The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water
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摘要
An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.
An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results are verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.
An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results are verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.
引文
[1] Longuet-Higgins M S. A theory of the origin of microseisms. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., London,1950; 243:1-35
[2] Hasselmann K. A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms. Rev. Geophys., 1963; 1(2):177—210.
[3] Brekhovskikh L M. Underwater sound waves generated by surface waves in the ocean. Izv. Acad.Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 1966; 2:970-980
[4] Brekhovskikh L M. Generation of sound waves in a liquid by surface waves. Sov. Phys. Acoust.,1967; 12:323-350
[5] Hughes B. Estimates of underwater sound(and infrasound)produced by nonlinearly interacting ocean waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1976. 60(5):1032-1360
[6] Lloyd S P. Underwater sound from surface waves according to the Lighthill-Ribner theory. J.Acoust. Soc. Am., 1981; 69(2):425-435
[7] Webb S C, Cox C S. Observations and modeling of seafloor microseisms. J. Geophys. Res., 1986;91(B7):7343-7358
[8] Ardhuin F, Herbers T H C. Noise generation in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere, from nonlinear interacting surface gravity waves in finite depth. J. Fluid Mech., 2013; 716:316-348
[9] Renzi E, Dias F. Hydro-acoustic precursors of gravity waves generated by surface pressure disturbances localized in space and time. J. Fluid Mech., 2014; 754:250-262
[10] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Sun J P et al. Ocean ambient noise model considering depth distribution of source and geo-acoustic inversion. Acta Phys. Sin.(in Chinese), 2017; 66(1):014306
[11] ZHANG Renhe, WANG Futang, HOU Wenliang, JI Shunxin. Frequency correlation and group time delay of ambient noise and ship radiated noise in the sea. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 1995;20(3):235-238
[12] Yan J, Luo X Z, Hou C H. Spatial coherences of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2006; 31(4):310-331
[13] Wen H T, Yang Y M, Wang N et al. Effects of typhoon"KAI-TAK"on deep ocean ambient noise in the South China Sea. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2016; 41(6):804-812
[14] Zhou J B, Piao S C, Liu Y Q et al. Ocean surface wave effect on the spatial characteristics of ambient noise. Acta Phys. Sin.(in Chinese), 2017; 66(1):014301
[15] Wang L, Gao D Z, Wang N et al. A discrimination method for convergence zones using wideband noise signal. Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron.(in Chinese), 2016; 46(9):094312
[16] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L et al. A multi-step method of geo-acoustic inversion by ambient noise.Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2016; 41(1):59-66
[17] Song X J,Hui J Y, Yin D M et al. Research on underwater noise target passive ranging technology.J. Appl. Acoust.(in Chinese), 2005; 24(3):133-139
[18] Yang Q F, Wang Y S, Zhang M M. Underwater noise prediction of ship and submarine propeller.J. Ship Mech.(in Chinese), 2011; 15(4):435-442
[19] Li J, Li G F, Gao D Z et al. Green's function retrieval in case of one-sided illumination. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2017; 42(2):143-151
[20] Breon F M, Henriot N. Space borne observations of ocean glint reflectance and modeling of wave slope distributions. J. Geophys. Res., 2006; 111:C06005
[21] Elfouhaily T, Chapron B, Katsaros K et al. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J. Geophys. Res., 1997; 102(C7):15781-15796
[22] Toba Y. Local balance in the air-sea boundary processes III. On the spectrum of wind waves. J.Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 1973; 29:209-220
[23] Pierson W J, Moskowitz L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii. J. Geophys. Res., 1964; 69(24):5181-5190
[24] Janssen P A E M, Wallbrink H, Calkoen C J et al. VIERS-1 scatterometer model. J. Geophys.Res., 1998; 103(C4):7807-7831
[25] Apel J R. An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter. J. Geophys. Res., 1994; 99(C8):16269-16291
[26] Phillips O M. The dynamics of the upper ocean. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1977:147
[27] Pospelov M N, De Biasio F, Goryachkin Y N et al. Air-sea interaction in a coastal zone:The results of the CAPMOS'05 experiment on an oceanographic platform in the Black Sea. J. Atmos.Res., 2009; 94:61-73
[28] Yurovskaya M V, Dulov V A, Chapronand B V et al. Directional short wind wave spectra derived from the sea surface photography. J. Geophys. Res:Oceans, 2013; 118:4380-4394
[29] Farrell W E, Munk W. Surface gravity waves and their acoustic signatures, 1-30 Hz, on the midPacific sea floor. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2013; 134(4):3134-3143
[30] Perrone A J. Infrasonic and low-frequency ambient noise measurements on the Grand Banks. J.Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974; 55(4):754-758
[31] Kibblewhite A C, Ewans K C. Wave-wave interactions, microseisms, and infrasonic ambient noise in the ocean. J, Acoust. Soc. Am., 1985; 78(3):981-994
[32] McCreery C S, Duennebier F K, Sutton G H. Correlation of deep ocean noise(0.4-30 Hz)with wind,and the Holu Spectrum—A worldwide constant. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1993; 93(5):2639-2648
[33] Nichols S M, Bradley D L. Global examination of the wind-dependence of very low frequencyunderwater ambient noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2016; 139(3):1110-1123
[34] Duennebier F K, Lukas R, Nosal E et al. Wind, waves, and acoustic background levels at Station ALOHA. J. Geophys. Res., 2012; 117:C03017
[35] Davy C, Barruol G, Fontaine F R et al. Tracking major storms from microseismic and hydroacoustic observations on the seafloor. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2014; 41:8825-8831
[36] Stull R B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London,England, 1991:57-69
[37] Forristall G Z. Measurements of a saturated range in ocean wave spectra. J. Geophys. Res.,1981;86(C9):8075-8084
[37]ⅢуровB A. Vector acoustics of the ocean. Beijing:National Defense Industry Press, 2011:1-7
[2] Hasselmann K. A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms. Rev. Geophys., 1963; 1(2):177—210.
[3] Brekhovskikh L M. Underwater sound waves generated by surface waves in the ocean. Izv. Acad.Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 1966; 2:970-980
[4] Brekhovskikh L M. Generation of sound waves in a liquid by surface waves. Sov. Phys. Acoust.,1967; 12:323-350
[5] Hughes B. Estimates of underwater sound(and infrasound)produced by nonlinearly interacting ocean waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1976. 60(5):1032-1360
[6] Lloyd S P. Underwater sound from surface waves according to the Lighthill-Ribner theory. J.Acoust. Soc. Am., 1981; 69(2):425-435
[7] Webb S C, Cox C S. Observations and modeling of seafloor microseisms. J. Geophys. Res., 1986;91(B7):7343-7358
[8] Ardhuin F, Herbers T H C. Noise generation in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere, from nonlinear interacting surface gravity waves in finite depth. J. Fluid Mech., 2013; 716:316-348
[9] Renzi E, Dias F. Hydro-acoustic precursors of gravity waves generated by surface pressure disturbances localized in space and time. J. Fluid Mech., 2014; 754:250-262
[10] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Sun J P et al. Ocean ambient noise model considering depth distribution of source and geo-acoustic inversion. Acta Phys. Sin.(in Chinese), 2017; 66(1):014306
[11] ZHANG Renhe, WANG Futang, HOU Wenliang, JI Shunxin. Frequency correlation and group time delay of ambient noise and ship radiated noise in the sea. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 1995;20(3):235-238
[12] Yan J, Luo X Z, Hou C H. Spatial coherences of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2006; 31(4):310-331
[13] Wen H T, Yang Y M, Wang N et al. Effects of typhoon"KAI-TAK"on deep ocean ambient noise in the South China Sea. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2016; 41(6):804-812
[14] Zhou J B, Piao S C, Liu Y Q et al. Ocean surface wave effect on the spatial characteristics of ambient noise. Acta Phys. Sin.(in Chinese), 2017; 66(1):014301
[15] Wang L, Gao D Z, Wang N et al. A discrimination method for convergence zones using wideband noise signal. Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron.(in Chinese), 2016; 46(9):094312
[16] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L et al. A multi-step method of geo-acoustic inversion by ambient noise.Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2016; 41(1):59-66
[17] Song X J,Hui J Y, Yin D M et al. Research on underwater noise target passive ranging technology.J. Appl. Acoust.(in Chinese), 2005; 24(3):133-139
[18] Yang Q F, Wang Y S, Zhang M M. Underwater noise prediction of ship and submarine propeller.J. Ship Mech.(in Chinese), 2011; 15(4):435-442
[19] Li J, Li G F, Gao D Z et al. Green's function retrieval in case of one-sided illumination. Acta Acustica(in Chinese), 2017; 42(2):143-151
[20] Breon F M, Henriot N. Space borne observations of ocean glint reflectance and modeling of wave slope distributions. J. Geophys. Res., 2006; 111:C06005
[21] Elfouhaily T, Chapron B, Katsaros K et al. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J. Geophys. Res., 1997; 102(C7):15781-15796
[22] Toba Y. Local balance in the air-sea boundary processes III. On the spectrum of wind waves. J.Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 1973; 29:209-220
[23] Pierson W J, Moskowitz L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii. J. Geophys. Res., 1964; 69(24):5181-5190
[24] Janssen P A E M, Wallbrink H, Calkoen C J et al. VIERS-1 scatterometer model. J. Geophys.Res., 1998; 103(C4):7807-7831
[25] Apel J R. An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter. J. Geophys. Res., 1994; 99(C8):16269-16291
[26] Phillips O M. The dynamics of the upper ocean. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1977:147
[27] Pospelov M N, De Biasio F, Goryachkin Y N et al. Air-sea interaction in a coastal zone:The results of the CAPMOS'05 experiment on an oceanographic platform in the Black Sea. J. Atmos.Res., 2009; 94:61-73
[28] Yurovskaya M V, Dulov V A, Chapronand B V et al. Directional short wind wave spectra derived from the sea surface photography. J. Geophys. Res:Oceans, 2013; 118:4380-4394
[29] Farrell W E, Munk W. Surface gravity waves and their acoustic signatures, 1-30 Hz, on the midPacific sea floor. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2013; 134(4):3134-3143
[30] Perrone A J. Infrasonic and low-frequency ambient noise measurements on the Grand Banks. J.Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974; 55(4):754-758
[31] Kibblewhite A C, Ewans K C. Wave-wave interactions, microseisms, and infrasonic ambient noise in the ocean. J, Acoust. Soc. Am., 1985; 78(3):981-994
[32] McCreery C S, Duennebier F K, Sutton G H. Correlation of deep ocean noise(0.4-30 Hz)with wind,and the Holu Spectrum—A worldwide constant. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1993; 93(5):2639-2648
[33] Nichols S M, Bradley D L. Global examination of the wind-dependence of very low frequencyunderwater ambient noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2016; 139(3):1110-1123
[34] Duennebier F K, Lukas R, Nosal E et al. Wind, waves, and acoustic background levels at Station ALOHA. J. Geophys. Res., 2012; 117:C03017
[35] Davy C, Barruol G, Fontaine F R et al. Tracking major storms from microseismic and hydroacoustic observations on the seafloor. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2014; 41:8825-8831
[36] Stull R B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London,England, 1991:57-69
[37] Forristall G Z. Measurements of a saturated range in ocean wave spectra. J. Geophys. Res.,1981;86(C9):8075-8084
[37]ⅢуровB A. Vector acoustics of the ocean. Beijing:National Defense Industry Press, 2011:1-7