2011.Potential for biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)by Sinorhizobium meliloti.J.Hazard.Mater.186,1438-1444.
Van den Berg,M.,Birnbaum,L.S.,Denison,M.,De Vito,M.,Farland,W.,Feeley,M.,et al.,2006.The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.Toxicol.Sci.93,223-241.
Wang,S.,He,J.,2013.Phylogenetically distinct bacteria involve extensive dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in sediment-free cultures.PLoS One 8,e59178.
Wu,Q.,Watts,J.E.,Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2002.Identification of a bacterium that specifically catalyzes the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls with doubly flanked chlorines.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.68,807-812.
Wu,C.,Zhu,H.,Luo,Y.,Teng,Y.,Song,J.,Chen,M.,2015.Levels and potential health hazards of PCBs in shallow groundwater of an e-waste recycling area,China.Environ.Earth Sci.74,4431-4438.
Zanaroli,G.,Negroni,A.,H?ggblom,M.M.,Fava,F.,2015.Microbial dehalogenation of organohalides in marine and estuarine environments.Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.33,287-295.
Zhang,Z.,Huang,J.,Yu,G.,Hong,H.,2004.Occurrence of PAHs,PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing,China.Environ.Pollut.130,249-261.
Abramowicz,D.A.,1995.Aerobic and anaerobic PCB biodegradation in the environment.Environ.Health Perspect.103,97.
Ahmed,M.,Focht,D.,1973.Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by two species of Achromobacter.Can.J.Microbiol.19,47-52.
Baars,A.,Bakker,M.,Baumann,R.,Boon,P.,Freijer,J.,Hoogenboom,L.,et al.,2004.Dioxins,dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs:occurrence and dietary intake in the Netherlands.Toxicol.Lett.151,51-61.
Balasubramani,A.,Howell,N.L.,Rifai,H.S.,2014.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in industrial and municipal effluents:concentrations,congener profiles,and partitioning onto particulates and organic carbon.Sci.Total Environ.473,702-713.
Barbalace,R.C.,2003.The chemistry of polychlorinated biphenyls.https://environmentalchemistry.com.
Bedard,D.L.,2004.Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Aquatic Sediments:Environmental Fate and Outlook for Biological Treatment,Dehalogenation.Springer,pp.443-465.
Bedard,D.L.,2008.A case study for microbial biodegradation:anaerobic bacterial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls-from sediment to defined medium.Annu.Rev.Microbiol.62,253-270.
Bedard,D.L.,Ritalahti,K.M.,L?ffler,F.E.,2007.The Dehalococcoides population in sediment-free mixed cultures metabolically dechlorinates the commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1260.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,2513-2521.
Chang,Y.-C.,Takada,K.,Choi,D.,Toyama,T.,Sawada,K.,Kikuchi,S.,2013.Isolation of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading bacteria and their degradation pathway.Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol.170,381-398.
Cheng,H.,Hu,Y.,2010.Curbing dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration in China:re-thinking about management policies and practices.Environ.Pollut.158,2809-2814.
Chun,C.L.,Payne,R.B.,Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2013.Electrical stimulation of microbial PCB degradation in sediment.Water Res.47,141-152.
Correa,P.A.,Lin,L.,Just,C.L.,Hu,D.,Hornbuckle,K.C.,Schnoor,J.L.,et al.,2010.The effects of individual PCB congeners on the soil bacterial community structure and the abundance of biphenyl dioxygenase genes.Environ.Int.36,901-906.
De,J.,Ramaiah,N.,Sarkar,A.,2006.Aerobic degradation of highly chlorinated polychlorobiphenyls by a marine bacterium,Pseudomonas CH07.World J.Microbiol.Biotechnol.22,1321-1327.
Deblonde,T.,Cossu-Leguille,C.,Hartemann,P.,2011.Emerging pollutants in wastewater:A review of the literature.Int.J.Hyg.Environ.Health 214,442-448.
Dong,B.,Chen,H.Y.,Yang,Y.,He,Q.B.,Dai,X.H.,2015.Biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls using a moving-bed biofilm reactor.Clean Soil Air Water 43,1078-1083.
EPA,2008.Method 1668B.chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water,soil,sediment,biosolids,and tissue by HRGC/HRMS.Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste(Washington,DC).
Fagervold,S.K.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2007.Microbial reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in Baltimore Harbor sediment microcosms is catalyzed by three phylotypes within the phylum Chloroflexi.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,3009-3018.
Fagervold,S.K.,Watts,J.E.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2005.Sequential reductive dechlorination of meta-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediment microcosms by two different Chloroflexi phylotypes.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.71,8085-8090.
Fagervold,S.K.,Watts,J.E.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2011.Effects of bioaugmentation on indigenous PCB dechlorinating activity in sediment microcosms.Water Res.45,3899-3907.
Field,J.A.,Sierra-Alvarez,R.,2008.Microbial transformation and degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls.Environ.Pollut.155,1-12.
Focant,J.-F.,Sj?din,A.,Patterson,D.G.,2004.Improved separation of the 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-offlight mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.A 1040,227-238.
Gray,N.F.,2004.Biology of Wastewater Treatment.World Scientific.
Grimm,F.A.,Hu,D.,Kania-Korwel,I.,Lehmler,H.-J.,Ludewig,G.,Hornbuckle,K.C.,et al.,2015.Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls.Crit.Rev.Toxicol.45,245-272.
Hansler,G.M.,Fikslin,T.J.,Greene,F.W.,Greene,R.W.,1998.Study of the Loadings of Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Tributaries and Point Sources Discharging to the Tidal Delaware River.
Herbst,W.,Hunger,K.,2006.Industrial Organic Pigments:Production,Properties,Applications.John Wiley&Sons.
Johnson,P.D.,Girinathannair,P.,Ohlinger,K.N.,Ritchie,S.,Teuber,L.,Kirby,J.,2008.Enhanced removal of heavy metals in primary treatment using coagulation and flocculation.Water Environ.Res.80,472-479.
Kaya,D.,Imamoglu,I.,Sanin,F.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2018.Acomparative evaluation of anaerobic dechlorination of PCB-118 and Aroclor 1254 in sediment microcosms from three PCB-impacted environments.J.Hazard.Mater.341,328-335.
Keith,L.H.,1996.Compilation of EPA's Sampling and Analysis Methods.CRC Press.
Kiedrzyńska,E.,Urbaniak,M.,Kiedrzyński,M.,Jó?wik,A.,Bednarek,A.,G?ga?a,I.,et al.,2017.The use of a hybrid sequential biofiltration system for the improvement of nutrient removal and PCB control in municipal wastewater.Sci.Rep.7.
Kjellerup,B.,Naff,C.,Edwards,S.,Ghosh,U.,Baker,J.,Sowers,K.,2014.Effects of activated carbon on reductive dechlorination of PCBs by organohalide respiring bacteria indigenous to sediments.Water Res.52,1-10.
Kjellerup,B.V.,Paul,P.,Ghosh,U.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2012.Spatial distribution of PCB dechlorinating bacteria and activities in contaminated soil.Appl.Environ.Soil Sci.2012.
Kranzioch,I.,Stoll,C.,Holbach,A.,Chen,H.,Wang,L.,Zheng,B.,et al.,2013.Dechlorination and organohalide-respiring bacteria dynamics in sediment samples of the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.20,7046-7056.
Krzmarzick,M.J.,Crary,B.B.,Harding,J.J.,Oyerinde,O.O.,Leri,A.C.,Myneni,S.C.,et al.,2012.Natural niche for organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.78,393-401.
Kuipers,B.,Cullen,W.R.,Mohn,W.W.,2003.Reductive dechlorination of weathered Aroclor 1260 during anaerobic biotreatment of Arctic soils.Can.J.Microbiol.49,9-14.
Kulkarni,P.S.,Crespo,J.G.,Afonso,C.A.,2008.Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies-a review.Environ.Int.34,139-153.
Lallas,P.L.,2001.The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.AJIL 95,692-708.
Laroe,S.L.,Fricker,A.D.,Bedard,D.L.,2014.Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain JNA in pure culture extensively dechlorinates Aroclor 1260according to polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB)dechlorination process N.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,9187-9196.
Lombard,N.J.,Ghosh,U.,Kjellerup,B.V.,Sowers,K.R.,2014.Kinetics and threshold level of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination by an organohalide respiring bacterium.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,4353-4360.
Mattes,T.E.,Ewald,J.M.,Liang,Y.,Martinez,A.,Awad,A.,et al.,2017.PCB dechlorination hotspots and reductive dehalogenase genes in sediments from a contaminated wastewater lagoon.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.1-13.
May,H.D.,Cutter,L.A.,Miller,G.S.,Milliken,C.E.,Watts,J.E.,Sowers,K.R.,2006.Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of organohalides on the dehalogenating activities of PCB-dechlorinating bacterium o-17.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,5704-5709.
Murínová,S.,Dercová,K.,Dudá?ová,H.,2014.Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)by four bacterial isolates obtained from the PCB-contaminated soil and PCB-contaminated sediment.Int.Biodeterior.Biodegrad.91,52-59.
North,K.D.,2004.Tracking polybrominated diphenyl ether releases in a wastewater treatment plant effluent,Palo Alto,California.Environ.Sci.Technol.38,4484-4488.
Nyholm,J.R.,Lundberg,C.,Andersson,P.L.,2010.Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.Environ.Pollut.158,2235-2240.
Passatore,L.,Rossetti,S.,Juwarkar,A.A.,Massacci,A.,2014.Phytoremediation and bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs):State of knowledge and research perspectives.J.Hazard.Mater.278,189-202.
Patureau,D.,Trably,E.,2006.Impact of anaerobic and aerobic processes on polychlorobiphenyl removal in contaminated sewage sludge.Biodegradation 17,9-17.
Payne,R.B.,Ghosh,U.,May,H.D.,Marshall,C.W.,Sowers,K.R.,2017.Mesocosm studies on the efficacy of bioamended activated carbon for treating PCB-impacted sediment.Environ.Sci.Technol.51,10691-10699.
Payne,R.B.,May,H.D.,Sowers,K.R.,2011.Enhanced reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl impacted sediment by bioaugmentation with a dehalorespiring bacterium.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,8772-8779.
Pieper,D.H.,2005.Aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.67,170-191.
Rodenburg,L.A.,Du,S.,Fennell,D.E.,Cavallo,G.J.,2010.Evidence for widespread dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in groundwater,landfills,and wastewater collection systems.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,7534-7540.
Rodenburg,L.A.,Du,S.,Lui,H.,Guo,J.,Oseagulu,N.,Fennell,D.E.,2012.Evidence for dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and-furans in wastewater collection systems in the New York metropolitan area.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,6612-6620.
Rodriguez,C.,Cook,A.,Devine,B.,Van Buynder,P.,Lugg,R.,Linge,K.,et al.,2008.Dioxins,furans and PCBs in recycled water for indirect potable reuse.Int.J.Environ.Res.Public Health 5,356-367.
Rosińska,A.,Karwowska,B.,2017.Dynamics of changes in coplanar and indicator PCB in sewage sludge during mesophilic methane digestion.J.Hazard.Mater.323,341-349.
Rushneck,D.R.,Beliveau,A.,Fowler,B.,Hamilton,C.,Hoover,D.,Kaye,K.,et al.,2004.Concentrations of dioxin-like PCBcongeners in unweathered Aroclors by HRGC/HRMS using EPAmethod 1668A.Chemosphere 54,79-87.
Smith,B.J.,Boothe,M.A.,Fiddler,B.A.,Lozano,T.M.,Rahi,R.K.,Krzmarzick,M.J.,2015.Enumeration of organohalide respirers in municipal wastewater anaerobic digesters.Microbiol.Insights 8(Suppl.2),9-14.
Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2013.In situ treatment of PCBs by anaerobic microbial dechlorination in aquatic sediment:Are we there yet?Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.24,482-488.
Su,X.,Zhang,Q.,Hu,J.,Hashmi,M.Z.,Ding,L.,Shen,C.,2015.Enhanced degradation of biphenyl from PCB-contaminated sediments:The impact of extracellular organic matter from Micrococcus luteus.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.99,1989-2000.
Tu,C.,Teng,Y.,Luo,Y.,Li,X.,Sun,X.,Li,Z.,et al.,2011.Potential for biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)by Sinorhizobium meliloti.J.Hazard.Mater.186,1438-1444.
Van den Berg,M.,Birnbaum,L.S.,Denison,M.,De Vito,M.,Farland,W.,Feeley,M.,et al.,2006.The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.Toxicol.Sci.93,223-241.
Wang,S.,He,J.,2013.Phylogenetically distinct bacteria involve extensive dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in sediment-free cultures.PLoS One 8,e59178.
Wu,Q.,Watts,J.E.,Sowers,K.R.,May,H.D.,2002.Identification of a bacterium that specifically catalyzes the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls with doubly flanked chlorines.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.68,807-812.
Wu,C.,Zhu,H.,Luo,Y.,Teng,Y.,Song,J.,Chen,M.,2015.Levels and potential health hazards of PCBs in shallow groundwater of an e-waste recycling area,China.Environ.Earth Sci.74,4431-4438.
Zanaroli,G.,Negroni,A.,H?ggblom,M.M.,Fava,F.,2015.Microbial dehalogenation of organohalides in marine and estuarine environments.Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.33,287-295.
Zhang,Z.,Huang,J.,Yu,G.,Hong,H.,2004.Occurrence of PAHs,PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing,China.Environ.Pollut.130,249-261.