2008—2018年陕西省农村生活饮用水氟化物含量
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摘要
目的了解陕西省2008年以来农村生活饮用水水质氟化物指标达标情况和变化趋势,评估改水降氟效果。方法 2008—2018年在陕西省全部涉农县(区)辖区设置农村饮用水监测点,于每年4—6月枯水期和7—9月丰水期分别采集水样,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750—2006)进行检测分析。通过"全国饮用水水质卫生监测信息系统"收集整理水质监测信息,参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)按照不同年度、枯丰水期、水源类型、水处理方式和区域对氟化物达标率进行组间比较和线性趋势分析。结果 2008—2018年陕西省农村生活饮用水水质氟化物整体达标率为93. 37%,水质氟化物浓度范围为0. 001～9. 880 mg/L,中位数为0. 370 mg/L,水质氟化物超标供水工程累计覆盖人口366. 92万人;不同年份水质氟化物达标率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=120. 962,P <0. 001),且随着年份的递增,水质氟化物达标率呈上升趋势(χ~2=9. 241,P=0. 002);地表水氟化物达标率高于地下水(χ~2=1188. 563,P<0. 001);集中式供水工程不同水处理工艺水质氟化物达标率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=2931. 231,P<0. 001),进行常规处理的水质氟化物达标率最高,为96. 63%(P <0. 001),仅采取消毒处理工艺的达标率最低,为84. 78%(P <0. 001);关中和陕北地区农村生活饮用水水源类型分布主要以地下水为主,分别占比88. 12%和92. 25%,陕南地区则以地表水为主,占比69. 99%;关中、陕北和陕南地区生活饮用水氟化物达标率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=1919. 335,P <0. 001),其中陕南地区最高,为99. 84%(P<0. 001),陕北地区最低,为89. 33%(P<0. 001)(χ~2陕南,关中=1755. 724,χ~2陕南,陕北=2033. 278,χ~2陕北,关中=27. 535,P <0. 001);降氟供水工程水质氟化物整体达标率为73. 80%,未见降氟工程水质氟化物整体达标率随年份的变化趋势(χ~2=3. 168,P=0. 075)。结论陕西省高氟水防治工作在取得一定成效的同时,还应继续实施有效降氟改水措施,从水源供给和处理技术等方面最大程度地保障饮水安全卫生。
OBJECTIVE To understand the fluoride index of drinking water quality and its trend in rural areas of Shaanxi Province since 2008,to evaluate the effect of water improvement on reducing fluoride. METHODS In 2008-2018,rural drinking water monitoring points were set up in the jurisdiction of the agriculture-related counties( districts) in Shaanxi Province. Water samples were collected in the April-June dry seasons and July-September wet seasons,and tested according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water( GB/T 5750—2006). Collected and sorted water quality monitoring information through the National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Information System,according to the Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water( GB 5749—2006), the comparison between groups and linear trend analysis were carried out according to different annual,water period,water source type,water supply mode and region. RESULTS From 2008 to 2018,the overall compliance rate of fluoride in rural drinking water in Shaanxi Province was 93. 37%,the concentration of fluoride in water was in the range of0. 001-9. 880 mg/L,the median was 0. 370 mg/L,and the cumulative coverage of water quality fluoride exceeded the standard project was 3. 669 million.The difference of fluoride compliance rate in different years was statistically significant( χ~2= 120. 962,P<0. 001),and the fluoride compliance rate increased with the increase of the year( χ~2= 9. 241,P =0. 002),the fluoride compliance rate of surface water was higher than that of groundwater( χ~2= 1188. 563, P < 0. 001), there was a statistically significant difference in the compliance rate of fluoride in different water treatment processes in centralized water supply projects( χ~2= 2931. 231,P < 0. 001),the highest rate of fluoride in conventional treatment was 96. 63%( P < 0. 001),and the lowest disinfection rate was 84. 78%( P <0. 001). The distribution of drinking water sources in rural areas of Guanzhong and Northern Shaanxi was mainly groundwater, accounting for 88. 12% and 92. 25%,respectively,while Southern Shaanxi was dominated by surface water,accounting for69. 99%. There were significant differences in the fluoride compliance rates in Guanzhong region,Northern Shaanxi and Southern Shaanxi( χ~2= 1919. 335,P < 0. 001). Among them,the highest in Southern Shaanxi was 99. 84%( P < 0. 001),and the lowest in Northern Shaanxi was 89. 33%( P < 0. 001)( χ~2 SouthernShaanxi,Guanzhong= 1755. 724,χ~2 Southern Shaanxi,Northern Shaanxi= 2033. 8,χ~2 Northern Shaanxi,Guanzhong= 27. 535,P < 0. 001). The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water-reducing projects was 73. 80%,which cannot prove the trend of the overall compliance rate of fluoride in water-reducing projects with the year( χ~2= 3. 168,P = 0. 075). CONCLUSION While achieving high result in the prevention and control of high fluorine water in Shaanxi Province,it is necessary to continue to implement effective measures to reduce fluorine content in rural drinking water,and to ensure the safety of drinking water from the aspects of water supply and treatment technology.
OBJECTIVE To understand the fluoride index of drinking water quality and its trend in rural areas of Shaanxi Province since 2008,to evaluate the effect of water improvement on reducing fluoride. METHODS In 2008-2018,rural drinking water monitoring points were set up in the jurisdiction of the agriculture-related counties( districts) in Shaanxi Province. Water samples were collected in the April-June dry seasons and July-September wet seasons,and tested according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water( GB/T 5750—2006). Collected and sorted water quality monitoring information through the National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Information System,according to the Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water( GB 5749—2006), the comparison between groups and linear trend analysis were carried out according to different annual,water period,water source type,water supply mode and region. RESULTS From 2008 to 2018,the overall compliance rate of fluoride in rural drinking water in Shaanxi Province was 93. 37%,the concentration of fluoride in water was in the range of0. 001-9. 880 mg/L,the median was 0. 370 mg/L,and the cumulative coverage of water quality fluoride exceeded the standard project was 3. 669 million.The difference of fluoride compliance rate in different years was statistically significant( χ~2= 120. 962,P<0. 001),and the fluoride compliance rate increased with the increase of the year( χ~2= 9. 241,P =0. 002),the fluoride compliance rate of surface water was higher than that of groundwater( χ~2= 1188. 563, P < 0. 001), there was a statistically significant difference in the compliance rate of fluoride in different water treatment processes in centralized water supply projects( χ~2= 2931. 231,P < 0. 001),the highest rate of fluoride in conventional treatment was 96. 63%( P < 0. 001),and the lowest disinfection rate was 84. 78%( P <0. 001). The distribution of drinking water sources in rural areas of Guanzhong and Northern Shaanxi was mainly groundwater, accounting for 88. 12% and 92. 25%,respectively,while Southern Shaanxi was dominated by surface water,accounting for69. 99%. There were significant differences in the fluoride compliance rates in Guanzhong region,Northern Shaanxi and Southern Shaanxi( χ~2= 1919. 335,P < 0. 001). Among them,the highest in Southern Shaanxi was 99. 84%( P < 0. 001),and the lowest in Northern Shaanxi was 89. 33%( P < 0. 001)( χ~2 SouthernShaanxi,Guanzhong= 1755. 724,χ~2 Southern Shaanxi,Northern Shaanxi= 2033. 8,χ~2 Northern Shaanxi,Guanzhong= 27. 535,P < 0. 001). The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water-reducing projects was 73. 80%,which cannot prove the trend of the overall compliance rate of fluoride in water-reducing projects with the year( χ~2= 3. 168,P = 0. 075). CONCLUSION While achieving high result in the prevention and control of high fluorine water in Shaanxi Province,it is necessary to continue to implement effective measures to reduce fluorine content in rural drinking water,and to ensure the safety of drinking water from the aspects of water supply and treatment technology.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国卫生部，中国国家标准化管理委员会．生活饮用水标准检验方法:GB 5750-2006[S]．北京:中国标准出版社，2007．
[2]冯清华，曹小刚．陕西省地方病防治现况与对策[J]．中国地方病学杂志，2006,25(5):573-575．
[3]薛福堂，薛桦，朱宏伟，等．对陕西省宝鸡市地方病防治的几点思考[J]．疾病预防控制通报，2011,26(5):89-90．
[4]陈存生，罗坤．2001年陕西地方病防治工作年报结果分析[J]．地方病通报，2007,22(1):44-46．
[5]中华人民共和国卫生部，中国国家标准化管理委员会．生活饮用水卫生标准:GB 5749-2006[S]．北京:中国标准出版社，2007．
[6]杨克敌．环境卫生学[M]．北京:人民卫生出版社，2007:233-244．
[7]SHARMA D,SINGH A,VERMA K,et al.Fluoride:a review of pre-clinical and clinical studies[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2017,56:297-313．
[8]CAREY C M.Focus on fluorides:update on the use of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries[J].JEvid Based Dent Pract,2014,14(Suppl):95-102．
[9]王明．氟化物对中华大蟾蜍和中国林蛙生长发育的毒理效应研究[D]．西安:陕西师范大学，2016．
[10]HU Y Z,WANG Y W,YAN T,et al.N-acetylcysteine alleviates fluoride-induced testicular apoptosis by modulating IRE1α/JNK signaling and nuclear Nrf2 activation[J].Reprod Toxicol,2019,84:98-106．
[11]MA Q,HUANG H,SUN L,et al.Gene-environment interaction:does fluoride influence the reproductive hormones in male farmers modified by ERαgene polymorphisms[J].Chemosphere,2017,188:525-531．
[12]王晓玲，邵金凤．氟化物的自然分布和在人体代谢及其生理作用[J]．中国地方病防治杂志，2002,17(5):314-316．
[13]孟昭伟，雷佩玉，郑晶利，等．2015年陕西省三大区域农村集中式供水水质监测结果分析[J]．现代预防医学，2017,44(19):3627-3630．
[14]董一鸣，闫子涵，张琇珺，等．咸阳市地下水重点污染物分布与污染因素分析[J]．地下水，2018,40(6):80-83．
[15]孙一博．渭河流域地下水中氟和碘的形成机理及其对人体健康的影响[D]．西安:长安大学，2014．
[16]刘丽，王玉智，宫靖，等．2015年东光县农村生活饮用水氟化物含量监测分析[J]．中国卫生检验杂志，2016,26(22):3304-3305．
[17]陈丽．工业废水氟化物处理的技术比较和选择[J]．河南化工，2018,35(2):14-16．
[18]翟廷婷，朱兆坚，王宁等．树脂吸附法深度处理矿井水中氟化物的研究[J]．环境科技，2018,31(6):6-10．
[19]张硕，陈玉明，罗文明．罗定市高氟地区水改后饮用水氟检测结果分析[J]．临床检验杂志，2018,7(3):419-420．
[20]周晓明．2010-2014年昆山市生活饮用水监测结果分析及氟化物健康风险评价[D]．苏州:苏州大学，2015.
[2]冯清华，曹小刚．陕西省地方病防治现况与对策[J]．中国地方病学杂志，2006,25(5):573-575．
[3]薛福堂，薛桦，朱宏伟，等．对陕西省宝鸡市地方病防治的几点思考[J]．疾病预防控制通报，2011,26(5):89-90．
[4]陈存生，罗坤．2001年陕西地方病防治工作年报结果分析[J]．地方病通报，2007,22(1):44-46．
[5]中华人民共和国卫生部，中国国家标准化管理委员会．生活饮用水卫生标准:GB 5749-2006[S]．北京:中国标准出版社，2007．
[6]杨克敌．环境卫生学[M]．北京:人民卫生出版社，2007:233-244．
[7]SHARMA D,SINGH A,VERMA K,et al.Fluoride:a review of pre-clinical and clinical studies[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2017,56:297-313．
[8]CAREY C M.Focus on fluorides:update on the use of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries[J].JEvid Based Dent Pract,2014,14(Suppl):95-102．
[9]王明．氟化物对中华大蟾蜍和中国林蛙生长发育的毒理效应研究[D]．西安:陕西师范大学，2016．
[10]HU Y Z,WANG Y W,YAN T,et al.N-acetylcysteine alleviates fluoride-induced testicular apoptosis by modulating IRE1α/JNK signaling and nuclear Nrf2 activation[J].Reprod Toxicol,2019,84:98-106．
[11]MA Q,HUANG H,SUN L,et al.Gene-environment interaction:does fluoride influence the reproductive hormones in male farmers modified by ERαgene polymorphisms[J].Chemosphere,2017,188:525-531．
[12]王晓玲，邵金凤．氟化物的自然分布和在人体代谢及其生理作用[J]．中国地方病防治杂志，2002,17(5):314-316．
[13]孟昭伟，雷佩玉，郑晶利，等．2015年陕西省三大区域农村集中式供水水质监测结果分析[J]．现代预防医学，2017,44(19):3627-3630．
[14]董一鸣，闫子涵，张琇珺，等．咸阳市地下水重点污染物分布与污染因素分析[J]．地下水，2018,40(6):80-83．
[15]孙一博．渭河流域地下水中氟和碘的形成机理及其对人体健康的影响[D]．西安:长安大学，2014．
[16]刘丽，王玉智，宫靖，等．2015年东光县农村生活饮用水氟化物含量监测分析[J]．中国卫生检验杂志，2016,26(22):3304-3305．
[17]陈丽．工业废水氟化物处理的技术比较和选择[J]．河南化工，2018,35(2):14-16．
[18]翟廷婷，朱兆坚，王宁等．树脂吸附法深度处理矿井水中氟化物的研究[J]．环境科技，2018,31(6):6-10．
[19]张硕，陈玉明，罗文明．罗定市高氟地区水改后饮用水氟检测结果分析[J]．临床检验杂志，2018,7(3):419-420．
[20]周晓明．2010-2014年昆山市生活饮用水监测结果分析及氟化物健康风险评价[D]．苏州:苏州大学，2015.