印度犹太人的构成、特点与身份认同
摘要
印度也散居着犹太人,其可被分为六支。而本文根据其相关特点又将其分为三大类,即本土化的印度犹太人、雅各的直系后裔以及欧洲与阿拉伯犹太人的后裔。目前,印度犹太人主要形成了孟买的本尼以色列人、科钦犹太人以及加尔各答的巴格达犹太人等三大社团。由于受庞杂的印度文化影响,印度犹太人也建立了种姓制度,许多方面也呈现出印度特色。尽管这一特殊性对印度犹太人的身份认同产生了重要影响,但印度犹太人并未被完全同化,仍保留了清晰的犹太身份意识,是具有印度特色的犹太人。
The Jewish community in India could be divided into six branches. They are re-categorized in this paper as three groups comprising localized Indian Jews, Jacob's lineal descendants and descendants of European and Arabic Jews. Three Jewish communities comprising the Bene Jews in Bombay, Cochin Jews and the Baghdadi Jews in Calcutta are active in India as of now. Indian Jewish community developed its own caste system in addition to a unique culture with some Indian characteristics. Due to their clear Jewish identity, Indian Jews can be identified as typical Jews with Indian characteristics.
The Jewish community in India could be divided into six branches. They are re-categorized in this paper as three groups comprising localized Indian Jews, Jacob's lineal descendants and descendants of European and Arabic Jews. Three Jewish communities comprising the Bene Jews in Bombay, Cochin Jews and the Baghdadi Jews in Calcutta are active in India as of now. Indian Jewish community developed its own caste system in addition to a unique culture with some Indian characteristics. Due to their clear Jewish identity, Indian Jews can be identified as typical Jews with Indian characteristics.
引文
(1)Dishan Joseph,“Galilee to Galle:The ancient Jewish connection,”Sunday Observer,November 25,2018,http:∥www.sundayobserver.lk/2018/11/25/galilee-galle-ancient-jewish-connection.
(2)Jewish Virtual Library,“The Virtual Jewish History Tour-India,”February 3,2019,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/india.
(3)佛陀提出将婴儿分成两半,起争执的两位妇女各分一半,以此方法考验她们的良心,谁反对谁就是婴儿的真正母亲。(参见Jewish Virtual Library,“The Virtual Jewish History Tour-India,”February 3,2019,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/india.)
(4)Jennifer Walker,“Discovering Kochi's Jew Town,”Perceptive Travel,January 14,2019,https:∥perceptivetravel.com/blog/2019/01/14/discovering-kochi-jew-town/.
(1)根据现存于科钦犹太主会堂的铜盘(被称为Ssanam)上的文字记载,犹太人约瑟夫·拉班(Josepg Rabban)被今天印度科钦地区当时的第四任统治者Bhaskara Ravi Varma任命为当地犹太人领袖,并赋予科钦犹太人相关世袭权利,声称只要地球和月亮还存在,科钦犹太人就世世代代享有相关权利。(参见“History of the Jews in India,”Wikipedia,September 23,2018,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India.)
(2)Peter Hutchison,“Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community,”The Times of Israel,January 14,2018,https:∥www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-trip-highlights-indias-tiny-jewish-community/.
(3)Ophira Gamliel,“Back from Shingly:Revising the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala,”Indian Economic and Social History Review,Vol.55(1),2018,p.4.
(4)Geopolitical Strategic and Security Studies Institute,“The Jewish Copper Plates,”October 20,2018,http:∥gpssi.in/the-jewish-copper-plates/.
(5)Pranav,“Paradesi Synagogue:Representing the Jewish Heritage,”Native Planet,April 10,2018,https:∥www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/paradesi-synagogue-representing-the-jewish-heritage-003273.html.
(6)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第8页。
(1)“Cochin-The Dutch Portuguese and Jewish Influences,”Indpaedia,December 7,2018,http:∥indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Cochin_-_The_Dutch_Portuguese_and_Jewish_Influences.
(2)Barbara C.Johnson,“The Cochin Jews of Kerala,”Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/.
(3)希伯来语意为“上升”,是流散于世界各地的犹太人开展的大规模移居巴勒斯坦地区“以色列土地”(Eretz Israel)的行动。
(4)“Bene Israel,”Wikipedia,January 8,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Israel.
(5)Saturday在印地语中为shanivar。在印度,Teli是以榨油为职业的一个传统种姓。(参见“Saturday Meaning in Hindi,”Online Multi Language Dictionary,https:∥hamariweb.com/dictionaries/saturday_hindi-meanings.aspx.以及“Teli,”Wikipedia,https:∥en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teli.)
(6)参见Shalva Weil,Jews of India and Ten Lost Tribes in Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions,London:M.E.Sharpe,Inc.,2013,pp.542-543&Shirley Berry Isenberg,“India's Bene Israel Jews,”My Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-bene-israel/&Cecil Roth,Encyclopaedia Judaica,Jerusalem:Keter Publishing House Ltd,1972,p.493.
(7)Shirley Berry Isenberg,“India's Bene Israel Jews,”My Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-bene-israel/.
(1)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第11页。
(2)Yulia Egorova and Shahid Perwez,“The Children of Ephraim:being Jewish in Andhra Pradesh,”Anthropology Today,Vol.26(6):14-19.
(3)Matthew Fishbane,“Becoming Moses,”Tablet Magazine,May 2,2016,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Menashe#cite_note-FishbaneB ecoming-3.
(4)“Another tribes seeks rabbinical recognition,”The Washington Times,May 1,2006,https:∥www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/1/20060501-094458-5135r/.
(5)“Bnei Menashe,”Wikipedia,February 3,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Menashe#cite_ref-2.
(6)Asya Pereltsvaig,“Controversies surrounding Bnei Menashe,”Languages of the World,June 9,2010,https:∥www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/controversies-surrounding-bnei-menashe.html.
(7)Gedalyah Reback,“3000th Bnei Menashe touches down in Israel,”The Times of Israel,June 19,2015,http:∥www.timesofisrael.com/3000th-bnei-menashe-touches-down-in-israel/.
(1)表面公开宣称自己是基督教徒,而暗中信仰犹太教的犹太人。(参见:Suzanne Selengut,“The Converso Comeback,”Tablet,October 17,2017,https:∥www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/246057/theconverso-comeback.)
(2)Daud Pasha,巴格达最后一任马木鲁克,1817-1831年在任。
(3)Pan Guang,The Jews in Asia:Comparative Perspective,Shanghai:Shanghai SanL uan Publishing House,2007,pp.3,7.
(4)Joan G.Roland,“The Baghdadi Jews of India,”My Jewish Learning,February 4,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-jews-of-india/.
(5)Ibid.
(6)Ibid.
(1)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第26页。
(2)马达里亚制度是泰米尔语和马拉雅兰语的音译,意思是犹太社团的首领,起源于犹太社团定居科钦之时。(参见Laju Paul,“Jewish Monuments of Kerala,”May 22,2011,http:∥jewishmonumentskerala.blogspot.com/2011/05/significance-of-jewish-cranganore-or.html.)
(1)Nathan Katz,Who are the Jews of Indian,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,2000,p.87.
(2)早期希腊时期铭文上的Ioudaios反映了“犹太人”的民族或地理起源,即犹地亚人,但进入晚期古代,这层含义基本消失,Ioudaios逐渐含有宗教和社团的意味,主要用于判断此人是否属于犹太宗教社团中的成员,即犹太人。(参见宋立宏:“谁是‘犹太人’---关于‘Loudaios’的礼记”,载《历史研究》,2007年第2期,第127页。)
(3)巴比伦的犹地亚长者使用王国时代保存下来的古代文献,编了一部官方的民族史和关于律法、习俗、宗教仪式的法典,这使得这批长者们可以通过宗教行为来鉴别民族性,从某种程度上讲,民族转变成了宗教,时至今日这一变化仍然在犹太身份认同和犹太教上留下了标记。(参见杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第29页。以及Scheindlin Paymond P,A Short History of Jewish People,New York:Asimo&Schuster Macmilan Company,1998,pp.28-31.)
(4)肖宪:《中东国家通史-以色列史》,北京:商务印书馆,2001年,第10页。
(1)Manoj Viswanathan,“A waning heritage:The Jewish influence in Kerala,”The New Indian Express,February 14,2018,http:∥www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/feb/14/a-waning-heritage-the-jewishinfluence-in-kerala-1773378.html.
(2)徐新:《犹太文化史》,北京大学出版社,2006年,第209页。
(3)1737年,荷兰人派科钦犹太社团中的名人艾斯科尔前往执行一项与印度王公的外交活动,但由于正值安息日,艾斯科尔单方面延期了与王公会面的时间,迫使荷兰人不得不与王公道歉。(参见Nathan Katz and Ellen S.Goldberg,The Last Jew of Cochin,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,1993,p.95.)
(4)一个礼拜六的下午,印度邻居向一位本尼以色列人借牛车,但被拒绝,因为这位本尼以色列人认为这天是安息日,所有人畜都要休息。而印度邻居再次强调借的是车而不是牛,但这位本尼以色列人却回答说这件事过去从来都没有发生过,他不愿去冒险破除自己祖先时就已经存在的古老习俗。(参见Nathan Katz,Who are the Jews of Indian,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,2000,p.96.)
(5)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第34页。
(6)男婴的父母会邀请亲朋参与其中,在举行割礼仪式的前一天晚上,这些被邀请的亲朋会在先知以利亚之椅上放上一本《圣经》的复印本和一些香木椽,之后这些香木椽会被散发给在场的人。男婴的父母通常还会雇佣会堂人员去自己的社团宣布这个孩子的诞生,以及在会堂的大厅里宴请割礼师、亲朋,与想要得到孩子的夫妇。
(7)Thomas A.Timberg,Jews in India,New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd,1986,p.354.
(1)“432‘Lost’Indian Jews Came Home to Israel in 2018,”United with Israel,June 17,2018,https:∥unitedwithisrael.org/432-lost-indian-jews-came-home-to-israel-in-2018/.
(2)Adrija Roychowdhury,“Here is everything you need to know about Indian Jews,”The Indian Express,July 5,2017,https:∥indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-in-israel-here-is-everything-you-need-toknow-about-indian-jews/.
(3)“Vital Statistics:Jewish Population of the World(1882-Present),”Jewish Virtual Library,2018,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world.
(4)Nicla Miltz,“Being Indian,Jewish and South African,”South African Jewish Report,July 20,2017,https:∥www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2017/07/20/being-indian-jewish-and-south-african.
(5)“Chinese community in India,”Wikipedia,February 10,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India.
(1)Shalva Weil,“The Indian Jews at the Heart of the Netanyahu-Modi Love Affair,”Haaretz,January 14,2018,https:∥www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-indian-jews-at-the-heart-of-the-netanyahu-modilove-affair-1.5730732.&Peter Hutchison,“Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community,”The Times of Israel,January 14,2018,https:∥www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-trip-highlights-indias-tiny-jewishcommunity/.
(2)Jewish Virtual Library,“The Virtual Jewish History Tour-India,”February 3,2019,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/india.
(3)佛陀提出将婴儿分成两半,起争执的两位妇女各分一半,以此方法考验她们的良心,谁反对谁就是婴儿的真正母亲。(参见Jewish Virtual Library,“The Virtual Jewish History Tour-India,”February 3,2019,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/india.)
(4)Jennifer Walker,“Discovering Kochi's Jew Town,”Perceptive Travel,January 14,2019,https:∥perceptivetravel.com/blog/2019/01/14/discovering-kochi-jew-town/.
(1)根据现存于科钦犹太主会堂的铜盘(被称为Ssanam)上的文字记载,犹太人约瑟夫·拉班(Josepg Rabban)被今天印度科钦地区当时的第四任统治者Bhaskara Ravi Varma任命为当地犹太人领袖,并赋予科钦犹太人相关世袭权利,声称只要地球和月亮还存在,科钦犹太人就世世代代享有相关权利。(参见“History of the Jews in India,”Wikipedia,September 23,2018,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India.)
(2)Peter Hutchison,“Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community,”The Times of Israel,January 14,2018,https:∥www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-trip-highlights-indias-tiny-jewish-community/.
(3)Ophira Gamliel,“Back from Shingly:Revising the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala,”Indian Economic and Social History Review,Vol.55(1),2018,p.4.
(4)Geopolitical Strategic and Security Studies Institute,“The Jewish Copper Plates,”October 20,2018,http:∥gpssi.in/the-jewish-copper-plates/.
(5)Pranav,“Paradesi Synagogue:Representing the Jewish Heritage,”Native Planet,April 10,2018,https:∥www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/paradesi-synagogue-representing-the-jewish-heritage-003273.html.
(6)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第8页。
(1)“Cochin-The Dutch Portuguese and Jewish Influences,”Indpaedia,December 7,2018,http:∥indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Cochin_-_The_Dutch_Portuguese_and_Jewish_Influences.
(2)Barbara C.Johnson,“The Cochin Jews of Kerala,”Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/.
(3)希伯来语意为“上升”,是流散于世界各地的犹太人开展的大规模移居巴勒斯坦地区“以色列土地”(Eretz Israel)的行动。
(4)“Bene Israel,”Wikipedia,January 8,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Israel.
(5)Saturday在印地语中为shanivar。在印度,Teli是以榨油为职业的一个传统种姓。(参见“Saturday Meaning in Hindi,”Online Multi Language Dictionary,https:∥hamariweb.com/dictionaries/saturday_hindi-meanings.aspx.以及“Teli,”Wikipedia,https:∥en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teli.)
(6)参见Shalva Weil,Jews of India and Ten Lost Tribes in Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions,London:M.E.Sharpe,Inc.,2013,pp.542-543&Shirley Berry Isenberg,“India's Bene Israel Jews,”My Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-bene-israel/&Cecil Roth,Encyclopaedia Judaica,Jerusalem:Keter Publishing House Ltd,1972,p.493.
(7)Shirley Berry Isenberg,“India's Bene Israel Jews,”My Jewish Learning,February 3,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-bene-israel/.
(1)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第11页。
(2)Yulia Egorova and Shahid Perwez,“The Children of Ephraim:being Jewish in Andhra Pradesh,”Anthropology Today,Vol.26(6):14-19.
(3)Matthew Fishbane,“Becoming Moses,”Tablet Magazine,May 2,2016,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Menashe#cite_note-FishbaneB ecoming-3.
(4)“Another tribes seeks rabbinical recognition,”The Washington Times,May 1,2006,https:∥www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/1/20060501-094458-5135r/.
(5)“Bnei Menashe,”Wikipedia,February 3,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Menashe#cite_ref-2.
(6)Asya Pereltsvaig,“Controversies surrounding Bnei Menashe,”Languages of the World,June 9,2010,https:∥www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/controversies-surrounding-bnei-menashe.html.
(7)Gedalyah Reback,“3000th Bnei Menashe touches down in Israel,”The Times of Israel,June 19,2015,http:∥www.timesofisrael.com/3000th-bnei-menashe-touches-down-in-israel/.
(1)表面公开宣称自己是基督教徒,而暗中信仰犹太教的犹太人。(参见:Suzanne Selengut,“The Converso Comeback,”Tablet,October 17,2017,https:∥www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/246057/theconverso-comeback.)
(2)Daud Pasha,巴格达最后一任马木鲁克,1817-1831年在任。
(3)Pan Guang,The Jews in Asia:Comparative Perspective,Shanghai:Shanghai SanL uan Publishing House,2007,pp.3,7.
(4)Joan G.Roland,“The Baghdadi Jews of India,”My Jewish Learning,February 4,2019,https:∥www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-jews-of-india/.
(5)Ibid.
(6)Ibid.
(1)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第26页。
(2)马达里亚制度是泰米尔语和马拉雅兰语的音译,意思是犹太社团的首领,起源于犹太社团定居科钦之时。(参见Laju Paul,“Jewish Monuments of Kerala,”May 22,2011,http:∥jewishmonumentskerala.blogspot.com/2011/05/significance-of-jewish-cranganore-or.html.)
(1)Nathan Katz,Who are the Jews of Indian,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,2000,p.87.
(2)早期希腊时期铭文上的Ioudaios反映了“犹太人”的民族或地理起源,即犹地亚人,但进入晚期古代,这层含义基本消失,Ioudaios逐渐含有宗教和社团的意味,主要用于判断此人是否属于犹太宗教社团中的成员,即犹太人。(参见宋立宏:“谁是‘犹太人’---关于‘Loudaios’的礼记”,载《历史研究》,2007年第2期,第127页。)
(3)巴比伦的犹地亚长者使用王国时代保存下来的古代文献,编了一部官方的民族史和关于律法、习俗、宗教仪式的法典,这使得这批长者们可以通过宗教行为来鉴别民族性,从某种程度上讲,民族转变成了宗教,时至今日这一变化仍然在犹太身份认同和犹太教上留下了标记。(参见杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第29页。以及Scheindlin Paymond P,A Short History of Jewish People,New York:Asimo&Schuster Macmilan Company,1998,pp.28-31.)
(4)肖宪:《中东国家通史-以色列史》,北京:商务印书馆,2001年,第10页。
(1)Manoj Viswanathan,“A waning heritage:The Jewish influence in Kerala,”The New Indian Express,February 14,2018,http:∥www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/feb/14/a-waning-heritage-the-jewishinfluence-in-kerala-1773378.html.
(2)徐新:《犹太文化史》,北京大学出版社,2006年,第209页。
(3)1737年,荷兰人派科钦犹太社团中的名人艾斯科尔前往执行一项与印度王公的外交活动,但由于正值安息日,艾斯科尔单方面延期了与王公会面的时间,迫使荷兰人不得不与王公道歉。(参见Nathan Katz and Ellen S.Goldberg,The Last Jew of Cochin,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,1993,p.95.)
(4)一个礼拜六的下午,印度邻居向一位本尼以色列人借牛车,但被拒绝,因为这位本尼以色列人认为这天是安息日,所有人畜都要休息。而印度邻居再次强调借的是车而不是牛,但这位本尼以色列人却回答说这件事过去从来都没有发生过,他不愿去冒险破除自己祖先时就已经存在的古老习俗。(参见Nathan Katz,Who are the Jews of Indian,South Carolina:University of South Carolina Press,2000,p.96.)
(5)杨曙晨:《论印度犹太人身份认同》,南京大学学位论文,2011年,第34页。
(6)男婴的父母会邀请亲朋参与其中,在举行割礼仪式的前一天晚上,这些被邀请的亲朋会在先知以利亚之椅上放上一本《圣经》的复印本和一些香木椽,之后这些香木椽会被散发给在场的人。男婴的父母通常还会雇佣会堂人员去自己的社团宣布这个孩子的诞生,以及在会堂的大厅里宴请割礼师、亲朋,与想要得到孩子的夫妇。
(7)Thomas A.Timberg,Jews in India,New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd,1986,p.354.
(1)“432‘Lost’Indian Jews Came Home to Israel in 2018,”United with Israel,June 17,2018,https:∥unitedwithisrael.org/432-lost-indian-jews-came-home-to-israel-in-2018/.
(2)Adrija Roychowdhury,“Here is everything you need to know about Indian Jews,”The Indian Express,July 5,2017,https:∥indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-in-israel-here-is-everything-you-need-toknow-about-indian-jews/.
(3)“Vital Statistics:Jewish Population of the World(1882-Present),”Jewish Virtual Library,2018,https:∥www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world.
(4)Nicla Miltz,“Being Indian,Jewish and South African,”South African Jewish Report,July 20,2017,https:∥www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2017/07/20/being-indian-jewish-and-south-african.
(5)“Chinese community in India,”Wikipedia,February 10,2019,https:∥en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India.
(1)Shalva Weil,“The Indian Jews at the Heart of the Netanyahu-Modi Love Affair,”Haaretz,January 14,2018,https:∥www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-indian-jews-at-the-heart-of-the-netanyahu-modilove-affair-1.5730732.&Peter Hutchison,“Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community,”The Times of Israel,January 14,2018,https:∥www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-trip-highlights-indias-tiny-jewishcommunity/.