Exploration and Sources of Bauxite Deposit in the Boloven Plateau, Southern Laos
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摘要
The Boloven bauxite deposit occurs either in the weathered basalt(alkali basalt and tholeiite), or in the Cretaceous sandstone. It is generally agreed that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the alkali basalt and tholeiite were derived from weathering of underlying basalt, however, the origin of bauxite deposit overlying the sandstone remains controversial. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone exhibit quite similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns to those overlying the alkali basalt. Diagram of Al-Ti-Zr shows that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone, tholeiite and alkali basalt are close to each other and to the calc-alkaline suite, however, significantly different from the sandstone and shales. Binary diagram of log Nb/Y vs log Zr/Ti further indicates that the parent rocks of bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone belong to the suit of ultra-alkali to alkali basalt. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data exhibit that the geochemical characteristics of HREE, Y, LREE and Al_2O_3 for bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone are similar to those overlying the alkali basalt(15.7 Ma), obviously different from those overlying the tholeiite(1.2 to 0.5 Ma). Consequently, it can be inferred that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the sandstone were derived from the alkali basalt.
The Boloven bauxite deposit occurs either in the weathered basalt(alkali basalt and tholeiite), or in the Cretaceous sandstone. It is generally agreed that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the alkali basalt and tholeiite were derived from weathering of underlying basalt, however, the origin of bauxite deposit overlying the sandstone remains controversial. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone exhibit quite similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns to those overlying the alkali basalt. Diagram of Al-Ti-Zr shows that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone, tholeiite and alkali basalt are close to each other and to the calc-alkaline suite, however, significantly different from the sandstone and shales. Binary diagram of log Nb/Y vs log Zr/Ti further indicates that the parent rocks of bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone belong to the suit of ultra-alkali to alkali basalt. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data exhibit that the geochemical characteristics of HREE, Y, LREE and Al_2O_3 for bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone are similar to those overlying the alkali basalt(15.7 Ma), obviously different from those overlying the tholeiite(1.2 to 0.5 Ma). Consequently, it can be inferred that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the sandstone were derived from the alkali basalt.
The Boloven bauxite deposit occurs either in the weathered basalt(alkali basalt and tholeiite), or in the Cretaceous sandstone. It is generally agreed that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the alkali basalt and tholeiite were derived from weathering of underlying basalt, however, the origin of bauxite deposit overlying the sandstone remains controversial. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone exhibit quite similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns to those overlying the alkali basalt. Diagram of Al-Ti-Zr shows that the bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone, tholeiite and alkali basalt are close to each other and to the calc-alkaline suite, however, significantly different from the sandstone and shales. Binary diagram of log Nb/Y vs log Zr/Ti further indicates that the parent rocks of bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone belong to the suit of ultra-alkali to alkali basalt. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data exhibit that the geochemical characteristics of HREE, Y, LREE and Al_2O_3 for bauxite ores/laterites overlying the sandstone are similar to those overlying the alkali basalt(15.7 Ma), obviously different from those overlying the tholeiite(1.2 to 0.5 Ma). Consequently, it can be inferred that the bauxite deposits/laterites overlying the sandstone were derived from the alkali basalt.
引文
Anders,E.,Grevesse,N.,1989.Abundances of the Elements:Meteoritic and Solar.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,53(1):197-214.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-x
Bárdossy,G.,Aleva,G.J.J.,1990.Lateritic Bauxites.Elsevier Scientific Publication,Amsterdam.1-624
Bogatyrev,B.A.,Zhukov,V.V.,Tsekhovsky,Y.G.,2009.Formation Conditions and Regularities of the Distribution of Large and Superlarge Bauxite Deposits.Lithology and Mineral Resources,44(2):135-151.https://doi.org/10.1134/s0024490209020035
Cumberland,S.A.,Douglas,G.,Grice,K.,et al.,2016.Uranium Mobility in Organic Matter-Rich Sediments:A Review of Geological and Geochemical Processes.Earth-Science Reviews,159:160-185.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.05.010
Dill,H.G.,2017.Residual Clay Deposits on Basement Rocks:The Impact of Climate and the Geological Setting on Supergene Argillitization in the Bohemian Massif(Central Europe)and Across the Globe.Earth-Science Reviews,165:1-58.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.004
Drew,L.J.,Grunsky,E.C.,Sutphin,D.M.,et al.,2010.Multivariate Analysis of the Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Soils along Two ContinentalScale Transects in North America.Science of the Total Environment,409(1):218-227.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.004
Fan,P.F.,2000.Accreted Terranes and Mineral Deposits of Indochina.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,18(3):343-350.https://doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(99)00061-9
Fayek,M.,Horita,J.,Ripley,E.M.,2011.The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Uranium Minerals:A Review.Ore Geology Reviews,41(1):1-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.06.005
Garcia,D.,Fonteilles,M.,Moutte,J.,1994.Sedimentary Fractionations between Al,Ti,and Zr and the Genesis of Strongly Peraluminous Granites.The Journal of Geology,102(4):411-422.https://doi.org/10.1086/629683
Grunsky,E.C.,2010.The Interpretation of Geochemical Survey Data.Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,10(1):27-74.https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/09-210
Hanil?i,N.,2013.Geological and Geochemical Evolution of the Bolkarda?i Bauxite Deposits,Karaman,Turkey:Transformation from Shale to Bauxite.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:118-137.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.04.004
Jadhav,G.N.,Sharma,N.,Sen,P.,2012.Characterization of Bauxite Deposits from Kachchh Area,Gujarat.Journal of the Geological Society of India,80(3):351-362.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-012-0153-5
Karinen,T.,Korkiakoski,E.,Phichith,P.,2011.Laos-Invest in Mining.ACountry Issue for Promoting Exploration and Mining in Lao PDR,May.1-15
Levitan,D.M.,Zipper,C.E.,Donovan,P.,et al.,2015.Statistical Analysis of Soil Geochemical Data to Identify Pathfinders Associated with Mineral Deposits:An Example from the Coles Hill Uranium Deposit,Virginia,USA.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,154:238-251.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012
Li,Z.H.,Din,J.,Xu,J.S.,et al.,2013.Discovery of the REE Minerals in the Wulong-Nanchuan Bauxite Deposits,Chongqing,China:Insights on Conditions of Formation and Processes.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:88-102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.06.016
Liu,X.F.,Wang,Q.F.,Feng,Y.W.,et al.,2013.Genesis of the Guangou Karstic Bauxite Deposit in Western Henan,China.Ore Geology Reviews,55:162-175.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.002
Long,Y.Z.,Chi,G.X.,Liu,J.P.,et al.,2017.Trace and Rare Earth Elements Constraints on the Sources of the Yunfeng Paleo-Karstic Bauxite Deposit in the Xiuwen-Qingzhen Area,Guizhou,China.Ore Geology Reviews,91:404-418.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.09.014
Luo,Z.,Liu,Z.,Li,J.,et al.,2011.Geological Characteristics and Genesis of Bauxite Deposit in Paakxong Country,Chanmpasak Province,Laos.Mineral exploration.2(3):304-310
Mameli,P.,Mongelli,G.,Oggiano,G.,et al.,2006.Geological,Geochemical and Mineralogical Features of some Bauxite Deposits from Nurra(Western Sardinia,Italy):Insights on Conditions of Formation and Parental Affinity.International Journal of Earth Sciences,96(5):887-902.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0142-2
Mongelli,G.,1997.Ce-Anomalies in the Textural Components of Upper Cretaceous Karst Bauxites from the Apulian Carbonate Platform(Southern Italy).Chemical Geology,140(1/2):69-79.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00042-9
Patterson,S.,Kurtz,H.,Olson,J.,1986.Neeley Geology and Resources of Aluminum,U.S..Geological Survey Professional,1076-B:1-165
Pearce,J.A.,1996.Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks:Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration.Geological Association of Canada,Short Course Notes.12:79-113
Pope,G.A.,2013.Weathering in the Tropics,and Related Extratropical Processes.Treatise on Geomorphology,4:179-196
Qi,L.,Hu,J.,Gregoire,D.C.,2000.Determination of Trace Elements in Granites by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Talanta,51(3):507-513.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00318-5
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2016.Petrochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Middle Triassic Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in the Sayabouli Area,NW Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(3):365-377.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0669-5
Richardson,K.A.,1959.The Thorium,Uranium and Zirconium Concentrations in Bauxites and Their Relationship to Bauxite Genesis.The Rice Institute,Houston.1-55
Sanematsu,K.,Moriyama,T.,Sotouky,L.,et al.,2011a.Laterization of Basalts and Sandstone Associated with the Enrichment of Al,Ga and Sc in the Bolaven Plateau,Southern Laos.Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan,62(3/4):105-129.https://doi.org/10.9795/bullgsj.62.105
Sanematsu,K.,Moriyama,T.,Sotouky,L.,et al.,2011b.Mobility of Rare Earth Elements in Basalt-Derived Laterite at the Bolaven Plateau,Southern Laos.Resource Geology,61(2):140-158.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00155.x
Schellmann,W.,1994.Geochemical Differentiation in Laterite and Bauxite Formation.Catena,21(2/3):131-143.https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90007-8
Tapponnier,P.,Peltzer,G.,Armijo,R.,1986.On the Mechanics of the Collision between India and Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,19(1):113-157.https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.019.01.07
Vilayhack,S.,Duangsurigna,S.,Phomkenthao,S.,2008.1:200 000 Geological Map of Attapu with Report on Geology of the Attapu District,Japan International Cooperation Agency and Department of Geology.Ministry of Energy and Mines,Lao PDR.1-48
Wan,Y.G.,Sheng,S.Z.,Huang,J.C.,et al.,2016.The Grid Search Algorithm of Tectonic Stress Tensor Based on Focal Mechanism Data and its Application in the Boundary Zone of China,Vietnam and Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(5):777-785.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0649-1
Wang,X.M.,Jiao,Y.Q.,Du,Y.S.,et al.,2013.REE Mobility and Ce Anomaly in Bauxite Deposit of WZD Area,Northern Guizhou,China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:103-117.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.08.009
Wei,G.S,2011.Analysis on Minerogenetic Condition and Geological Characteristics of Bolaven Bauxite Ore,Laos.Qing Jinshu,S2:46-48(in Chinese with English Abstract).
Wilke,B.M.,Schwertmann,U.,Murad,E.,1978.An Occurrence of Polymorphic Halloysite in Granite Saprolite of the Bayerischer Wald,Germany.Clay Minerals,13(1):67-77.https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1978.013.1.06
Zhang,J.,Feng,Q.L.,Zhang,Z.,2017.Tracing Escaping Structure in the Northern Indo-China Peninsula by Openness and Remote Sensing.Journal of Earth Science,28(1):147-160.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0743-7
Zhang,X.Y.,Ma,H.Z.,Ma,Y.Q.,et al.,2013.Origin of the Late Cretaceous Potash-Bearing Evaporites in the Vientiane Basin of Laos:δ11BEvidence from Borates.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,62:812-818.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.036
Zhao,Z.,Wang,D.,Pan,H.,et al.,2017.REE Geochemistry of a Weathering Profile in Guangxi,Southern China,and Genesis of Ion-Adsorption Type REE Deposit.Earth Science,42(10):1697-1706(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Zheng,T.,Deng,Y.,Lu,Z.,et al.,2017.Geochemistry and Implications of Rare Earth Elements in Arsenic-Affected Shallow Aquifer from Jianghan Plain,Central China.Earth Science,42(5):693-706(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Bárdossy,G.,Aleva,G.J.J.,1990.Lateritic Bauxites.Elsevier Scientific Publication,Amsterdam.1-624
Bogatyrev,B.A.,Zhukov,V.V.,Tsekhovsky,Y.G.,2009.Formation Conditions and Regularities of the Distribution of Large and Superlarge Bauxite Deposits.Lithology and Mineral Resources,44(2):135-151.https://doi.org/10.1134/s0024490209020035
Cumberland,S.A.,Douglas,G.,Grice,K.,et al.,2016.Uranium Mobility in Organic Matter-Rich Sediments:A Review of Geological and Geochemical Processes.Earth-Science Reviews,159:160-185.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.05.010
Dill,H.G.,2017.Residual Clay Deposits on Basement Rocks:The Impact of Climate and the Geological Setting on Supergene Argillitization in the Bohemian Massif(Central Europe)and Across the Globe.Earth-Science Reviews,165:1-58.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.004
Drew,L.J.,Grunsky,E.C.,Sutphin,D.M.,et al.,2010.Multivariate Analysis of the Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Soils along Two ContinentalScale Transects in North America.Science of the Total Environment,409(1):218-227.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.004
Fan,P.F.,2000.Accreted Terranes and Mineral Deposits of Indochina.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,18(3):343-350.https://doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(99)00061-9
Fayek,M.,Horita,J.,Ripley,E.M.,2011.The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Uranium Minerals:A Review.Ore Geology Reviews,41(1):1-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.06.005
Garcia,D.,Fonteilles,M.,Moutte,J.,1994.Sedimentary Fractionations between Al,Ti,and Zr and the Genesis of Strongly Peraluminous Granites.The Journal of Geology,102(4):411-422.https://doi.org/10.1086/629683
Grunsky,E.C.,2010.The Interpretation of Geochemical Survey Data.Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,10(1):27-74.https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/09-210
Hanil?i,N.,2013.Geological and Geochemical Evolution of the Bolkarda?i Bauxite Deposits,Karaman,Turkey:Transformation from Shale to Bauxite.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:118-137.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.04.004
Jadhav,G.N.,Sharma,N.,Sen,P.,2012.Characterization of Bauxite Deposits from Kachchh Area,Gujarat.Journal of the Geological Society of India,80(3):351-362.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-012-0153-5
Karinen,T.,Korkiakoski,E.,Phichith,P.,2011.Laos-Invest in Mining.ACountry Issue for Promoting Exploration and Mining in Lao PDR,May.1-15
Levitan,D.M.,Zipper,C.E.,Donovan,P.,et al.,2015.Statistical Analysis of Soil Geochemical Data to Identify Pathfinders Associated with Mineral Deposits:An Example from the Coles Hill Uranium Deposit,Virginia,USA.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,154:238-251.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012
Li,Z.H.,Din,J.,Xu,J.S.,et al.,2013.Discovery of the REE Minerals in the Wulong-Nanchuan Bauxite Deposits,Chongqing,China:Insights on Conditions of Formation and Processes.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:88-102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.06.016
Liu,X.F.,Wang,Q.F.,Feng,Y.W.,et al.,2013.Genesis of the Guangou Karstic Bauxite Deposit in Western Henan,China.Ore Geology Reviews,55:162-175.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.002
Long,Y.Z.,Chi,G.X.,Liu,J.P.,et al.,2017.Trace and Rare Earth Elements Constraints on the Sources of the Yunfeng Paleo-Karstic Bauxite Deposit in the Xiuwen-Qingzhen Area,Guizhou,China.Ore Geology Reviews,91:404-418.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.09.014
Luo,Z.,Liu,Z.,Li,J.,et al.,2011.Geological Characteristics and Genesis of Bauxite Deposit in Paakxong Country,Chanmpasak Province,Laos.Mineral exploration.2(3):304-310
Mameli,P.,Mongelli,G.,Oggiano,G.,et al.,2006.Geological,Geochemical and Mineralogical Features of some Bauxite Deposits from Nurra(Western Sardinia,Italy):Insights on Conditions of Formation and Parental Affinity.International Journal of Earth Sciences,96(5):887-902.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0142-2
Mongelli,G.,1997.Ce-Anomalies in the Textural Components of Upper Cretaceous Karst Bauxites from the Apulian Carbonate Platform(Southern Italy).Chemical Geology,140(1/2):69-79.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00042-9
Patterson,S.,Kurtz,H.,Olson,J.,1986.Neeley Geology and Resources of Aluminum,U.S..Geological Survey Professional,1076-B:1-165
Pearce,J.A.,1996.Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks:Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration.Geological Association of Canada,Short Course Notes.12:79-113
Pope,G.A.,2013.Weathering in the Tropics,and Related Extratropical Processes.Treatise on Geomorphology,4:179-196
Qi,L.,Hu,J.,Gregoire,D.C.,2000.Determination of Trace Elements in Granites by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Talanta,51(3):507-513.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00318-5
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2016.Petrochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Middle Triassic Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in the Sayabouli Area,NW Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(3):365-377.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0669-5
Richardson,K.A.,1959.The Thorium,Uranium and Zirconium Concentrations in Bauxites and Their Relationship to Bauxite Genesis.The Rice Institute,Houston.1-55
Sanematsu,K.,Moriyama,T.,Sotouky,L.,et al.,2011a.Laterization of Basalts and Sandstone Associated with the Enrichment of Al,Ga and Sc in the Bolaven Plateau,Southern Laos.Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan,62(3/4):105-129.https://doi.org/10.9795/bullgsj.62.105
Sanematsu,K.,Moriyama,T.,Sotouky,L.,et al.,2011b.Mobility of Rare Earth Elements in Basalt-Derived Laterite at the Bolaven Plateau,Southern Laos.Resource Geology,61(2):140-158.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00155.x
Schellmann,W.,1994.Geochemical Differentiation in Laterite and Bauxite Formation.Catena,21(2/3):131-143.https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90007-8
Tapponnier,P.,Peltzer,G.,Armijo,R.,1986.On the Mechanics of the Collision between India and Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,19(1):113-157.https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.019.01.07
Vilayhack,S.,Duangsurigna,S.,Phomkenthao,S.,2008.1:200 000 Geological Map of Attapu with Report on Geology of the Attapu District,Japan International Cooperation Agency and Department of Geology.Ministry of Energy and Mines,Lao PDR.1-48
Wan,Y.G.,Sheng,S.Z.,Huang,J.C.,et al.,2016.The Grid Search Algorithm of Tectonic Stress Tensor Based on Focal Mechanism Data and its Application in the Boundary Zone of China,Vietnam and Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(5):777-785.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0649-1
Wang,X.M.,Jiao,Y.Q.,Du,Y.S.,et al.,2013.REE Mobility and Ce Anomaly in Bauxite Deposit of WZD Area,Northern Guizhou,China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,133:103-117.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.08.009
Wei,G.S,2011.Analysis on Minerogenetic Condition and Geological Characteristics of Bolaven Bauxite Ore,Laos.Qing Jinshu,S2:46-48(in Chinese with English Abstract).
Wilke,B.M.,Schwertmann,U.,Murad,E.,1978.An Occurrence of Polymorphic Halloysite in Granite Saprolite of the Bayerischer Wald,Germany.Clay Minerals,13(1):67-77.https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1978.013.1.06
Zhang,J.,Feng,Q.L.,Zhang,Z.,2017.Tracing Escaping Structure in the Northern Indo-China Peninsula by Openness and Remote Sensing.Journal of Earth Science,28(1):147-160.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0743-7
Zhang,X.Y.,Ma,H.Z.,Ma,Y.Q.,et al.,2013.Origin of the Late Cretaceous Potash-Bearing Evaporites in the Vientiane Basin of Laos:δ11BEvidence from Borates.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,62:812-818.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.036
Zhao,Z.,Wang,D.,Pan,H.,et al.,2017.REE Geochemistry of a Weathering Profile in Guangxi,Southern China,and Genesis of Ion-Adsorption Type REE Deposit.Earth Science,42(10):1697-1706(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Zheng,T.,Deng,Y.,Lu,Z.,et al.,2017.Geochemistry and Implications of Rare Earth Elements in Arsenic-Affected Shallow Aquifer from Jianghan Plain,Central China.Earth Science,42(5):693-706(in Chinese with English Abstract)