Characteristics of the modern pollen assemblages from different vegetation zones in Northeast China: Implications for pollen-based climate reconstruction
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摘要
Northeast China is an essential area for studying the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM), due to its northernmost location in EASM domain. However, the lack of sufficient modern pollen data in this region hinders an effective interpretation of fossil pollen records and quantitative vegetation/climate reconstructions. Here, 44 surface pollen samples from forest, steppe, and meadow were used to explore pollen-vegetation-climate relationships. Cluster analysis, species indicator analysis, and principal components analysis, were used to identify the discontinuous and continuous trends in pollen dataset. In addition, correlation analysis and boosted regression trees were used to investigate primary explanatory variables, while coinertia analysis and redundancy analysis to examine pollen-vegetation and pollen-climate correlations respectively. Our results show that:(1) vegetation can be well represented by surface pollen assemblages, i.e. forest is characterized by a high proportion of tree pollen(>70%) dominated by Betula(>40%) along with Alnus, Larix, and Pinus, whereas Steppe by herb pollen(>80%),dominated by Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae;(2) significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean annual temperature and then mean annual precipitation;(3) pollen ratios of Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae and arboreal/non-arboreal can respectively be used as good indicators of humidity and temperature in Northeast China.
Northeast China is an essential area for studying the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM), due to its northernmost location in EASM domain. However, the lack of sufficient modern pollen data in this region hinders an effective interpretation of fossil pollen records and quantitative vegetation/climate reconstructions. Here, 44 surface pollen samples from forest, steppe, and meadow were used to explore pollen-vegetation-climate relationships. Cluster analysis, species indicator analysis, and principal components analysis, were used to identify the discontinuous and continuous trends in pollen dataset. In addition, correlation analysis and boosted regression trees were used to investigate primary explanatory variables, while coinertia analysis and redundancy analysis to examine pollen-vegetation and pollen-climate correlations respectively. Our results show that:(1) vegetation can be well represented by surface pollen assemblages, i.e. forest is characterized by a high proportion of tree pollen(>70%) dominated by Betula(>40%) along with Alnus, Larix, and Pinus, whereas Steppe by herb pollen(>80%),dominated by Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae;(2) significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean annual temperature and then mean annual precipitation;(3) pollen ratios of Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae and arboreal/non-arboreal can respectively be used as good indicators of humidity and temperature in Northeast China.
Northeast China is an essential area for studying the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM), due to its northernmost location in EASM domain. However, the lack of sufficient modern pollen data in this region hinders an effective interpretation of fossil pollen records and quantitative vegetation/climate reconstructions. Here, 44 surface pollen samples from forest, steppe, and meadow were used to explore pollen-vegetation-climate relationships. Cluster analysis, species indicator analysis, and principal components analysis, were used to identify the discontinuous and continuous trends in pollen dataset. In addition, correlation analysis and boosted regression trees were used to investigate primary explanatory variables, while coinertia analysis and redundancy analysis to examine pollen-vegetation and pollen-climate correlations respectively. Our results show that:(1) vegetation can be well represented by surface pollen assemblages, i.e. forest is characterized by a high proportion of tree pollen(>70%) dominated by Betula(>40%) along with Alnus, Larix, and Pinus, whereas Steppe by herb pollen(>80%),dominated by Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae;(2) significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean annual temperature and then mean annual precipitation;(3) pollen ratios of Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae and arboreal/non-arboreal can respectively be used as good indicators of humidity and temperature in Northeast China.
引文
Cao X Y,Herzschuh U,Telford R J,Ni J.2014.A modern pollen-climate dataset from China and Mongolia:Assessing its potential for climate reconstruction.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,211:87-96
Chen H,Zhao D S,Lu X M,Li Y C,Xu Q H,Li S C,Ouyang H.2006.Surface pollen in the east of Qaidam Basin.J Geogr Sci,16:439-446
Chen J H,Lv F Y,Huang X Z,Birks H J B,Telford R J,Zhang S R,Xu QH,Zhao Y,Wang H P,Zhou A F,Huang W,Liu J B,Wei G Y.2017.Anovel procedure for pollen-based quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and its application in China.Sci China Earth Sci,60:2059-2066
Dolédec S,Chessel D.1994.Co-inertia analysis:An alternative method for studying species-environment relationships.Freshwater Biol,31:277-294
Dray S,Chessel D,Thioulouse J.2003.Co-inertia analysis and the linking of ecological data tables.Ecology,84:3078-3089
Dufrene M,Legendre P.1997.Species assemblages and indicator species:The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach.Ecol Monogr,67:345-366
Elith J,Leathwick J R,Hastie T.2008.A working guide to boosted regression trees.J Anim Ecol,77:802-813
El-Moslimany A P.1990.Ecological significance of common nonarboreal pollen:Examples from drylands of the Middle East.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,64:343-350
F?gri K,Iversen J.1989.Textbook of Pollen Analysis.4th ed.Caldwell:The Blackburn Press.328
Ge Y W,Li Y C,Yang X L,Zhang R C,Xu Q H.2015.Relevant source area of pollen and relative pollen productivity estimates in Bashang steppe(in Chinese).Quat Sci,35:934-945
Guiot J.1990.Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,80:49-69
Herzschuh U,Birks H J B,Mischke S,Zhang C J,B?hner J.2010.Amodern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments from the Tibetan Plateau and its application to a Late Quaternary pollen record from the Qilian Mountains.J Biogeogr,37:752-766
Herzschuh U,Tarasov P,Wünnemann B,Hartmann K.2004.Holocene vegetation and climate of the Alashan Plateau,NW China,reconstructed from pollen data.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,211:1-17
Herzschuh U.2007.Reliability of pollen ratios for environmental reconstructions on the Tibetan Plateau.J Biogeogr,34:1265-1273
Hou X Y.2001.Vegetation Altas of China.Beijing:Science Press.260
Huang X Z,Chen X M,Du X.2018.Modern pollen assemblages from human-influenced vegetation in northwestern China and their relationship with vegetation and climate.Veget Hist Archaeobot,27:767-780
Li F R,Gaillard M J,Xu Q H,Bunting M J,Li Y C,Li J,Mu H S,Lu J Y,Zhang P P,Zhang S R,Cui Q Y,Zhang Y H,Shen W.2018.A review of relative pollen productivity estimates from temperate China for pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of past plant cover.Front Plant Sci,9:1214
Li F R,Zhao Y,Gaillard M J,Li H,Sun J H,Xu Q H.2017.Modern pollen-climate relationships in north Xinjiang,northwestern China:Implications for pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene climate.Holocene,27:951-966
Li J Y,Xu Q H,Zhou Z,Lu H Y,Luo Y L,Li Y C,Li C H,Sepp?H.2015.Assessing the importance of climate variables for the spatial distribution of modern pollen data in China.Quat Res,83:287-297
Li M Y,Li Y C,Xu Q H,Pang R M,Ding W,Zhang S R,He Z G.2012.Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China.Chin Sci Bull,57:535-547
Li Y C,Xu Q H,Liu J S,Yang X L,Nakagawa T.2007.A transfer-function model developed from an extensive surface-pollen dataset in northern China and its potential for palaeoclimate reconstructions.Holocene,17:897-905
Li Y C,Xu Q H,Zhang L Y,Wang X L,Cao X Y,Yang X L.2009.Modern pollen assemblages of the forest communities and their relationships with vegetation and climate in northern China.J Geogr Sci,19:643-659
Li Y F,Li C H,Jie D M,Xie X J.2016.Assemblages and numerical analysis of the surface pollen from the samples on the northern slope of the Changbai mountain,Northeast China(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,33:293-303
Li Y Y,Nielsen A B,Zhao X Q,Shan L J,Wang S Z,Wu J,Zhou L P.2015.Pollen production estimates(PPEs)and fall speeds for major tree taxa and relevant source areas of pollen(RSAP)in Changbai Mountain,northeastern China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,216:92-100
Li Y Y,Zhang X S,Zhou G S.2000.Quantitative relationships between vegetation and several pollen taxa in surface soil from North China.Chin Sci Bull,45:1519-1523
Liu H Y,Cui H T,Pott R,Speier M.1999.The surface pollen of the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia,China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,105:237-250
Lu H Y,Wu N Q,Liu K B,Zhu L P,Yang X D,Yao T D,Wang L,Li Q,Liu X Q,Shen C M,Li X Q,Tong G B,Jiang H.2011.Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes.Quat Sci Rev,30:947-966
Luo C X,Zheng Z,Tarasov P,Nakagawa T,Pan A D,Xu Q H,Lu H Y,Huang K Y.2010.A potential of pollen-based climate reconstruction using a modern pollen-climate dataset from arid northern and western China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,160:111-125
Luo C X,Zheng Z,Tarasov P,Pan A D,Huang K Y,Beaudouin C,An F Z.2009.Characteristics of the modern pollen distribution and their relationship to vegetation in the Xinjiang region,northwestern China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,153:282-295
Ma Q F,Zhu L P,Lu X M,Wang Y,Guo Y,Wang J B,Tang L.2017.Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments and their environmental implications on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Boreas,46:242-253
Ma Y Z,Liu K B,Feng Z D,Sang Y L,Wang W,Sun A Z.2008.A survey of modern pollen and vegetation along a south-north transect in Mongolia.J Biogeogr,35:1512-1532
Qin F,Zhao Y,Li Q,Cai M T.2015.Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments in northwestern China and their importance as indicators of vegetation and climate.Sci China Earth Sci,58:1643-1655
Salonen J S,Sepp?H,Luoto M,Bjune A E,Birks H J B.2012.A North European pollen-climate calibration set:Analysing the climatic responses of a biological proxy using novel regression tree methods.Quat Sci Rev,45:95-110
Shen C M,Liu K B,Tang L Y,Overpeck J T.2006.Quantitative relationships between modern pollen rain and climate in the Tibetan Plateau.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,140:61-77
Shen C M,Liu K B,Tang L Y,Overpeck J T.2008.Numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen data from the Tibetan Plateau.Ann Assoc Am Geogr,98:755-772
Shu J W,Mao F Y,Wang W M,Wang Y Q.2009.Pollen analysis of surface samples from the desert-steppe transitional area of siziwangqi,central Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,26:405-413
Stockmarr J.1971.Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis.Pollen Spores,13:615-621
Sugita S.1994.Pollen representation of vegetation in quaternary sediments:Theory and method in patchy vegetation.J Ecol,82:881-897
Sun X J,Du N Q,Weng C Y,Lin R F,Wei K Q.1994.Paleovegetation and paleoevironment of Manasi lake,Xinjiang,N.W.China during the last14,000 years(in Chinese).Quat Sci,14:239-248
Sun X J,Luo Y L,Wu Y S.2003.Pollen record of surface sediments from vertical forest zones of Changbai mountain,Northeast China and their relations to the modern vegetation.Acta Botan Sin,45:910-916
ter Braak C J F,Prentice I C.1988.A theory of gradient analysis.Adv Ecol Res,18:271-317
ter Braak C J F,Smilauer P.2018.Canoco reference manual and user’s guide:Software for ordination version 5.10.New York:Microcomputer Power.536
Thioulouse J,Cadet P,Albrecht A.1995.The use of permutation tests in co-inertia analysis:Application to the study of nematode-soil relationships.In:Randall J H,ed.Fourth Meeting of the East,Central and Southern African Network of the International Biometric Society Proceedings.Stellenbosch:University of Stellenbosch.144-152
Tian F,Herzschuh U,Telford R J,Mischke S,Van M T,Krengel M.2014.A modern pollen-climate calibration set from central-western Mongolia and its application to a late glacial-Holocene record.J Biogeogr,41:1909-1922
Tian F,Xu Q H,Li Y C,Cao X Y,Wang X L,Zhang L Y.2008.Pollen assemblage characteristics of lakes in the monsoon fringe area of China.Sci Bull,53:3354-3363
Wang F X,Qian N F,Zhang Y L,Yang H Q.1995.Pollen Flora of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.461
Ward Jr J H.1963.Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function.J Am Stat Assoc,58:236-244
Wei H C,Ma H Z,Zheng Z,Pan A D,Huang K Y.2011.Modern pollen assemblages of surface samples and their relationships to vegetation and climate in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,163:237-246
Wei H C,Zhao Y.2016.Surface pollen and its relationships with modern vegetation and climate in the Tianshan Mountains,northwestern China.Veget Hist Archaeobot,25:19-27
Wu Z Y.1980.The Vegetation of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1376
Xu Q H,Cao X Y,Tian F,Zhang S R,Li Y C,Li M Y,Li J,Liu Y L,Liang J.2014.Relative pollen productivities of typical steppe species in northern China and their potential in past vegetation reconstruction.Sci China Earth Sci,57:1254-1266
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Bunting M J,Tian F,Liu J S.2010.The effects of training set selection on the relationship between pollen assemblages and climate parameters:Implications for reconstructing past climate.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,289:123-133
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Tian F,Cao X Y,Yang X L.2009.Pollen assemblages of Tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China and their relationships with vegetation and climate.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,153:86-101
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Yang X L,Zheng Z H.2007.Quantitative relationship between pollen and vegetation in northern China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,50:582-599
Zhang Y J,Duo L,Pang Y Z,Felde V A,Birks H H,Birks H J B.2018.Modern pollen assemblages and their relationships to vegetation and climate in the Lhasa Valley,Tibetan Plateau,China.Quat Int,467:210-221
Zhang Y,Kong Z C,Wang G H,Ni J.2010.Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on surface pollen assemblages along a precipitation gradient in north-eastern China.Glob Ecol Biogeogr,19:621-631
Zhang Y,Kong Z C,Yang Z J.2016.Pollen-based reconstructions of Late Holocene climate on the southern slopes of the central Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,NW China.Int J Climatol,37:1814-1823
Zhao C,Li X Q,Zhou X Y,Zhao K L,Yang Q.2016.Holocene vegetation succession and responses to climate change in the northern sector of Northeast China.Sci China Earth Sci,59:1390-1400
Zhao K L,Li X Q.2013.Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin,Xinjiang,NW China.Chin Sci Bull,58:4133-4142
Zhao Y,Herzschuh U.2009.Modern pollen representation of source vegetation in the Qaidam Basin and surrounding mountains,north-eastern Tibetan Plateau.Veget Hist Archaeobot,18:245-260
Zhao Y,Li F R,Hou Y T,Sun J H,Zhao W W,Tang Y,Li H.2012.Surface pollen and its relationships with modern vegetation and climate on the Loess Plateau and surrounding deserts in China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,181:47-53
Zheng Z,Wei J H,Huang K Y,Xu Q H,Lu H Y,Tarasov P,Luo C X,Beaudouin C,Deng Y,Pan A D,Zheng Y W,Luo1 Y L,Nakagawa T,Li C H,Yang S X,Peng H H,Cheddadi R.2015.East Asian pollen database:Modern pollen distribution and its quantitative relationship with vegetation and climate.J Biogeogr,41:1819-1832
Chen H,Zhao D S,Lu X M,Li Y C,Xu Q H,Li S C,Ouyang H.2006.Surface pollen in the east of Qaidam Basin.J Geogr Sci,16:439-446
Chen J H,Lv F Y,Huang X Z,Birks H J B,Telford R J,Zhang S R,Xu QH,Zhao Y,Wang H P,Zhou A F,Huang W,Liu J B,Wei G Y.2017.Anovel procedure for pollen-based quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and its application in China.Sci China Earth Sci,60:2059-2066
Dolédec S,Chessel D.1994.Co-inertia analysis:An alternative method for studying species-environment relationships.Freshwater Biol,31:277-294
Dray S,Chessel D,Thioulouse J.2003.Co-inertia analysis and the linking of ecological data tables.Ecology,84:3078-3089
Dufrene M,Legendre P.1997.Species assemblages and indicator species:The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach.Ecol Monogr,67:345-366
Elith J,Leathwick J R,Hastie T.2008.A working guide to boosted regression trees.J Anim Ecol,77:802-813
El-Moslimany A P.1990.Ecological significance of common nonarboreal pollen:Examples from drylands of the Middle East.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,64:343-350
F?gri K,Iversen J.1989.Textbook of Pollen Analysis.4th ed.Caldwell:The Blackburn Press.328
Ge Y W,Li Y C,Yang X L,Zhang R C,Xu Q H.2015.Relevant source area of pollen and relative pollen productivity estimates in Bashang steppe(in Chinese).Quat Sci,35:934-945
Guiot J.1990.Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,80:49-69
Herzschuh U,Birks H J B,Mischke S,Zhang C J,B?hner J.2010.Amodern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments from the Tibetan Plateau and its application to a Late Quaternary pollen record from the Qilian Mountains.J Biogeogr,37:752-766
Herzschuh U,Tarasov P,Wünnemann B,Hartmann K.2004.Holocene vegetation and climate of the Alashan Plateau,NW China,reconstructed from pollen data.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,211:1-17
Herzschuh U.2007.Reliability of pollen ratios for environmental reconstructions on the Tibetan Plateau.J Biogeogr,34:1265-1273
Hou X Y.2001.Vegetation Altas of China.Beijing:Science Press.260
Huang X Z,Chen X M,Du X.2018.Modern pollen assemblages from human-influenced vegetation in northwestern China and their relationship with vegetation and climate.Veget Hist Archaeobot,27:767-780
Li F R,Gaillard M J,Xu Q H,Bunting M J,Li Y C,Li J,Mu H S,Lu J Y,Zhang P P,Zhang S R,Cui Q Y,Zhang Y H,Shen W.2018.A review of relative pollen productivity estimates from temperate China for pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of past plant cover.Front Plant Sci,9:1214
Li F R,Zhao Y,Gaillard M J,Li H,Sun J H,Xu Q H.2017.Modern pollen-climate relationships in north Xinjiang,northwestern China:Implications for pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene climate.Holocene,27:951-966
Li J Y,Xu Q H,Zhou Z,Lu H Y,Luo Y L,Li Y C,Li C H,Sepp?H.2015.Assessing the importance of climate variables for the spatial distribution of modern pollen data in China.Quat Res,83:287-297
Li M Y,Li Y C,Xu Q H,Pang R M,Ding W,Zhang S R,He Z G.2012.Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China.Chin Sci Bull,57:535-547
Li Y C,Xu Q H,Liu J S,Yang X L,Nakagawa T.2007.A transfer-function model developed from an extensive surface-pollen dataset in northern China and its potential for palaeoclimate reconstructions.Holocene,17:897-905
Li Y C,Xu Q H,Zhang L Y,Wang X L,Cao X Y,Yang X L.2009.Modern pollen assemblages of the forest communities and their relationships with vegetation and climate in northern China.J Geogr Sci,19:643-659
Li Y F,Li C H,Jie D M,Xie X J.2016.Assemblages and numerical analysis of the surface pollen from the samples on the northern slope of the Changbai mountain,Northeast China(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,33:293-303
Li Y Y,Nielsen A B,Zhao X Q,Shan L J,Wang S Z,Wu J,Zhou L P.2015.Pollen production estimates(PPEs)and fall speeds for major tree taxa and relevant source areas of pollen(RSAP)in Changbai Mountain,northeastern China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,216:92-100
Li Y Y,Zhang X S,Zhou G S.2000.Quantitative relationships between vegetation and several pollen taxa in surface soil from North China.Chin Sci Bull,45:1519-1523
Liu H Y,Cui H T,Pott R,Speier M.1999.The surface pollen of the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia,China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,105:237-250
Lu H Y,Wu N Q,Liu K B,Zhu L P,Yang X D,Yao T D,Wang L,Li Q,Liu X Q,Shen C M,Li X Q,Tong G B,Jiang H.2011.Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes.Quat Sci Rev,30:947-966
Luo C X,Zheng Z,Tarasov P,Nakagawa T,Pan A D,Xu Q H,Lu H Y,Huang K Y.2010.A potential of pollen-based climate reconstruction using a modern pollen-climate dataset from arid northern and western China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,160:111-125
Luo C X,Zheng Z,Tarasov P,Pan A D,Huang K Y,Beaudouin C,An F Z.2009.Characteristics of the modern pollen distribution and their relationship to vegetation in the Xinjiang region,northwestern China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,153:282-295
Ma Q F,Zhu L P,Lu X M,Wang Y,Guo Y,Wang J B,Tang L.2017.Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments and their environmental implications on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Boreas,46:242-253
Ma Y Z,Liu K B,Feng Z D,Sang Y L,Wang W,Sun A Z.2008.A survey of modern pollen and vegetation along a south-north transect in Mongolia.J Biogeogr,35:1512-1532
Qin F,Zhao Y,Li Q,Cai M T.2015.Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments in northwestern China and their importance as indicators of vegetation and climate.Sci China Earth Sci,58:1643-1655
Salonen J S,Sepp?H,Luoto M,Bjune A E,Birks H J B.2012.A North European pollen-climate calibration set:Analysing the climatic responses of a biological proxy using novel regression tree methods.Quat Sci Rev,45:95-110
Shen C M,Liu K B,Tang L Y,Overpeck J T.2006.Quantitative relationships between modern pollen rain and climate in the Tibetan Plateau.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,140:61-77
Shen C M,Liu K B,Tang L Y,Overpeck J T.2008.Numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen data from the Tibetan Plateau.Ann Assoc Am Geogr,98:755-772
Shu J W,Mao F Y,Wang W M,Wang Y Q.2009.Pollen analysis of surface samples from the desert-steppe transitional area of siziwangqi,central Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,26:405-413
Stockmarr J.1971.Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis.Pollen Spores,13:615-621
Sugita S.1994.Pollen representation of vegetation in quaternary sediments:Theory and method in patchy vegetation.J Ecol,82:881-897
Sun X J,Du N Q,Weng C Y,Lin R F,Wei K Q.1994.Paleovegetation and paleoevironment of Manasi lake,Xinjiang,N.W.China during the last14,000 years(in Chinese).Quat Sci,14:239-248
Sun X J,Luo Y L,Wu Y S.2003.Pollen record of surface sediments from vertical forest zones of Changbai mountain,Northeast China and their relations to the modern vegetation.Acta Botan Sin,45:910-916
ter Braak C J F,Prentice I C.1988.A theory of gradient analysis.Adv Ecol Res,18:271-317
ter Braak C J F,Smilauer P.2018.Canoco reference manual and user’s guide:Software for ordination version 5.10.New York:Microcomputer Power.536
Thioulouse J,Cadet P,Albrecht A.1995.The use of permutation tests in co-inertia analysis:Application to the study of nematode-soil relationships.In:Randall J H,ed.Fourth Meeting of the East,Central and Southern African Network of the International Biometric Society Proceedings.Stellenbosch:University of Stellenbosch.144-152
Tian F,Herzschuh U,Telford R J,Mischke S,Van M T,Krengel M.2014.A modern pollen-climate calibration set from central-western Mongolia and its application to a late glacial-Holocene record.J Biogeogr,41:1909-1922
Tian F,Xu Q H,Li Y C,Cao X Y,Wang X L,Zhang L Y.2008.Pollen assemblage characteristics of lakes in the monsoon fringe area of China.Sci Bull,53:3354-3363
Wang F X,Qian N F,Zhang Y L,Yang H Q.1995.Pollen Flora of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.461
Ward Jr J H.1963.Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function.J Am Stat Assoc,58:236-244
Wei H C,Ma H Z,Zheng Z,Pan A D,Huang K Y.2011.Modern pollen assemblages of surface samples and their relationships to vegetation and climate in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,163:237-246
Wei H C,Zhao Y.2016.Surface pollen and its relationships with modern vegetation and climate in the Tianshan Mountains,northwestern China.Veget Hist Archaeobot,25:19-27
Wu Z Y.1980.The Vegetation of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1376
Xu Q H,Cao X Y,Tian F,Zhang S R,Li Y C,Li M Y,Li J,Liu Y L,Liang J.2014.Relative pollen productivities of typical steppe species in northern China and their potential in past vegetation reconstruction.Sci China Earth Sci,57:1254-1266
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Bunting M J,Tian F,Liu J S.2010.The effects of training set selection on the relationship between pollen assemblages and climate parameters:Implications for reconstructing past climate.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,289:123-133
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Tian F,Cao X Y,Yang X L.2009.Pollen assemblages of Tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China and their relationships with vegetation and climate.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,153:86-101
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Yang X L,Zheng Z H.2007.Quantitative relationship between pollen and vegetation in northern China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,50:582-599
Zhang Y J,Duo L,Pang Y Z,Felde V A,Birks H H,Birks H J B.2018.Modern pollen assemblages and their relationships to vegetation and climate in the Lhasa Valley,Tibetan Plateau,China.Quat Int,467:210-221
Zhang Y,Kong Z C,Wang G H,Ni J.2010.Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on surface pollen assemblages along a precipitation gradient in north-eastern China.Glob Ecol Biogeogr,19:621-631
Zhang Y,Kong Z C,Yang Z J.2016.Pollen-based reconstructions of Late Holocene climate on the southern slopes of the central Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,NW China.Int J Climatol,37:1814-1823
Zhao C,Li X Q,Zhou X Y,Zhao K L,Yang Q.2016.Holocene vegetation succession and responses to climate change in the northern sector of Northeast China.Sci China Earth Sci,59:1390-1400
Zhao K L,Li X Q.2013.Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin,Xinjiang,NW China.Chin Sci Bull,58:4133-4142
Zhao Y,Herzschuh U.2009.Modern pollen representation of source vegetation in the Qaidam Basin and surrounding mountains,north-eastern Tibetan Plateau.Veget Hist Archaeobot,18:245-260
Zhao Y,Li F R,Hou Y T,Sun J H,Zhao W W,Tang Y,Li H.2012.Surface pollen and its relationships with modern vegetation and climate on the Loess Plateau and surrounding deserts in China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,181:47-53
Zheng Z,Wei J H,Huang K Y,Xu Q H,Lu H Y,Tarasov P,Luo C X,Beaudouin C,Deng Y,Pan A D,Zheng Y W,Luo1 Y L,Nakagawa T,Li C H,Yang S X,Peng H H,Cheddadi R.2015.East Asian pollen database:Modern pollen distribution and its quantitative relationship with vegetation and climate.J Biogeogr,41:1819-1832