A review on the best practices in concrete pavement design and materials in wet-freeze climates similar to Michigan
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摘要
The research presented in this paper aims to identify best practices of design and materials for concrete pavements in wet-freeze climates similar to the Michigan State. For the purposes of this paper, a best practice is a procedure that has been shown by field-validated research or experience to produce improved results and that is established or proposed as a standard suitable for widespread implementation. The local wet-freeze climate makes the requirements for Michigan's pavement system different from many other regions. Wetfreeze climates can result in various concrete pavement distress mechanisms such as thermally-induced cracking, freeze-thaw deterioration, accelerated cracking due to loss of support, frost heave, and material degradation. Therefore, appropriate procedures for design and material selection need to be selected to withstand high precipitation and freezing winter temperatures. Failure to take into account the climatic conditions may lead to inadequate or reduced pavement performance. However, utilizing appropriate techniques and materials could potentially improve the quality and increase the service life of the concrete pavement. Three design methods and five materials have been identified, and examples of their successful performance in wet-freeze climates are provided. In addition,the reasons that give them the superior performance in wet-freeze climates are discussed in detail.
The research presented in this paper aims to identify best practices of design and materials for concrete pavements in wet-freeze climates similar to the Michigan State. For the purposes of this paper, a best practice is a procedure that has been shown by field-validated research or experience to produce improved results and that is established or proposed as a standard suitable for widespread implementation. The local wet-freeze climate makes the requirements for Michigan's pavement system different from many other regions. Wetfreeze climates can result in various concrete pavement distress mechanisms such as thermally-induced cracking, freeze-thaw deterioration, accelerated cracking due to loss of support, frost heave, and material degradation. Therefore, appropriate procedures for design and material selection need to be selected to withstand high precipitation and freezing winter temperatures. Failure to take into account the climatic conditions may lead to inadequate or reduced pavement performance. However, utilizing appropriate techniques and materials could potentially improve the quality and increase the service life of the concrete pavement. Three design methods and five materials have been identified, and examples of their successful performance in wet-freeze climates are provided. In addition,the reasons that give them the superior performance in wet-freeze climates are discussed in detail.
The research presented in this paper aims to identify best practices of design and materials for concrete pavements in wet-freeze climates similar to the Michigan State. For the purposes of this paper, a best practice is a procedure that has been shown by field-validated research or experience to produce improved results and that is established or proposed as a standard suitable for widespread implementation. The local wet-freeze climate makes the requirements for Michigan's pavement system different from many other regions. Wetfreeze climates can result in various concrete pavement distress mechanisms such as thermally-induced cracking, freeze-thaw deterioration, accelerated cracking due to loss of support, frost heave, and material degradation. Therefore, appropriate procedures for design and material selection need to be selected to withstand high precipitation and freezing winter temperatures. Failure to take into account the climatic conditions may lead to inadequate or reduced pavement performance. However, utilizing appropriate techniques and materials could potentially improve the quality and increase the service life of the concrete pavement. Three design methods and five materials have been identified, and examples of their successful performance in wet-freeze climates are provided. In addition,the reasons that give them the superior performance in wet-freeze climates are discussed in detail.
引文
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO),2008.Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide:A Manual of Practice.AASHTO,Washington DC.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO),1993.AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures.AASHTO,Washington DC.
Barrett,T.J.,Sun,H.,Nantung,T.,et al.,2014.Performance of Portland limestone cements.Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2441,112-120.
Bentz,D.P.,Turpin,R.,2007.Potential applications of phase change materials in concrete technology.Cement and Concrete Composites 29,527-532.
Bilotta,R.,Bell,J.E.,Shepherd,E.,et al.,2015.Calculation and evaluation of an air-freezing index for the 1981-2010 climate normals period in the coterminous United States.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54(1),69-76.
Birgisson,B.,Mukhopadhyay,A.K.,Geary,G.,et al.,2012.Nanotechnology in Concrete Materials:A Synopsis.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Boatman,B.,2010.Epoxy Coated Rebar Bridge Decks:Expected Service Life.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Burnham,T.R.,2007.Precast Concrete Pavement Panels on Minnesota Trunk Highway 62-First Year Performance Report.Minnesota Department of Transportation,St.Paul.
Busari,A.A.,Akinmusuru,J.O.,Dahunsi,B.I.O.,et al.,2017.Selfcompacting concrete in pavement construction:strength grouping of some selected brands of cements.Energy Procedia 119,863-869.
Chen,S.Y.,You,Z.P.,Sharifi,N.P.,et al.,2019.Material selections in asphalt pavement for wet-freeze climate zones:a review.Construction and Building Materials 201,510-525.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute(CRSI),2004.Performance Observed:CRCP in Louisiana-Then and Now.CRSI Case History Report.Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,Schaumburg.
Federal Highway Administration(FHWA),2007.Take a Look at Two-Lift Concrete Paving.FHWA-HRT-07-016.FHWA,Washington DC.
George,A.,1989.Handbook of Thermal Design.McGraw Hill Book Co.,New York.
Gharaibeh,N.,Darter,M.,Heckel,L.,1999.Field Performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement in Illinois.Illinois Department of Transportation,Springfield.
Hall,K.T.,2000.State of the Art and Practce in Rigid Pavement Design-Transportation in the New Millennium.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Federal Highway Administration,2017.Tools for Using Precast Concrete Pavement(PCP)Systems to Reduce the Duration of Construction Closures on Critical Roadways and to Provide Long-Life Performance.Available at:https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/goshrp 2/Solution s/Renewal/R05/Precast_Concrete_Pavement(Accessed 18 October 2017).
Iowa Department of Transportation(IDOT),2017.Level III:Portland Cement Concrete.IDOT,Ames.
Kahhaleh,K.Z.,Vaca-Cortes,E.,Jirsa,J.O.,et al.,1998.Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement-Beam Tests.Texas Department of Transportation,Austin.
Kumari,K.,Preetha,R.,Ramachandran,D.,et al.,2015.Nanoparticles for enhancing mechanical properties of fly ash concrete.Materials Today Proceedings 3(6),2387-2393.
Lane,G.A.,Kott,A.C.,Rossow,H.E.,1977.Macro-encapsulation of PCM.U.S.Energy Research and Development Administration,Oak Ridge.
Ley,T.,Cook,D.,Fick,G.,2012.Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis(MDA):Effect of Aggregate Systems on Concrete Properties.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Lomboy,G.,Kejin,W.,Ouyang,C.,2011.Shrinkage and fracture properties of semiflowable self-consolidating concrete.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23(11),1514-15 24.
Michigan Department of Transportation,2017a.Materials Source Guide-Qualified Products List.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Michigan Department of Transportation,2017b.Road Design Manual.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
National Climatic Data Center,2017.Air Freezing Index-USA Method,National Climatic Data Center.Available at:https://www.ncdc.no aa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/AirFreezing-Index-Return-Periods-and-Associated-Prob abilities.pdf(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Concrete Pavement Technology Center,2014.Limestone Cements.https://www.concreteconstruction.net/concreteproduction-precast/the-advantages-of-portland-limestonecement_o(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,2010.Statewide Time Series:Annual Precipitation of Michigan from 1981 to 2010.Available at:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/statewide/time-series(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Precast Concrete Association,2009.Precast Concrete Pavement Slab Systems(Tollway).National Precast Concrete Association,Carmel.
Norhasri,M.S.M.,Hamidah,M.S.,Fadzil,A.M.,2017.Applications of using nano material in concrete:a review.Construction and Building Materials 133,91-97.
Petersen,L.,Peterson,R.,2006.Intelligent Compaction and In-situ Testing at Mn/DOT TH53.Minnesota Department of Transportation,St.Paul.
Plei,M.,Tayabji,S.,2012.Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Performance and Best Practices.FHWA-HIF-12-039.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Roesler,J.R.,Hiller,J.E.,Brand,A.S.,2016.Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Manual-Guidelines for Design,Construction,Maintenance,and Rehabilitation.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Sakulich,A.R.,Bentz,D.P.,2011.Increasing the service life of bridge decks by incorporating phase-change materials to reduce freeze-thaw cycles.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(8),1034-1042.
Sanchez,F.,Sobolev,K.,2010.Nanotechnology in concrete-a review.Construction and Building Materials 24(11),2060-2071.
Shah,S.,Hou,P.,Konsta-Gdoutos,M.S.,2015.Nano-modification of cementitious material:toward a stronger and durable concrete.Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 5(1-2),1-22.
Shannon,J.,Howard,I.L.,Cost,V.T.,et al.,2014.Benefits of Portland-limestone cement for concrete with rounded gravel aggregates and higher fly ash replacement rates.In:Transportation Research Board 94 th Annual Meeting,Washington DC,2014.
Sharifi,N.P.,2016.Application of Phase Change Materials to Improve the Thermal Performance of Buildings and Pavements.Worcester Polytechnic Institute,Worcester.
Sharifi,N.P.,Mahboub,K.C.,2018.Application of a PCM-rich concrete overlay to control thermal induced curling stresses in concrete pavements.Construction and Building Materials183,502-512.
Sharifi,N.P.,Sakulich,A.,2013.Application of phase change materials in structures and pavements.In:The 2nd International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering,Worcester,2013.
Sharifi,N.P.,Freeman,G.E.,Sakulich,A.R.,2015.Using COMSOL modeling to investigate the efficiency of PCMs at modifying temperature changes in cementitious materials-case study.Construction and Building Materials 101,965-974.
Sharma,A.,Tyagi,V.V.,Chen,C.R.,et al.,2009.Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reveiws 13(2),318-345.
Tayabji,S.,Brink,W.,2015.Precast Concrete Pavement Implementation by U.S.Highway Agencies.FHWA-HIF-16-007.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Smith,K.D.,Van Dam,T.,2010.Advanced HighPerformance Materials for Highway Applications:A Report on the State of Technology.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Ye,D.,Buch,N.,2012.Precast Concrete Pavement Technology.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Ye,D.,Buch,N.,2013.Model Specifications for Precast Concrete Pavement Systems.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Tyson,S.,Roesler,J.,et al.,2016.Promising Practices for Construction,Repair,and Rehabilitation of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Taylor,P.,Fick,G.,2015.Blended Aggregates for Concrete Mixture Optimiz ation.Federal Highway Administration,Washin gton DC.
Uhlmeyer,J.,Russell,M.,2013.Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete.Washington State Department of Transportation,Olympia.
Valentine,S.,2015.Expected Service Life of Michigan Department of Transportation Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Van Dam,T.J.,Harvey,J.T.,Muench,S.J.,et al.,2015.Towards Sustainable Pavement Systems:A Reference Document.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Wang,K.,Shah,S.,White,D.J.,et al.,2005.Self-consolidating Concrete-Applic ations for Slip-form P aving:PhaseⅠ(Feasibility Study).Federal Highway Administration,Washin gton DC.
Wang,K.,Surendra,P.S.,Grove,J.,et al.,2011.Self-Consolidating Concrete-Applications for Slip-form Paving:PhaseⅡ.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Washington State Department of Transportation,2013.Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete Pavements.Washington State Department of Transportation,Olympia.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO),1993.AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures.AASHTO,Washington DC.
Barrett,T.J.,Sun,H.,Nantung,T.,et al.,2014.Performance of Portland limestone cements.Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2441,112-120.
Bentz,D.P.,Turpin,R.,2007.Potential applications of phase change materials in concrete technology.Cement and Concrete Composites 29,527-532.
Bilotta,R.,Bell,J.E.,Shepherd,E.,et al.,2015.Calculation and evaluation of an air-freezing index for the 1981-2010 climate normals period in the coterminous United States.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54(1),69-76.
Birgisson,B.,Mukhopadhyay,A.K.,Geary,G.,et al.,2012.Nanotechnology in Concrete Materials:A Synopsis.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Boatman,B.,2010.Epoxy Coated Rebar Bridge Decks:Expected Service Life.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Burnham,T.R.,2007.Precast Concrete Pavement Panels on Minnesota Trunk Highway 62-First Year Performance Report.Minnesota Department of Transportation,St.Paul.
Busari,A.A.,Akinmusuru,J.O.,Dahunsi,B.I.O.,et al.,2017.Selfcompacting concrete in pavement construction:strength grouping of some selected brands of cements.Energy Procedia 119,863-869.
Chen,S.Y.,You,Z.P.,Sharifi,N.P.,et al.,2019.Material selections in asphalt pavement for wet-freeze climate zones:a review.Construction and Building Materials 201,510-525.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute(CRSI),2004.Performance Observed:CRCP in Louisiana-Then and Now.CRSI Case History Report.Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,Schaumburg.
Federal Highway Administration(FHWA),2007.Take a Look at Two-Lift Concrete Paving.FHWA-HRT-07-016.FHWA,Washington DC.
George,A.,1989.Handbook of Thermal Design.McGraw Hill Book Co.,New York.
Gharaibeh,N.,Darter,M.,Heckel,L.,1999.Field Performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement in Illinois.Illinois Department of Transportation,Springfield.
Hall,K.T.,2000.State of the Art and Practce in Rigid Pavement Design-Transportation in the New Millennium.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Federal Highway Administration,2017.Tools for Using Precast Concrete Pavement(PCP)Systems to Reduce the Duration of Construction Closures on Critical Roadways and to Provide Long-Life Performance.Available at:https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/goshrp 2/Solution s/Renewal/R05/Precast_Concrete_Pavement(Accessed 18 October 2017).
Iowa Department of Transportation(IDOT),2017.Level III:Portland Cement Concrete.IDOT,Ames.
Kahhaleh,K.Z.,Vaca-Cortes,E.,Jirsa,J.O.,et al.,1998.Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement-Beam Tests.Texas Department of Transportation,Austin.
Kumari,K.,Preetha,R.,Ramachandran,D.,et al.,2015.Nanoparticles for enhancing mechanical properties of fly ash concrete.Materials Today Proceedings 3(6),2387-2393.
Lane,G.A.,Kott,A.C.,Rossow,H.E.,1977.Macro-encapsulation of PCM.U.S.Energy Research and Development Administration,Oak Ridge.
Ley,T.,Cook,D.,Fick,G.,2012.Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis(MDA):Effect of Aggregate Systems on Concrete Properties.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Lomboy,G.,Kejin,W.,Ouyang,C.,2011.Shrinkage and fracture properties of semiflowable self-consolidating concrete.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23(11),1514-15 24.
Michigan Department of Transportation,2017a.Materials Source Guide-Qualified Products List.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Michigan Department of Transportation,2017b.Road Design Manual.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
National Climatic Data Center,2017.Air Freezing Index-USA Method,National Climatic Data Center.Available at:https://www.ncdc.no aa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/AirFreezing-Index-Return-Periods-and-Associated-Prob abilities.pdf(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Concrete Pavement Technology Center,2014.Limestone Cements.https://www.concreteconstruction.net/concreteproduction-precast/the-advantages-of-portland-limestonecement_o(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,2010.Statewide Time Series:Annual Precipitation of Michigan from 1981 to 2010.Available at:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/statewide/time-series(Accessed 1 April 2017).
National Precast Concrete Association,2009.Precast Concrete Pavement Slab Systems(Tollway).National Precast Concrete Association,Carmel.
Norhasri,M.S.M.,Hamidah,M.S.,Fadzil,A.M.,2017.Applications of using nano material in concrete:a review.Construction and Building Materials 133,91-97.
Petersen,L.,Peterson,R.,2006.Intelligent Compaction and In-situ Testing at Mn/DOT TH53.Minnesota Department of Transportation,St.Paul.
Plei,M.,Tayabji,S.,2012.Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Performance and Best Practices.FHWA-HIF-12-039.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Roesler,J.R.,Hiller,J.E.,Brand,A.S.,2016.Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Manual-Guidelines for Design,Construction,Maintenance,and Rehabilitation.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Sakulich,A.R.,Bentz,D.P.,2011.Increasing the service life of bridge decks by incorporating phase-change materials to reduce freeze-thaw cycles.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(8),1034-1042.
Sanchez,F.,Sobolev,K.,2010.Nanotechnology in concrete-a review.Construction and Building Materials 24(11),2060-2071.
Shah,S.,Hou,P.,Konsta-Gdoutos,M.S.,2015.Nano-modification of cementitious material:toward a stronger and durable concrete.Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 5(1-2),1-22.
Shannon,J.,Howard,I.L.,Cost,V.T.,et al.,2014.Benefits of Portland-limestone cement for concrete with rounded gravel aggregates and higher fly ash replacement rates.In:Transportation Research Board 94 th Annual Meeting,Washington DC,2014.
Sharifi,N.P.,2016.Application of Phase Change Materials to Improve the Thermal Performance of Buildings and Pavements.Worcester Polytechnic Institute,Worcester.
Sharifi,N.P.,Mahboub,K.C.,2018.Application of a PCM-rich concrete overlay to control thermal induced curling stresses in concrete pavements.Construction and Building Materials183,502-512.
Sharifi,N.P.,Sakulich,A.,2013.Application of phase change materials in structures and pavements.In:The 2nd International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering,Worcester,2013.
Sharifi,N.P.,Freeman,G.E.,Sakulich,A.R.,2015.Using COMSOL modeling to investigate the efficiency of PCMs at modifying temperature changes in cementitious materials-case study.Construction and Building Materials 101,965-974.
Sharma,A.,Tyagi,V.V.,Chen,C.R.,et al.,2009.Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reveiws 13(2),318-345.
Tayabji,S.,Brink,W.,2015.Precast Concrete Pavement Implementation by U.S.Highway Agencies.FHWA-HIF-16-007.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Smith,K.D.,Van Dam,T.,2010.Advanced HighPerformance Materials for Highway Applications:A Report on the State of Technology.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Ye,D.,Buch,N.,2012.Precast Concrete Pavement Technology.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Ye,D.,Buch,N.,2013.Model Specifications for Precast Concrete Pavement Systems.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Tayabji,S.,Tyson,S.,Roesler,J.,et al.,2016.Promising Practices for Construction,Repair,and Rehabilitation of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Taylor,P.,Fick,G.,2015.Blended Aggregates for Concrete Mixture Optimiz ation.Federal Highway Administration,Washin gton DC.
Uhlmeyer,J.,Russell,M.,2013.Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete.Washington State Department of Transportation,Olympia.
Valentine,S.,2015.Expected Service Life of Michigan Department of Transportation Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks.Michigan Department of Transportation,Lansing.
Van Dam,T.J.,Harvey,J.T.,Muench,S.J.,et al.,2015.Towards Sustainable Pavement Systems:A Reference Document.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Wang,K.,Shah,S.,White,D.J.,et al.,2005.Self-consolidating Concrete-Applic ations for Slip-form P aving:PhaseⅠ(Feasibility Study).Federal Highway Administration,Washin gton DC.
Wang,K.,Surendra,P.S.,Grove,J.,et al.,2011.Self-Consolidating Concrete-Applications for Slip-form Paving:PhaseⅡ.Federal Highway Administration,Washington DC.
Washington State Department of Transportation,2013.Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete Pavements.Washington State Department of Transportation,Olympia.