综合蒸发法和冷镜露点法测量水-土特征曲线和非饱和渗透系数（英文）
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摘要
目的:综合使用HYPROP和WP4C两种仪器,探索采用蒸发法和冷镜露点法测量大吸力范围的水-土特征曲线,并采用收缩曲线对土体变形进行修正。方法:1.采用HYPROP仪器,在0～100 kPa吸力范围内测量土体的水-土特征曲线。2.当吸力大于600 kPa时,采用WP4C仪器,测量土体的水-土特征曲线。3.采用传统张力仪吸力板仪器,在0～500k Pa吸力范围内测量土体的水-土特征曲线。4.采用Satyanaga et al.(2017)公式,对实验数据进行拟合。5.采用HYPROP仪器直接测量土体的非饱和渗透系数。6.采用蒸发法,获取干缩曲线。结论:1.采用Satyanaga et al.(2017)公式,对实验数据进行拟合,拟合参数直接关联到进气值、拐点及方差。拟合结果显示,不同仪器所收集的水-土特征曲线的数据相互吻合,为水-土特征曲线的实验测量提供了更大的吸力范围。2.采用HYPROP仪器测量的非饱和渗透系数和采用传统改装的非饱和三轴实验数据基本吻合,因此,HYPROP可以作为在低吸力范围内(<100 kPa)测量非饱和渗透系数的有效仪器。3.当进气值小于100 kPa或者大于500 kPa时,综合采用HYPROP和WP4C可以有效缩短实验周期。
引文
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Cai GQ,Zhao CG,Li J,et al.,2014.A new triaxial apparatus for testing soil water retention curves of unsaturated soils under different temperatures.Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A(Applied Physics&Engineering),15(5):364-373.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1300358
Childs EC,Collis-George N,1950.The permeability of porous materials.Proceedings of the Royal Society A,201(1066):392-405.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1950.0068
Fredlund DG,2007.Slope stability hazard management systems.Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,8(11):1695-1711.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.A1695
Fredlund DG,Rahardjo H,1993.Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils.Wiley,New York,USA.
Fredlund DG,Xing A,1994.Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,31(3):521-532.https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-061
Fredlund DG,Rahardjo H,Fredlund MD,2012.Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice.John Wiley&Sons,Hoboken,USA.
Fredlund MD,Wilson GW,Fredlund DG,2002.Representation and estimation of the shrinkage curve.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,p.145-149.
Gallage C,Kodikara J,Uchimura T,2013.Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes.Soils and Foundations,53(3):417-430.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.04.004
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Mantri S,Bulut R,2014.Evaluating performance of a chilled mirror device for soil total suction measurements.Proceedings of Geo-Hubei 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Civil Infrastructure.https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784478509.008
Merayyan SM,Miller CJ,2006.Determination of the soilwater characteristic curve using the evaporation technique.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Unsaturated Soils.
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Peters A,Iden SC,Durner W,2015.Revisiting the simplified evaporation method:identification of hydraulic functions considering vapor,film and corner flow.Journal of Hydrology,527:531-542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.020
Priono,Rahardjo H,Chatterjea K,et al.,2017.Laboratory investigation on hydraulic anisotropy behavior of unsaturated soil.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,54(7):1034-1046.https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0023
Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,D’Amore GAR,et al.,2012.Soil-water characteristic curves of gap-graded soils.Engineering Geology,125:102-107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.11.009
Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,Mohamed H,et al.,2019.Comparison of soil-water characteristic curves from conventional testing and combination of small-scale centrifuge and dew point methods.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,37(2):659-672.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0636-2
Samingan AS,Leong EC,Rahardjo H,2003.A flexible wall permeameter for measurements of water and air coefficients of permeability of residual soils.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,40(3):559-574.https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-015
Samingan AS,Leong EC,Rahardjo H,2005.Estimating permeability functions of Singapore residual soils.Engineering Geology,78(1-2):119-133.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.12.001
Satyanaga A,Rahardjo H,Zhai Q,2017.Estimation of unimodal water characteristic curve for gap-graded soil.Soils and Foundations,57:789-801.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.009
Schindler U,1980.Ein schnellverfahren zur messung der wasserleitf?higkeit im teilges?ttigten boden an stechzylinderproben.Archiv für Acker-und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde,24(1):1-7(in German).
Schindler U,Durner W,von Unold G,et al.,2010a.The evaporation method:extending the measurement range of soil hydraulic properties using the air-entry pressure of the ceramic cup.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,173(4):563-572.https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200900201
Schindler U,Durner W,von Unold G,et al.,2010b.Evaporation method for measuring unsaturated hydraulic properties of soils:extending the measurement range.Soil Science Society of America Journal,74(4):1071-1083.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0358
Schindler U,Doerner J,Mueller L,2015.Simplified method for quantifying the hydraulic properties of shrinking soils.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,178(1):136-145.https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300556
Vanapalli SK,Garga VK,Brisson P,2007.A modified permeameter for determination of unsaturated coefficient of permeability.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,25(2):191-202.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-9103-6
Wind GP,1968.Capillary conductivity data estimated by a simple method.In:Rijtema PE,Wassink H(Eds.),Water in the Unsaturated Zone.IASH,Gentbrugge,Belgium,p.19-23.
Zhai Q,Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,et al.,2017.Effect of bimodal soil-water characteristic curve on the estimation of permeability function.Engineering Geology,230:142-151.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.025
Zhan LT,Chen P,Ng CWW,2007.Effect of suction change on water content and total volume of an expansive clay.Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,8(5):699-706.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.A0699
Cai GQ,Zhao CG,Li J,et al.,2014.A new triaxial apparatus for testing soil water retention curves of unsaturated soils under different temperatures.Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A(Applied Physics&Engineering),15(5):364-373.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1300358
Childs EC,Collis-George N,1950.The permeability of porous materials.Proceedings of the Royal Society A,201(1066):392-405.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1950.0068
Fredlund DG,2007.Slope stability hazard management systems.Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,8(11):1695-1711.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.A1695
Fredlund DG,Rahardjo H,1993.Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils.Wiley,New York,USA.
Fredlund DG,Xing A,1994.Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,31(3):521-532.https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-061
Fredlund DG,Rahardjo H,Fredlund MD,2012.Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice.John Wiley&Sons,Hoboken,USA.
Fredlund MD,Wilson GW,Fredlund DG,2002.Representation and estimation of the shrinkage curve.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,p.145-149.
Gallage C,Kodikara J,Uchimura T,2013.Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes.Soils and Foundations,53(3):417-430.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.04.004
Huang SY,Fredlund DG,Barbour SL,1998.Measurement of the coefficient of permeability for a deformable unsaturated soil using a triaxial permeameter.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,35(3):426-432.https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-011
Kassim A,Gofar N,Lee LM,et al.,2012.Modeling of suction distributions in an unsaturated heterogeneous residual soil slope.Engineering Geology,131-132:70-82.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.02.005
Leong EC,Tripathy S,Rahardjo H,2003.Total suction measurement of unsaturated soils with a device using the chilled-mirror dew-point technique.Géotechnique,53(2):173-182.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.2.173
Mantri S,Bulut R,2014.Evaluating performance of a chilled mirror device for soil total suction measurements.Proceedings of Geo-Hubei 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Civil Infrastructure.https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784478509.008
Merayyan SM,Miller CJ,2006.Determination of the soilwater characteristic curve using the evaporation technique.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Unsaturated Soils.
Peters A,Durner W,2008.Simplified evaporation method for determining soil hydraulic properties.Journal of Hydrology,356(1-2):147-162.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.016
Peters A,Iden SC,Durner W,2015.Revisiting the simplified evaporation method:identification of hydraulic functions considering vapor,film and corner flow.Journal of Hydrology,527:531-542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.020
Priono,Rahardjo H,Chatterjea K,et al.,2017.Laboratory investigation on hydraulic anisotropy behavior of unsaturated soil.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,54(7):1034-1046.https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0023
Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,D’Amore GAR,et al.,2012.Soil-water characteristic curves of gap-graded soils.Engineering Geology,125:102-107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.11.009
Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,Mohamed H,et al.,2019.Comparison of soil-water characteristic curves from conventional testing and combination of small-scale centrifuge and dew point methods.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,37(2):659-672.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0636-2
Samingan AS,Leong EC,Rahardjo H,2003.A flexible wall permeameter for measurements of water and air coefficients of permeability of residual soils.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,40(3):559-574.https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-015
Samingan AS,Leong EC,Rahardjo H,2005.Estimating permeability functions of Singapore residual soils.Engineering Geology,78(1-2):119-133.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.12.001
Satyanaga A,Rahardjo H,Zhai Q,2017.Estimation of unimodal water characteristic curve for gap-graded soil.Soils and Foundations,57:789-801.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.009
Schindler U,1980.Ein schnellverfahren zur messung der wasserleitf?higkeit im teilges?ttigten boden an stechzylinderproben.Archiv für Acker-und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde,24(1):1-7(in German).
Schindler U,Durner W,von Unold G,et al.,2010a.The evaporation method:extending the measurement range of soil hydraulic properties using the air-entry pressure of the ceramic cup.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,173(4):563-572.https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200900201
Schindler U,Durner W,von Unold G,et al.,2010b.Evaporation method for measuring unsaturated hydraulic properties of soils:extending the measurement range.Soil Science Society of America Journal,74(4):1071-1083.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0358
Schindler U,Doerner J,Mueller L,2015.Simplified method for quantifying the hydraulic properties of shrinking soils.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,178(1):136-145.https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300556
Vanapalli SK,Garga VK,Brisson P,2007.A modified permeameter for determination of unsaturated coefficient of permeability.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,25(2):191-202.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-9103-6
Wind GP,1968.Capillary conductivity data estimated by a simple method.In:Rijtema PE,Wassink H(Eds.),Water in the Unsaturated Zone.IASH,Gentbrugge,Belgium,p.19-23.
Zhai Q,Rahardjo H,Satyanaga A,et al.,2017.Effect of bimodal soil-water characteristic curve on the estimation of permeability function.Engineering Geology,230:142-151.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.025
Zhan LT,Chen P,Ng CWW,2007.Effect of suction change on water content and total volume of an expansive clay.Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A,8(5):699-706.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.A0699