Hydrobiological variables as a regulatory factor on the abundance of heterotrophic flagellates in an urban pond
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摘要
The seasonal abundance of flagellates has been monitored over a period of 1 year from December2013 to November 2014(divided into 4 conjugative seasons namely winter, spring, summer, and autumn) in an experimental pond located in Rajshahi City Corporation area, Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this study is the first to shed light on the occurrence and possible interrelationships among heterotrophic flagellates(HF),bacteria and zooplankton in Bangladesh and the result obtained by this study will be beneficial for similar water ecosystem all over the world. Standard methods were used to determine the prescribed hydrological parameters and zooplankton cell density. Maximum HF abundance(14 346.00 cells/mL) was found in the spring and the minimum(5 215.00 cells/mL) occurred in the summer. Inverse to HF, significantly(P<0.05)higher zooplankton abundance was found during the winter(782.00±47.62 cells/mL) and the lowest value was found in the autumn(448.00±39.15 cells/mL). Whereas similar to the HF, total bacterial abundance was significantly higher during the spring((2.25±1.05)×10~5 cells/mL) and lower in the summer((0.79±0.06)×105 cells/mL). Multivariate analyses(ANOSIM and MDS) have shown significant seasonal differences for cell numbers where MDS ordination plot and cluster analysis based on similarity in the genera abundance of HF revealed overlapping condition between winter and spring. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) also showed a distinct separation among the genera based on the prevailing hydrological situation and indicated that temperature, pH, BOD_5, and NO_3~- were the most important environmental variables in determining the observed variation in HF community structure. Among the biological factors, zooplankton showed negative but total bacteria were positively correlated with HF abundance.
The seasonal abundance of flagellates has been monitored over a period of 1 year from December2013 to November 2014(divided into 4 conjugative seasons namely winter, spring, summer, and autumn) in an experimental pond located in Rajshahi City Corporation area, Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this study is the first to shed light on the occurrence and possible interrelationships among heterotrophic flagellates(HF),bacteria and zooplankton in Bangladesh and the result obtained by this study will be beneficial for similar water ecosystem all over the world. Standard methods were used to determine the prescribed hydrological parameters and zooplankton cell density. Maximum HF abundance(14 346.00 cells/mL) was found in the spring and the minimum(5 215.00 cells/mL) occurred in the summer. Inverse to HF, significantly(P<0.05)higher zooplankton abundance was found during the winter(782.00±47.62 cells/mL) and the lowest value was found in the autumn(448.00±39.15 cells/mL). Whereas similar to the HF, total bacterial abundance was significantly higher during the spring((2.25±1.05)×10~5 cells/mL) and lower in the summer((0.79±0.06)×105 cells/mL). Multivariate analyses(ANOSIM and MDS) have shown significant seasonal differences for cell numbers where MDS ordination plot and cluster analysis based on similarity in the genera abundance of HF revealed overlapping condition between winter and spring. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) also showed a distinct separation among the genera based on the prevailing hydrological situation and indicated that temperature, pH, BOD_5, and NO_3~- were the most important environmental variables in determining the observed variation in HF community structure. Among the biological factors, zooplankton showed negative but total bacteria were positively correlated with HF abundance.
The seasonal abundance of flagellates has been monitored over a period of 1 year from December2013 to November 2014(divided into 4 conjugative seasons namely winter, spring, summer, and autumn) in an experimental pond located in Rajshahi City Corporation area, Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this study is the first to shed light on the occurrence and possible interrelationships among heterotrophic flagellates(HF),bacteria and zooplankton in Bangladesh and the result obtained by this study will be beneficial for similar water ecosystem all over the world. Standard methods were used to determine the prescribed hydrological parameters and zooplankton cell density. Maximum HF abundance(14 346.00 cells/mL) was found in the spring and the minimum(5 215.00 cells/mL) occurred in the summer. Inverse to HF, significantly(P<0.05)higher zooplankton abundance was found during the winter(782.00±47.62 cells/mL) and the lowest value was found in the autumn(448.00±39.15 cells/mL). Whereas similar to the HF, total bacterial abundance was significantly higher during the spring((2.25±1.05)×10~5 cells/mL) and lower in the summer((0.79±0.06)×105 cells/mL). Multivariate analyses(ANOSIM and MDS) have shown significant seasonal differences for cell numbers where MDS ordination plot and cluster analysis based on similarity in the genera abundance of HF revealed overlapping condition between winter and spring. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) also showed a distinct separation among the genera based on the prevailing hydrological situation and indicated that temperature, pH, BOD_5, and NO_3~- were the most important environmental variables in determining the observed variation in HF community structure. Among the biological factors, zooplankton showed negative but total bacteria were positively correlated with HF abundance.
引文
Amorim A S, de Araujo M F F. 2012. Seasonal distribution of nanoflagellates and bacterioplankton and relationship with environmental factors in a Brazilian semi-arid reservoir. Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci., 34(4):399-406.
Araujo M F F, Godinho M J L. 2008. Spatial and seasonal variations of planktonic protists(Mastigophora, Sarcodina and Ciliophora)in a river-lacustrine system in northeast Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras., 20(3):235-244.
Arndt H, Dietrich D, Auer B. 1996. Functional diversity of heterotrophic flagellates in aquatic ecosystems. In:Leadbeater B S C, Green J C eds. The Flagellates. Taylor and Francis, London. p.240-268.
Aydin E E, Demirsoy A. 2012. The systematics of free living heterotrophic flagellates of beytepe pond. J. Biol. Chem.,40:337-342.
Camargo J C, Velho L F M. 2010. Composition and species richness of flagellate protozoa from environments associated to the Baia River(Mato Grosso do Sul State,Brazil):influence of the hydrological period and the connectivity. Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci., 32(4):349-356.
Camargo J C, Velho L F M. 2011. Longitudinal variation of attributes from flagellate protozoan community in tropical streams. Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci., 33(2):161-169.
Camargo J C, Vieira L C G, Velho L F M. 2012. The role of limnological variables and habitat complexity in impacted tropical streams as regulatory factors on the flagellate protozoa community. Acta Limnol. Bras., 24(2):193-206.
Cushing C E, Allan J D. 2001. Streams:Their Ecology and Life. Academic Press, San Diego.
Fenchel T. 1982. Ecology of heterotrophic microflagellates,IV. Quantitative occurrence and importance as bacterial consumers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 9:35-42.
Gasol J M, Vaque D. 1993. Lack of coupling between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacteria:a general phenomenon across aquatic systems? Limnol. Oceanogr., 38(3):657-665.
Goldman J C, Caron D A. 1985. Experimental studies on an omnivorous microflagellate:implications for grazing and nutrient regeneration in the marine microbial food chain.Deep-Sea. Res. A, 32(8):899-915.
Guillou L, Jacquet S, Chretiennot-Dinet M J C, Vaulot D.2001. Grazing impact of two small heterotrophic flagellates on Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Aqua.Microb. Ecol., 26:201-207.
Hall J A, Barrett D P, James M R. 1993. The importance of phytoflagellate, heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate grazing on bacteria and picophytoplankton sized prey in a coastal marine environment. J. Plankton. Res., 15(9):1 075-1 086.
Hobbie J E, Dally R J, Jasper S. 1977. Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appl.Environ. Microbol., 33(5):1 225-1 228.
Jiang J G, Shen Y F. 2005. Use of the aquatic protozoa to formulate a community biotic index for an urban water system. Sci. Total Environ., 346(1-3):99-111. Khalifa N,Sabae S Z. 2012. Investigation on mutual relations between bacteria and zooplankton in Damietta Branch,River Nile, Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 8(5):2 679-2 688.
Kiss A K, Acs E, Kiss K T, T(o|¨)r(o|¨)k J K. 2009. Structure and seasonal dynamics of the protozoan community(heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, amoeboid protozoa)in the plankton of a large river(River Danube, Hungary).Eur. J. Protistol., 45(2):121-138.
Kobari T, Fujii T, Kobari Y, Habano A. 2010. Seasonal variations in abundance, growth and mortality of heterotrophic bacteria in Kagoshima Bay. J. Oceanogr., 66(6):845-853.
Kosolapova N G, Kosolapov D B. 2011. Distribution patterns of heterotrophic flagellates and bacteria in acidic and neutral Karelian lakes. Inland Water Biol., 4(2):157-164.
Meyer J L, Paul M J, Taulbee W K. 2005. Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. J. North Amer. Benthol.Soc., 24(3):602-612.
Monger B C, Landry M R. 1991. Prey-size dependency of grazing by free-living marine flagellates. Marine Ecol.Prog. Ser., 74:239-248.
Mukherjee B. 1996. Environmental Biology. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India. p.318-319.
Nakano S, Kawabata Z. 2000. Changes in cell volume of bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a hypereutrophic pond. Hydrobiologia, 428(1):197-203.
Naz S. 1999. Studies on the limnological characteristics and tropic status of four Pisciculture ponds in Rajshahi.Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. 278p.
Rahman M S. 1992. Water quality Management in Aquaculture.BRAC Prokashana, Dhaka. 84p.
Samuelsson K, Berglund J, Andersson A. 2006. Factors structuring the heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate community along a brackish water primary production gradient. J. Plankton. Res., 28(4):345-359.
Solic M, Krstulovic N. 1994. Role of predation in controlling bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellate standing stocks in the coastal Adriatic Sea:Seasonal patterns. Marine Ecol. Prog. Seri., 114:219-235.
Thurman J, Parry J, Hill P J, Priscu J C, Vick T J, Chluchlolo A, Laybourn-Parry J. 2012. Microbial dynamics and flagellate grazing during transition to winter in Lakes Hoare and Bonney, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.,82(2):449-458.
Tikhonenkov D V, Burkovsky I V, Mazei Y A. 2015. Is there a relation between the distribution of heterotrophic flagellates and the zonation of a marine intertidal flat?Oceanology, 55(5):711-723.
Wang J, Zhang Y F, Feng Y C, Zheng X J, Jiao L, Hong S M,Shen J D, Zhu T, Ding J, Zhang Q. 2016. Characterization and source apportionment of aerosol light extinction with a coupled model of CMB-IMPROVE in Hangzhou, Yangtze River Delta of China. Atmos. Res., 178-179:570-579.
Zhao Y F, Yu Y H, Feng W S, Shen Y F. 2003. Growth and production of free-living heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a eutrophic lake-Lake Donghu, Wuhan, China.Hydrobiologia, 498:85-95.
Araujo M F F, Godinho M J L. 2008. Spatial and seasonal variations of planktonic protists(Mastigophora, Sarcodina and Ciliophora)in a river-lacustrine system in northeast Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras., 20(3):235-244.
Arndt H, Dietrich D, Auer B. 1996. Functional diversity of heterotrophic flagellates in aquatic ecosystems. In:Leadbeater B S C, Green J C eds. The Flagellates. Taylor and Francis, London. p.240-268.
Aydin E E, Demirsoy A. 2012. The systematics of free living heterotrophic flagellates of beytepe pond. J. Biol. Chem.,40:337-342.
Camargo J C, Velho L F M. 2010. Composition and species richness of flagellate protozoa from environments associated to the Baia River(Mato Grosso do Sul State,Brazil):influence of the hydrological period and the connectivity. Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci., 32(4):349-356.
Camargo J C, Velho L F M. 2011. Longitudinal variation of attributes from flagellate protozoan community in tropical streams. Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci., 33(2):161-169.
Camargo J C, Vieira L C G, Velho L F M. 2012. The role of limnological variables and habitat complexity in impacted tropical streams as regulatory factors on the flagellate protozoa community. Acta Limnol. Bras., 24(2):193-206.
Cushing C E, Allan J D. 2001. Streams:Their Ecology and Life. Academic Press, San Diego.
Fenchel T. 1982. Ecology of heterotrophic microflagellates,IV. Quantitative occurrence and importance as bacterial consumers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 9:35-42.
Gasol J M, Vaque D. 1993. Lack of coupling between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacteria:a general phenomenon across aquatic systems? Limnol. Oceanogr., 38(3):657-665.
Goldman J C, Caron D A. 1985. Experimental studies on an omnivorous microflagellate:implications for grazing and nutrient regeneration in the marine microbial food chain.Deep-Sea. Res. A, 32(8):899-915.
Guillou L, Jacquet S, Chretiennot-Dinet M J C, Vaulot D.2001. Grazing impact of two small heterotrophic flagellates on Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Aqua.Microb. Ecol., 26:201-207.
Hall J A, Barrett D P, James M R. 1993. The importance of phytoflagellate, heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate grazing on bacteria and picophytoplankton sized prey in a coastal marine environment. J. Plankton. Res., 15(9):1 075-1 086.
Hobbie J E, Dally R J, Jasper S. 1977. Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appl.Environ. Microbol., 33(5):1 225-1 228.
Jiang J G, Shen Y F. 2005. Use of the aquatic protozoa to formulate a community biotic index for an urban water system. Sci. Total Environ., 346(1-3):99-111. Khalifa N,Sabae S Z. 2012. Investigation on mutual relations between bacteria and zooplankton in Damietta Branch,River Nile, Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 8(5):2 679-2 688.
Kiss A K, Acs E, Kiss K T, T(o|¨)r(o|¨)k J K. 2009. Structure and seasonal dynamics of the protozoan community(heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, amoeboid protozoa)in the plankton of a large river(River Danube, Hungary).Eur. J. Protistol., 45(2):121-138.
Kobari T, Fujii T, Kobari Y, Habano A. 2010. Seasonal variations in abundance, growth and mortality of heterotrophic bacteria in Kagoshima Bay. J. Oceanogr., 66(6):845-853.
Kosolapova N G, Kosolapov D B. 2011. Distribution patterns of heterotrophic flagellates and bacteria in acidic and neutral Karelian lakes. Inland Water Biol., 4(2):157-164.
Meyer J L, Paul M J, Taulbee W K. 2005. Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. J. North Amer. Benthol.Soc., 24(3):602-612.
Monger B C, Landry M R. 1991. Prey-size dependency of grazing by free-living marine flagellates. Marine Ecol.Prog. Ser., 74:239-248.
Mukherjee B. 1996. Environmental Biology. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India. p.318-319.
Nakano S, Kawabata Z. 2000. Changes in cell volume of bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a hypereutrophic pond. Hydrobiologia, 428(1):197-203.
Naz S. 1999. Studies on the limnological characteristics and tropic status of four Pisciculture ponds in Rajshahi.Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. 278p.
Rahman M S. 1992. Water quality Management in Aquaculture.BRAC Prokashana, Dhaka. 84p.
Samuelsson K, Berglund J, Andersson A. 2006. Factors structuring the heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate community along a brackish water primary production gradient. J. Plankton. Res., 28(4):345-359.
Solic M, Krstulovic N. 1994. Role of predation in controlling bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellate standing stocks in the coastal Adriatic Sea:Seasonal patterns. Marine Ecol. Prog. Seri., 114:219-235.
Thurman J, Parry J, Hill P J, Priscu J C, Vick T J, Chluchlolo A, Laybourn-Parry J. 2012. Microbial dynamics and flagellate grazing during transition to winter in Lakes Hoare and Bonney, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.,82(2):449-458.
Tikhonenkov D V, Burkovsky I V, Mazei Y A. 2015. Is there a relation between the distribution of heterotrophic flagellates and the zonation of a marine intertidal flat?Oceanology, 55(5):711-723.
Wang J, Zhang Y F, Feng Y C, Zheng X J, Jiao L, Hong S M,Shen J D, Zhu T, Ding J, Zhang Q. 2016. Characterization and source apportionment of aerosol light extinction with a coupled model of CMB-IMPROVE in Hangzhou, Yangtze River Delta of China. Atmos. Res., 178-179:570-579.
Zhao Y F, Yu Y H, Feng W S, Shen Y F. 2003. Growth and production of free-living heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a eutrophic lake-Lake Donghu, Wuhan, China.Hydrobiologia, 498:85-95.