Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO_2 exchange between the atmosphere and P.nigra branches
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摘要
The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.
The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.
The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.
引文
Apse,M.P.,Blumwald,E.,2002.Engineering salt tolerance in plants.Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.13(2),146-150.
Atkinson,R.,Baulch,D.,Cox,R.,Crowley,J.,Hampson,R.,Hynes,R.,et al.,2003.Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry:part 1.Gas phase reactions of Ox,HOx,NOxand SOxspecies.Atmos.Chem.Phys.3(6),6179-6699.
Bai,H.R.,He,J.,Du,J.,2010.Effect on stoma of ardisia mamillata hance's leaf by the different hydroponic ways.North.Hortic.23,104-120.
Bhagwat,B.,Lane,W.D.,2004.In vitro shoot regeneration from leaves of sweet cherry(prunus avium)'lapins'and'sweetheart.Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.78(2),173-181.
Breuninger,C.,Meixner,F.,Kesselmeier,J.,2013.Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide(NO2)exchange between plants and the atmosphere.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13(2),773-790.
Bugbee,B.,2003.Nutrient Management in Recirculating Hydroponic Culture.South Pacific Soilless Culture ConferenceSPSCC.Vol.648,pp.99-112.
Chaparro-Suarez,I.,Meixner,F.,Kesselmeier,J.,2011.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)uptake by vegetation controlled by atmospheric concentrations and plant stomatal aperture.Atmos.Environ.45(32),5742-5750.
Demiray,H.,Dereboylu,A.E.,Yazici,Z.I.,Bildik,S.,Bulbul,N.,Senol,S.G.,et al.,2017.In vitro seed germination of cycas revoluta thunb.Bangladesh J.Bot.46(2),559-564.
Fang,S.S.,Mu,Y.J.,2006.Surface-exchange of NOxabove a typical wheat land in the Yangtze delta,China.Acta Sci.Circumstantiae.26(12),1955-1963.
Gamborg,O.L.c.,Miller,R.A.,Ojima,K.,1968.Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells.Exp.Cell Res.50(1),151-158.
Ganguly,D.,Dey,M.,Sen,S.,Jana,T.,2009.Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of NOxin the tropical mangrove forest.J.Geophys.Res.114(G04014),1-7.
Geddes,J.,Murphy,J.,2014.Observations of reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes by eddy covariance above two midlatitude North American mixed hardwood forests.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(6),2939-2957.
Geng,C.M.,Mu,Y.J.,2006.Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between trees and the atmosphere.Atmos.Environ.40(7),1373-1383.
Guo,K.X.,Yao,C.X.,Zhou,S.B.,Wang,J.M.,2010.Effects of selenium application on the selenium content,yield,qualities and biological characteristics of greens.J.Soil Water Conserv.5,195-199.
Hill,A.C.,1971.Vegetation:a sink for atmospheric pollutants.J.Air Pollut.Control Assoc.21(6),341-346.
Hoagland,D.R.,Arnon,D.I.,1950.The water-culture method for growing plants without soil.Calif.Agric.Exp.Stn.Circ 347(5406),357-359.
Huang,Y.,Mo,L.,Zhao,P.,Zhang,Z.,He,C.,2009.Comparison of gas exchanges between in situ and abscised leaves of high arbor trees:a case study of Cylobalanopsis glauca under three habitats.Front.Forest.China 4(4),464-471.
Isebrands,J.,Guenther,A.,Harley,P.,Helmig,D.,Klinger,L.,Vierling,L.,et al.,1999.Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in northern Wisconsin,USA.Atmos.Environ.33(16),2527-2536.
Islam,A.K.M.S.,Edwards,D.G.,Asher,C.J.,1980.p H optima for crop growth.Plant Soil 54(3),339-357.
Jones,S.,Famulari,D.,Di Marco,C.,Nemitz,E.,Skiba,U.,Rees,R.,et al.,2011.Nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland:a comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber measurements.Atmos.Meas.Tech.4(10),2179-2194.
Kane,C.D.,Jasoni,R.L.,Peffley,E.P.,Thompson,L.D.,Green,C.J.,Pare,P.,et al.,2006.Nutrient solution and solution pHinfluences on onion growth and mineral content.J.Plant Nutr.29(2),375-390.
Ke,S.S.,Jin,Z.X.,Chen,X.T.,2002.Photo-ecological characteristics of six broad-leaved species including Heptacodium miconioides in the Tiantai mountains in Zhejiang province.Acta Phytoecol.Sin.3,363-371.
Kent,L.,L?uchli,A.,1985.Germination and seedling growth of cotton:Salinity-calcium interactions.Plant Cell Environ.8(2),155-159.
Koike,T.,1986.A method for measuring photosynthesis with detached parts of deciduous broad-leaved trees in Hokkaido.J.Jpn.Forest.Soc.68(10),425-428.
Li,D.,Wang,X.M.,2007.Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River delta,China.Atmos.Environ.41(40),9498-9505.
Liu,H.,Kuang,Y.,1998.Physiological and biochemical response of plant to nutrient stress.J.South China Agric.Univ.19(4),118-122.
Lloyd,G.,McCown,B.,1980.Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel,Kalmia latifolia,by use of shoot-tip culture.Combined Proceedings-International Plant Propagators'Society(USA).Vol.30 pp.421-427.
Meetham,A.,1950.Natural removal of pollution from the atmosphere.Q.J.R.Meteorol.Soc.76(330),359-371.
Min,K.,Pusede,S.,Browne,E.,Lafranchi,B.,Cohen,R.,2014.Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2over a ponderosa pine ecosystem:Observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(11),5495-5512.
Murashige,T.,Skoog,F.,1962.A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.Physiol.Plant.15(3),473-497.
Osório,M.L.,Osório,J.,Gon?alves,S.,David,M.M.,Correia,M.J.,Romano,A.,2012.Carob trees(Ceratonia siliqua L.)regenerated in vitro can acclimatize successfully to match the field performance of seed-derived plants.Trees 26(6),1837-1846.
Parida,A.K.,Das,A.B.,2005.Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants:A review.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.60(3),324-349.
Pryor,S.,Barthelmie,R.,Jensen,B.,Jensen,N.,S?rensen,L.,2002.HNO3fluxes to a deciduous forest derived using gradient and Rea methods.Atmos.Environ.36(39),5993-5999.
Purohit,V.K.,Tamta,S.,Chandra,S.,Vyas,P.,Palni,L.M.S.,Nandi,S.K.,2002.In vitro multiplication of Quercus leucotrichophora and G.Glauca:Important Himalayan Oaks.Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.69(2),121-133.
Rinne,J.,Tuovinen,J.P.,Laurila,T.,Hakola,H.,Aurela,M.,Hypén,H.,2000.Measurements of hydrocarbon fluxes by a gradient method above a Northern Boreal Forest.Agric.For.Meteorol.102(1),25-37.
Sagardoy,R.,Flexas,J.,Ribas-Carbó,M.,Morales,F.,Abadia,J.,2009.Stomatal conductance is the main limitation to photosynthesis in sugar beet plants treated with Zn excess.In:Davis(Ed.),The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI.XVI International Plant Nutrition Colloquium.USA,pp.36-40.
Song,Q.,Zhang,Y.,Zheng,Z.,Yu,G.,Sun,X.,2006.Physiology and ecology of Pometia tomentosa photosynthesis in tropical seasonal rain forest.J.Appl.Ecol.17(6),961-966.
Song,T.,Wang,Y.,Sun,Y.,2013.Estimation of carbon dioxide flux and source partitioning over Beijing,China.J.Environ.Sci.25(12),2429-2434.
Tang,Y.,Wang,C.,2011.A feasible method for measuring photosynthesis in vitro for major tree species in northeastern China.J.Plant Ecol.35,452-462.
Tang,R.A.,Yu,W.U.,2006.Regulating effect of vitamin on growth and physiological function of wheat.J.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.12(6),869-873.
Thomas,M.D.,1955.Effect of ecological factors on photosynthesis.Annu.Rev.Plant Physiol.6(1),135-156.
Torabi,M.,Mokhtarzadeh,A.,Mahlooji,M.,2012.The role of hydroponics technique as a standard methodology in various aspects of plant biology researches.In:Toshiki,A.(Ed.),Hydroponics-A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches.InTech,pp.113-134.
Wang,Y.H.,2005.Chamber Method Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Typical Terrestrial Ecosystems of China:Method Research,Application and Results Discussion.PhDThesis.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China.
Wang,S.,Luan,S.,1996.Study on the growth and development feature of lesser black poplar pulp plantation and its relations with temperature and water.J.Jilin Forest Univ.12(2),89-94.
Wang,M.Z.,Geng,C.M.,Wu,H.,Liu,J.,Mou,Y.J.,2004.The exchange of carbonyl sulfide between plant and atmosphere in fall.Environ.Chem.23(1),7-11.
Wang,S.,Yang,Y.,Trishchenko,A.P.,2009.Assessment of canopy stomatal conductance models using flux measurements.Ecol.Model.220(17),2115-2118.
Wu,W.H.,Zhang,S.Q.,Yuan,M.,Zhang,J.,2003.The Regulation of Temperature on Plants.Plant Physiology.Beijing Science Publishing,Beijing,pp.371-372.
Wu,J.B.,Guan,D.X.,Zhang,M.,Shi,T.T.,Han,S.J.,Jin,C.J.,2006.Photosynthetic characteristics of Quercus mongolica in region of Changbai Mountain.J.Grad.Sch.Chin.Acad.Sci.23,548-554.
Xu,D.,2006.Some noteworthy problems in measurement and investigation of photosynthesis.Plant Physiol.Commun.42(6),1163-1167.
Zhang,Y.,Liu,J.,Mu,Y.,Xu,Z.,Pei,S.,Lun,X.X.,et al.,2012.Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China plain.J.Environ.Sci.24(1),160-168.
Zhu,Z.,Sun,X.,Zhao,F.,Meixner,F.X.,2015.Ozone concentrations,flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong plain of China.J.Environ.Sci.34(Supplement C),1-9.
Atkinson,R.,Baulch,D.,Cox,R.,Crowley,J.,Hampson,R.,Hynes,R.,et al.,2003.Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry:part 1.Gas phase reactions of Ox,HOx,NOxand SOxspecies.Atmos.Chem.Phys.3(6),6179-6699.
Bai,H.R.,He,J.,Du,J.,2010.Effect on stoma of ardisia mamillata hance's leaf by the different hydroponic ways.North.Hortic.23,104-120.
Bhagwat,B.,Lane,W.D.,2004.In vitro shoot regeneration from leaves of sweet cherry(prunus avium)'lapins'and'sweetheart.Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.78(2),173-181.
Breuninger,C.,Meixner,F.,Kesselmeier,J.,2013.Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide(NO2)exchange between plants and the atmosphere.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13(2),773-790.
Bugbee,B.,2003.Nutrient Management in Recirculating Hydroponic Culture.South Pacific Soilless Culture ConferenceSPSCC.Vol.648,pp.99-112.
Chaparro-Suarez,I.,Meixner,F.,Kesselmeier,J.,2011.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)uptake by vegetation controlled by atmospheric concentrations and plant stomatal aperture.Atmos.Environ.45(32),5742-5750.
Demiray,H.,Dereboylu,A.E.,Yazici,Z.I.,Bildik,S.,Bulbul,N.,Senol,S.G.,et al.,2017.In vitro seed germination of cycas revoluta thunb.Bangladesh J.Bot.46(2),559-564.
Fang,S.S.,Mu,Y.J.,2006.Surface-exchange of NOxabove a typical wheat land in the Yangtze delta,China.Acta Sci.Circumstantiae.26(12),1955-1963.
Gamborg,O.L.c.,Miller,R.A.,Ojima,K.,1968.Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells.Exp.Cell Res.50(1),151-158.
Ganguly,D.,Dey,M.,Sen,S.,Jana,T.,2009.Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of NOxin the tropical mangrove forest.J.Geophys.Res.114(G04014),1-7.
Geddes,J.,Murphy,J.,2014.Observations of reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes by eddy covariance above two midlatitude North American mixed hardwood forests.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(6),2939-2957.
Geng,C.M.,Mu,Y.J.,2006.Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between trees and the atmosphere.Atmos.Environ.40(7),1373-1383.
Guo,K.X.,Yao,C.X.,Zhou,S.B.,Wang,J.M.,2010.Effects of selenium application on the selenium content,yield,qualities and biological characteristics of greens.J.Soil Water Conserv.5,195-199.
Hill,A.C.,1971.Vegetation:a sink for atmospheric pollutants.J.Air Pollut.Control Assoc.21(6),341-346.
Hoagland,D.R.,Arnon,D.I.,1950.The water-culture method for growing plants without soil.Calif.Agric.Exp.Stn.Circ 347(5406),357-359.
Huang,Y.,Mo,L.,Zhao,P.,Zhang,Z.,He,C.,2009.Comparison of gas exchanges between in situ and abscised leaves of high arbor trees:a case study of Cylobalanopsis glauca under three habitats.Front.Forest.China 4(4),464-471.
Isebrands,J.,Guenther,A.,Harley,P.,Helmig,D.,Klinger,L.,Vierling,L.,et al.,1999.Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in northern Wisconsin,USA.Atmos.Environ.33(16),2527-2536.
Islam,A.K.M.S.,Edwards,D.G.,Asher,C.J.,1980.p H optima for crop growth.Plant Soil 54(3),339-357.
Jones,S.,Famulari,D.,Di Marco,C.,Nemitz,E.,Skiba,U.,Rees,R.,et al.,2011.Nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland:a comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber measurements.Atmos.Meas.Tech.4(10),2179-2194.
Kane,C.D.,Jasoni,R.L.,Peffley,E.P.,Thompson,L.D.,Green,C.J.,Pare,P.,et al.,2006.Nutrient solution and solution pHinfluences on onion growth and mineral content.J.Plant Nutr.29(2),375-390.
Ke,S.S.,Jin,Z.X.,Chen,X.T.,2002.Photo-ecological characteristics of six broad-leaved species including Heptacodium miconioides in the Tiantai mountains in Zhejiang province.Acta Phytoecol.Sin.3,363-371.
Kent,L.,L?uchli,A.,1985.Germination and seedling growth of cotton:Salinity-calcium interactions.Plant Cell Environ.8(2),155-159.
Koike,T.,1986.A method for measuring photosynthesis with detached parts of deciduous broad-leaved trees in Hokkaido.J.Jpn.Forest.Soc.68(10),425-428.
Li,D.,Wang,X.M.,2007.Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River delta,China.Atmos.Environ.41(40),9498-9505.
Liu,H.,Kuang,Y.,1998.Physiological and biochemical response of plant to nutrient stress.J.South China Agric.Univ.19(4),118-122.
Lloyd,G.,McCown,B.,1980.Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel,Kalmia latifolia,by use of shoot-tip culture.Combined Proceedings-International Plant Propagators'Society(USA).Vol.30 pp.421-427.
Meetham,A.,1950.Natural removal of pollution from the atmosphere.Q.J.R.Meteorol.Soc.76(330),359-371.
Min,K.,Pusede,S.,Browne,E.,Lafranchi,B.,Cohen,R.,2014.Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2over a ponderosa pine ecosystem:Observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(11),5495-5512.
Murashige,T.,Skoog,F.,1962.A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.Physiol.Plant.15(3),473-497.
Osório,M.L.,Osório,J.,Gon?alves,S.,David,M.M.,Correia,M.J.,Romano,A.,2012.Carob trees(Ceratonia siliqua L.)regenerated in vitro can acclimatize successfully to match the field performance of seed-derived plants.Trees 26(6),1837-1846.
Parida,A.K.,Das,A.B.,2005.Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants:A review.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.60(3),324-349.
Pryor,S.,Barthelmie,R.,Jensen,B.,Jensen,N.,S?rensen,L.,2002.HNO3fluxes to a deciduous forest derived using gradient and Rea methods.Atmos.Environ.36(39),5993-5999.
Purohit,V.K.,Tamta,S.,Chandra,S.,Vyas,P.,Palni,L.M.S.,Nandi,S.K.,2002.In vitro multiplication of Quercus leucotrichophora and G.Glauca:Important Himalayan Oaks.Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.69(2),121-133.
Rinne,J.,Tuovinen,J.P.,Laurila,T.,Hakola,H.,Aurela,M.,Hypén,H.,2000.Measurements of hydrocarbon fluxes by a gradient method above a Northern Boreal Forest.Agric.For.Meteorol.102(1),25-37.
Sagardoy,R.,Flexas,J.,Ribas-Carbó,M.,Morales,F.,Abadia,J.,2009.Stomatal conductance is the main limitation to photosynthesis in sugar beet plants treated with Zn excess.In:Davis(Ed.),The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI.XVI International Plant Nutrition Colloquium.USA,pp.36-40.
Song,Q.,Zhang,Y.,Zheng,Z.,Yu,G.,Sun,X.,2006.Physiology and ecology of Pometia tomentosa photosynthesis in tropical seasonal rain forest.J.Appl.Ecol.17(6),961-966.
Song,T.,Wang,Y.,Sun,Y.,2013.Estimation of carbon dioxide flux and source partitioning over Beijing,China.J.Environ.Sci.25(12),2429-2434.
Tang,Y.,Wang,C.,2011.A feasible method for measuring photosynthesis in vitro for major tree species in northeastern China.J.Plant Ecol.35,452-462.
Tang,R.A.,Yu,W.U.,2006.Regulating effect of vitamin on growth and physiological function of wheat.J.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.12(6),869-873.
Thomas,M.D.,1955.Effect of ecological factors on photosynthesis.Annu.Rev.Plant Physiol.6(1),135-156.
Torabi,M.,Mokhtarzadeh,A.,Mahlooji,M.,2012.The role of hydroponics technique as a standard methodology in various aspects of plant biology researches.In:Toshiki,A.(Ed.),Hydroponics-A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches.InTech,pp.113-134.
Wang,Y.H.,2005.Chamber Method Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Typical Terrestrial Ecosystems of China:Method Research,Application and Results Discussion.PhDThesis.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China.
Wang,S.,Luan,S.,1996.Study on the growth and development feature of lesser black poplar pulp plantation and its relations with temperature and water.J.Jilin Forest Univ.12(2),89-94.
Wang,M.Z.,Geng,C.M.,Wu,H.,Liu,J.,Mou,Y.J.,2004.The exchange of carbonyl sulfide between plant and atmosphere in fall.Environ.Chem.23(1),7-11.
Wang,S.,Yang,Y.,Trishchenko,A.P.,2009.Assessment of canopy stomatal conductance models using flux measurements.Ecol.Model.220(17),2115-2118.
Wu,W.H.,Zhang,S.Q.,Yuan,M.,Zhang,J.,2003.The Regulation of Temperature on Plants.Plant Physiology.Beijing Science Publishing,Beijing,pp.371-372.
Wu,J.B.,Guan,D.X.,Zhang,M.,Shi,T.T.,Han,S.J.,Jin,C.J.,2006.Photosynthetic characteristics of Quercus mongolica in region of Changbai Mountain.J.Grad.Sch.Chin.Acad.Sci.23,548-554.
Xu,D.,2006.Some noteworthy problems in measurement and investigation of photosynthesis.Plant Physiol.Commun.42(6),1163-1167.
Zhang,Y.,Liu,J.,Mu,Y.,Xu,Z.,Pei,S.,Lun,X.X.,et al.,2012.Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China plain.J.Environ.Sci.24(1),160-168.
Zhu,Z.,Sun,X.,Zhao,F.,Meixner,F.X.,2015.Ozone concentrations,flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong plain of China.J.Environ.Sci.34(Supplement C),1-9.