Formation conditions of landslide dams triggered by incision of mine waste accumulations
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摘要
The erosion and delivery processes of mine waste accumulations were reproduced through flume tests under 13 different experimental condition sets. Analysis of the flume test results showed that different scale model landslides, induced by the incision of mine waste accumulations, slipped into the channel and caused complete or partial blockages, with 28 complete blockages and 122 partial blockages observed during the flume tests. The failure of these temporary landslide dams amplified the peak discharge significantly, with the amplification more obvious when caused by the failure of a complete blockage compared to a partial blockage under the same experimental conditions. In order to explore the threshold conditions of a complete blockage, a new blockage index(Ibs) was developed to represent the degree of blockage. It was found that the threshold value of the blockage index for a complete blockage was around Ibs=4.0. What's more, there was a significant negative correlation between the blockage index and the amplification coefficient of peak discharge caused by the failure of a landslide dam.These preliminary results are intended to provide a scientific basis for future research on the disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows, as the processes and mechanisms underlying the erosion and delivery of mine waste accumulations by upstream flows along a gully have not yet been clearly identified.
The erosion and delivery processes of mine waste accumulations were reproduced through flume tests under 13 different experimental condition sets. Analysis of the flume test results showed that different scale model landslides, induced by the incision of mine waste accumulations, slipped into the channel and caused complete or partial blockages, with 28 complete blockages and 122 partial blockages observed during the flume tests. The failure of these temporary landslide dams amplified the peak discharge significantly, with the amplification more obvious when caused by the failure of a complete blockage compared to a partial blockage under the same experimental conditions. In order to explore the threshold conditions of a complete blockage, a new blockage index(Ibs) was developed to represent the degree of blockage. It was found that the threshold value of the blockage index for a complete blockage was around Ibs=4.0. What's more, there was a significant negative correlation between the blockage index and the amplification coefficient of peak discharge caused by the failure of a landslide dam.These preliminary results are intended to provide a scientific basis for future research on the disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows, as the processes and mechanisms underlying the erosion and delivery of mine waste accumulations by upstream flows along a gully have not yet been clearly identified.
The erosion and delivery processes of mine waste accumulations were reproduced through flume tests under 13 different experimental condition sets. Analysis of the flume test results showed that different scale model landslides, induced by the incision of mine waste accumulations, slipped into the channel and caused complete or partial blockages, with 28 complete blockages and 122 partial blockages observed during the flume tests. The failure of these temporary landslide dams amplified the peak discharge significantly, with the amplification more obvious when caused by the failure of a complete blockage compared to a partial blockage under the same experimental conditions. In order to explore the threshold conditions of a complete blockage, a new blockage index(Ibs) was developed to represent the degree of blockage. It was found that the threshold value of the blockage index for a complete blockage was around Ibs=4.0. What's more, there was a significant negative correlation between the blockage index and the amplification coefficient of peak discharge caused by the failure of a landslide dam.These preliminary results are intended to provide a scientific basis for future research on the disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows, as the processes and mechanisms underlying the erosion and delivery of mine waste accumulations by upstream flows along a gully have not yet been clearly identified.
引文
Brown RJ,Rogers DC(1977)A simulation of the hydraulic events during and following the Teton Dam failure.Proceedings of Dam-Break Flood Routing Model Workshop,Bethesda,Maryland,18-20,October,131-163.
Canuti P,Casagli N,Ermini L(1998)Inventory of landslide dams in the Northern Apennine as a model for induced flood hazard forecasting.In:Andah,K.(Ed.),Managing Hydrogeological Disasters in a Vulnerable Environment for Sustainable Development CNR-GNDCI Publication CNR-GNDCI-UNESCO(IHP),Perugia.1900:189-202.
Casagli N,Ermini L(1999)Geomorphic analysis of landslide dams in the northern Apennine.Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union 20(3):219-249.https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/206201#.XBIVl7xOnLA
Cenderelli DA,Kite JS(1998)Geomorphic effects of large debris flows on channel morphology at North Fork Mountain,Eastern West Virginia,USA.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23(1):1-19.https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199801)23:1<1::aidesp814>3.0.co;2-3
Chen HY,Cui P,Zhou GD,et al.(2014)Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failure of landslide dams.International Journal of Sediment Research 29(3):414-422.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(14)60055-X
Costa JE,Schuster RL(1988)The formation and failure of natural dams.Bulletin of the Geological Society of America100(7):1054-1068.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1054:TFAFON>2.3.CO;2
Costa JE,Schuster RL(1991)Documented historical landslide dams from around the world.US Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-239.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91239
Cui P,Gordon GD,Zhu XH,et al.(2013)Scale amplification of natural debris flows caused by cascading landslide dam failures.Geomorphology 182:173-189.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.009
Cui Y,Chan D,Nouri A(2017a)Discontinuum Modeling of Solid Deformation Pore-Water Diffusion Coupling.International Journal of Geomechanics 17(8):04017033.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000903
Cui Y,Chan D,Nouri A(2017b)Coupling of Solid Deformation and Pore Pressure for Undrained Deformation-a discrete Element Method Approach.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 41(18):1943-1961.https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2708
Cui Y,Nouri A,Chan D,et al.(2016)A new approach to the DEM simulation of sand production.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 147:56-67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.007
Deng LS,Fan W,Xiong W,et al.(2009)Development features and risk of inducing slag debris flow at Daxicha Gully.Journal of Engineering geology 17(3):415-420.(In Chinese).https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4
Dong JJ,Tung YH,Chen CC,et al.(2009)Discriminant analysis of the geomorphic characteristics and stability of landslide dams.Geomorphology 110(3-4):162-171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.04.004
Ermini L,Casagli N(2003)Prediction of the behavior of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(1):31-47.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.424
Fread DL(1977)The development and testing of a dam-break flood forecasting model,Proceedings of Dam-Break Flood Routing Model Workshop,Bethesda,Maryland,18-20,October.164-197.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871960
Gallino GL,Pierson TC(1984)The 1980 Polallie Creek debris flow and subsequent dam-break flood,East Fork Hood River Basin,Oregon.U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 84:578.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84578
Hu W,Xu Q,Rui C,et al.(2015)An instrumented flume to investigate the initiation mechanism of the post-earthquake huge debris flow in southwest of China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 74(2):393-404.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0627-3
Legros F(2002)The mobility of long-runout landslides.Engineering geology 63(3-4):301-331.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00090-4
King J,Loveday I,Schuster RL(1989)The 1985 Bairaman landslide dam and resulting debris flow,Papua New Guinea.Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 22(4):257-270.https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1989.022.04.02
Korup O(2002)Recent research on landslide dams-a literature review with special attention to New Zealand.Progress in Physical Geography 26:206-235.https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp333ra
Korup O(2004)Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams.Engineering Geology 73:13-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.11.003
Korup O(2005)Geomorphic hazard assessment of landslide dams in South Westland,New Zealand:fundamental problems and approaches.Geomorphology 66(1-4):167-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.09.013
Li ZS(1995)A study on the mud rock flow disaster in 1994 in the gold mine area of Tongguan,Shaanxi.Journal of Catastrophology 10(3):51-56.(in Chinese)
Liu SJ,Xie H,Wei FQ,et al.(1996)A man-caused debris flow in Xiaoqinling Gold Mining region.Mountain Research,14(4):259-263.(In Chinese).https://doi.org/10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.1996.04.011
Lombard RE,Miles MB,Nelson LM,et al.(1981)The impact of mudflows on May 18 on the lower Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers.The 1980 eruptions of Mount St.Helens,Washington.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250:693-699.
Ponce VM,Yevjevich V(1978)Muskingum-Cunge method with variable parameters.Journal of hydraulics Division 104(12):1663-1667.
Straub S(1997)Predictability of long runout landslide motion:implications from granular flow mechanics.Geologische Rundschau 86(2):415-425.https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050150.
Stefanelli CT,Samuele S,Casagli N,et al.(2016)Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution.Engineering Geology208:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.024.
Schuster RL(2000)Outburst debris flows from failure of natural dams.Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Debris Flow Hazard Mitigation.16-20,August,Taipei,29-42.
Singh VP,Scarlatos PD,Jourdan MR,et al.(1986)Simulation aspects of earth dam failures.In G A Keramides and Brebbia(eds),Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements,Springer-Verlag,New York.263-273.
Sklar L,Dietrich WE(1998).River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models:stream power and the influence of sediment supply.In:Tinkler KJ,Wohl EE(Eds.),Rivers Over Rock.Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels.Washington D.C.237-260.https://doi.org/10.1029/GM107p0237.
Swanson FJ,Oyagi N,Tominaga M(1986)Landslide dam in Japan.In:Schuster,R.L.(Ed.),Landslide Dam:Processes Risk and Mitigation.American Society of Civil Engineers.Geotechnical Special Publication 3:131-145.
Zhou GD,Cui P,Chen HY,et al.(2013)Experimental study on cascading landslide dam failures by upstream flows.Landslides 10:633-643.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0352-6
Canuti P,Casagli N,Ermini L(1998)Inventory of landslide dams in the Northern Apennine as a model for induced flood hazard forecasting.In:Andah,K.(Ed.),Managing Hydrogeological Disasters in a Vulnerable Environment for Sustainable Development CNR-GNDCI Publication CNR-GNDCI-UNESCO(IHP),Perugia.1900:189-202.
Casagli N,Ermini L(1999)Geomorphic analysis of landslide dams in the northern Apennine.Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union 20(3):219-249.https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/206201#.XBIVl7xOnLA
Cenderelli DA,Kite JS(1998)Geomorphic effects of large debris flows on channel morphology at North Fork Mountain,Eastern West Virginia,USA.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23(1):1-19.https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199801)23:1<1::aidesp814>3.0.co;2-3
Chen HY,Cui P,Zhou GD,et al.(2014)Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failure of landslide dams.International Journal of Sediment Research 29(3):414-422.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(14)60055-X
Costa JE,Schuster RL(1988)The formation and failure of natural dams.Bulletin of the Geological Society of America100(7):1054-1068.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1054:TFAFON>2.3.CO;2
Costa JE,Schuster RL(1991)Documented historical landslide dams from around the world.US Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-239.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91239
Cui P,Gordon GD,Zhu XH,et al.(2013)Scale amplification of natural debris flows caused by cascading landslide dam failures.Geomorphology 182:173-189.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.009
Cui Y,Chan D,Nouri A(2017a)Discontinuum Modeling of Solid Deformation Pore-Water Diffusion Coupling.International Journal of Geomechanics 17(8):04017033.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000903
Cui Y,Chan D,Nouri A(2017b)Coupling of Solid Deformation and Pore Pressure for Undrained Deformation-a discrete Element Method Approach.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 41(18):1943-1961.https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2708
Cui Y,Nouri A,Chan D,et al.(2016)A new approach to the DEM simulation of sand production.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 147:56-67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.007
Deng LS,Fan W,Xiong W,et al.(2009)Development features and risk of inducing slag debris flow at Daxicha Gully.Journal of Engineering geology 17(3):415-420.(In Chinese).https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4
Dong JJ,Tung YH,Chen CC,et al.(2009)Discriminant analysis of the geomorphic characteristics and stability of landslide dams.Geomorphology 110(3-4):162-171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.04.004
Ermini L,Casagli N(2003)Prediction of the behavior of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(1):31-47.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.424
Fread DL(1977)The development and testing of a dam-break flood forecasting model,Proceedings of Dam-Break Flood Routing Model Workshop,Bethesda,Maryland,18-20,October.164-197.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871960
Gallino GL,Pierson TC(1984)The 1980 Polallie Creek debris flow and subsequent dam-break flood,East Fork Hood River Basin,Oregon.U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 84:578.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84578
Hu W,Xu Q,Rui C,et al.(2015)An instrumented flume to investigate the initiation mechanism of the post-earthquake huge debris flow in southwest of China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 74(2):393-404.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0627-3
Legros F(2002)The mobility of long-runout landslides.Engineering geology 63(3-4):301-331.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00090-4
King J,Loveday I,Schuster RL(1989)The 1985 Bairaman landslide dam and resulting debris flow,Papua New Guinea.Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 22(4):257-270.https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1989.022.04.02
Korup O(2002)Recent research on landslide dams-a literature review with special attention to New Zealand.Progress in Physical Geography 26:206-235.https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp333ra
Korup O(2004)Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams.Engineering Geology 73:13-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.11.003
Korup O(2005)Geomorphic hazard assessment of landslide dams in South Westland,New Zealand:fundamental problems and approaches.Geomorphology 66(1-4):167-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.09.013
Li ZS(1995)A study on the mud rock flow disaster in 1994 in the gold mine area of Tongguan,Shaanxi.Journal of Catastrophology 10(3):51-56.(in Chinese)
Liu SJ,Xie H,Wei FQ,et al.(1996)A man-caused debris flow in Xiaoqinling Gold Mining region.Mountain Research,14(4):259-263.(In Chinese).https://doi.org/10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.1996.04.011
Lombard RE,Miles MB,Nelson LM,et al.(1981)The impact of mudflows on May 18 on the lower Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers.The 1980 eruptions of Mount St.Helens,Washington.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250:693-699.
Ponce VM,Yevjevich V(1978)Muskingum-Cunge method with variable parameters.Journal of hydraulics Division 104(12):1663-1667.
Straub S(1997)Predictability of long runout landslide motion:implications from granular flow mechanics.Geologische Rundschau 86(2):415-425.https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050150.
Stefanelli CT,Samuele S,Casagli N,et al.(2016)Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution.Engineering Geology208:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.024.
Schuster RL(2000)Outburst debris flows from failure of natural dams.Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Debris Flow Hazard Mitigation.16-20,August,Taipei,29-42.
Singh VP,Scarlatos PD,Jourdan MR,et al.(1986)Simulation aspects of earth dam failures.In G A Keramides and Brebbia(eds),Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements,Springer-Verlag,New York.263-273.
Sklar L,Dietrich WE(1998).River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models:stream power and the influence of sediment supply.In:Tinkler KJ,Wohl EE(Eds.),Rivers Over Rock.Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels.Washington D.C.237-260.https://doi.org/10.1029/GM107p0237.
Swanson FJ,Oyagi N,Tominaga M(1986)Landslide dam in Japan.In:Schuster,R.L.(Ed.),Landslide Dam:Processes Risk and Mitigation.American Society of Civil Engineers.Geotechnical Special Publication 3:131-145.
Zhou GD,Cui P,Chen HY,et al.(2013)Experimental study on cascading landslide dam failures by upstream flows.Landslides 10:633-643.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0352-6