Effects of late diagenesis on primary reservoir quality of a quartz arenite unit: a case study from the lower Cretaceous successions of SW
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摘要
In this study, a sandstone interval of the lower Cretaceous successions in SW Iran is analyzed regarding the effects of late diagenesis on the alteration of primary reservoir quality and pore system. Petrological and geochemical analyses indicate dominant quartz mineralogy(quartz arenite) deposited in distributary channel and mouth bar environments which is embedded in delta front to prodelta argillaceous sediments. Rather than mineralogy and some remaining primary(intergranular)porosity, several late(burial) diagenetic processes including multi-phase carbonate cementation, chlorite cementation, and chemical compaction, affected the reservoir quality. Most of the diagenetic processes had a decreasing effect on the primary reservoir quality. All recognized diagenetic features are related to burial diagenesis of the surrounding open marine shales(clay mineral transformation) and expelled diagenetic fluids.
In this study, a sandstone interval of the lower Cretaceous successions in SW Iran is analyzed regarding the effects of late diagenesis on the alteration of primary reservoir quality and pore system. Petrological and geochemical analyses indicate dominant quartz mineralogy(quartz arenite) deposited in distributary channel and mouth bar environments which is embedded in delta front to prodelta argillaceous sediments. Rather than mineralogy and some remaining primary(intergranular)porosity, several late(burial) diagenetic processes including multi-phase carbonate cementation, chlorite cementation, and chemical compaction, affected the reservoir quality. Most of the diagenetic processes had a decreasing effect on the primary reservoir quality. All recognized diagenetic features are related to burial diagenesis of the surrounding open marine shales(clay mineral transformation) and expelled diagenetic fluids.
In this study, a sandstone interval of the lower Cretaceous successions in SW Iran is analyzed regarding the effects of late diagenesis on the alteration of primary reservoir quality and pore system. Petrological and geochemical analyses indicate dominant quartz mineralogy(quartz arenite) deposited in distributary channel and mouth bar environments which is embedded in delta front to prodelta argillaceous sediments. Rather than mineralogy and some remaining primary(intergranular)porosity, several late(burial) diagenetic processes including multi-phase carbonate cementation, chlorite cementation, and chemical compaction, affected the reservoir quality. Most of the diagenetic processes had a decreasing effect on the primary reservoir quality. All recognized diagenetic features are related to burial diagenesis of the surrounding open marine shales(clay mineral transformation) and expelled diagenetic fluids.
引文
Ahr WM. Geology of carbonate reservoirs. London:Wiley; 2008. p.277. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470370650.
Al-Ameri TK, Batten DJ. Palynomorph and palynofacies indications of age, depositional environments and source potential for hydrocarbons:lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation, southern Iraq. Cretaceous Res. 1997;18:789-97. https://doi.org/10.1006/cres. 1997.0087.
Al-Fares AA,Bouman M,Jeans P. A new look at the Middle to Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy offshore Kuwait. Geo Arabia. 1998;3(4):543-60. https://eurekamag.com/resea rch/029/703/029703797.
Ali AJ, Nasser ME. Facies analysis of the lower Cretaceous oil-bearing Zubair Formation in southern Iraq. Mod Geol. 1989;13:225-42.https://eurekamag.com/research/018/908/018908121.php.
Al-Rawi MM. Geological interpretation of oil entrapment in the Zubair formation Raudhatain Field. In:Society of petroleum engineers Middle East oil technical conference Bahrain, vol. 9591. SPE;1981. p. 149-59. https://doi.org/10.2118/9591-MS.
Alsharhan AS, Nairn AEM. Carbonate platform models of Arabian Cretaceous reservoirs. In:Simo JAT, Scott RW, Masse JP, editors. Cretaceous carbonate platforms. AAPG Memoir, vol. 56.1993. p. 148-73. https://doi.org/10.1306/M56578.
Alsharhan AS, Nairn AEM. Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East. 2nd ed. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 2003.p. 843. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-82465-3.X5000-1.
Aqrawi AAM, Goff JC, Horbury AD, Sadooni FN. The petroleum geology of Iraq. Beaconsfield:Scientific Press Ltd; 2010. p. 424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1747-5457.2010.00487.x.
Bayet-Goll A, Samani PN, de Carvalho CN, et al. Sequence stratigraphy and ichnology of Early Cretaceous reservoirs, Gadvan Formation in southwestern Iran. Mar Pet Geol. 2016;81:294-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.11.008.
Bjrlykke K. Sandstone diagenesis in relation to preservation, destruction, and creation of porosity. In:Chilingarian CV, Wolf KH, editors. Diagenesis:developments in sedimentology, vol. 41. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 1988. p. 555-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70180-8.
Brenner RL, Ludvigson GA, Scal R, Dogan AU. Diagenetic modeling of siliciclastic systems; status report. Bull Kans State Geol Surv.1991;233:123-37. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulle tins/233/Brenner/index.html.
Buday T. The regional geology of Iraq. Volume I:stratigraphy and palaeogeography. Baghdad:Publications of GEOSURV; 1980.p. 445. https://books.google.com/books?id=wVxPAQAAIAAJ.
Burrowes A, Moss A,Sirju C,Pritchard T. Improved permeability prediction in heterogeneous carbonate formations. In:SPE.2010. p. 131606. https://onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPWLA-2015-GGG
Dana JD. Manual of mineralogy. London:Wiley; 1985. p. 596.
Dickinson WR. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In:Zuffa GG, editor. Provenance of arenites Dordrecht. The Netherlands, Reidel Publishing Company, NATO Advanced Study Institute, vol. 148. 1985. p. 333-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2809-6.
Dickinson WR, Suczek CA. Plate tectonics and sandstone composition.AAPG Bull. 1979;63:2164-82. https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9188FB-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Ebanks Jr WJ, Scheihing MH, Atkinson CD. Flow units for reservoir characterization. In:Morton-Thompson D, Woods AM, editors.Development geology reference manual. AAPG, Methods in Exploration Series, vol. 10. 1992. p. 541. https://doi.org/10.1306/Mth10573.
Enayati-Bidgoli AH, Rahimpour-Bonab H. A geological based reservoir zonation scheme in a sequence stratigraphic framework:a case study from the Permo-Triassic gas reservoirs,Offshore Iran.Mar Pet Geol. 2016;73:36-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpe tgeo.2016.02.016.
Folk RL. Stages of textural maturity in sedimentary rocks. J Sediment Pet. 1951;21:127-30. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.21.127.
Folk RL. Bimodal supermature sandstones. Product of the desert floor.In:ⅩⅩⅢinternational geological congress proceedings, vol. 8.1968. p. 9-32.
Folk RL, Andrews PB, Lewis DW. Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand. J Geol Geophys.1970;13:937-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10418211.
Ghazban F. Petroleum geology of the Persian Gulf. Tehran University and National Iranian Oil Company. 2007. p. 707.
Gomes JS, Riberio MT, Strohmenger CJ, et al. Carbonate reservoir rock typing—the link between geology and SCAL. In:SPE. 2008. p.118284. https://doi.org/10.2118/118284-MS.
Gribble CD, Hall AJ. Optical mineralogy. London:UCL Press; 1995.p. 303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800020677.
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change. In:Wilgus CK, Hastings BS,Ross CA,et al., editors. Sea level changes—an integrated approach, vol. 42. SEPM Sp Pub. 1988. p. 407. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.88.01.0071.
Hasan IS. A sedimentological study of the Zubair Formation in the Luhais oil field Southern Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad,Baghdad, Iraq. 2011. p. 90.
Hendry JP, Wilkinson M, Fallick AE, et al. Ankerite cementation in deeply buried Jurassic sandstone reservoirs of the Central North Sea. J Sediment Res. 2000;70(1):227-39. https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4090D-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
Hollis C. Diagenetic controls on reservoir properties of carbonate successions within the AlbianeTuronian of the Arabian Plate. Pet Geosci. 2011;17:223-41. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079310-032.
Hutcheon I, Oldershaw A, Ghent ED. Diagenesis of Cretaceous sandstones of the Kootenay Formation at Elk Valley(southeastern British Columbia)and Mt. Allen(southwestern Alberta).Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1980;44:1425-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90108-8.
James GA, Wynd JG. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. AAPG Bull. 1965;49:2182-245.
Jassim SJ,Goff JC,Dolin SRO. Geology of Iraq. Brno:Dolin Prague and Moravian Museum; 2006. p. 341. https://books.google.com/books?id=LLH8aygMJFwC.
Jerram DA, Visual comparators for degree of grain-size sorting in two and three dimensions. Comput Geosci. 2001;27:485-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00077-7.
Lai J, Wang GW, Ran Y, et al. Predictive distribution of high-quality reservoirs of tight gas sandstones by linking diagenesis to depositional facies:evidence from Xu-2 sandstones in the Penglai area of the central Sichuan basin, China. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;23:97-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.01.026.
Lucia FJ. Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull.1995;79(9):1275-300. https://doi.org/10.1306/7834D4A4-1721-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Lucia FJ. Carbonate reservoir characterization. Berlin:Springer; 2007.p. 341. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72742-2.
Machel HG. Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings; old and new insights. In:Rouchy JM, Taberner C,Peryt TM,editors. Sedimentary and diagenetic transitions between carbonates and evaporites. Sediment Geol., vol. 140.2001. p. 143-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00169-X.
Machel HM. Concepts and models of dolomitization:a critical reappraisal. In:Braithwaite CJR, Rizzi G, Darke G, editors. The geometry and petrogenesis of dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs, vol.235. London:Geological Society, Special Publications; 2004. p.7-63. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.235.01.01.
McBride EF. A classification of common sandstones. J Sediment Pet. 1963;33:664-9. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70EE8-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Milliken KL, Land LS. Reverse weathering, the carbonate-feldspar system, and porosity evolution during burial of sandstones(abs.).AAPG Bull. 1991;75:636.
Molenaar N. Eogenetic and telogenetic cementation of sandstones.Geol Ultraiect. 1989;58:126.
Moore CH. Carbonate reservoirs porosity evolution and diagenesis in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 2001. p.444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00104-8.
Morad S. Carbonate cementation in sandstones:distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. In:Morad S, editor. Carbonate cementation in sandstones:distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 1998. p. 528. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304893.ch1.
Morad S,Ketzer JM,De Ros LF. Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic rocks:implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins. Sedimentology. 2000;47:95-120.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00007.x.
Morad S,Al-Ramadan K,Ketzer JM. The impact of diagenesis on the heterogeneity of sandstone reservoirs:a review of the role of depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy. AAPG Bull.2010;94:1267-309. https://doi.org/10.1306/04211009178.
Morad S, Ketzer JK, De Ros LF. Linking diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy. Int Assoc Sediment. 2012;45:536. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118485347
Pettijohn FJ, Potter PE, Siever R. Sand and sandstone. 2nd ed. New York:Springer; 1987. p. 553. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5.
Powers MC. A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles. J Sediment Pet. 1953;23:117-9. https://doi.org/10.1306/D4269567-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Powers RW, Ramirez LF, Redmond CD, et al. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula:sedimentary geology of Saudi Arabia. United StatesGeological Survey Professional Paper, vol. 560-D. 1966. p. 147.https://doi.org/10.3133/pp560D.
Robinson RJ, Chaudhuri S, Jones LM. Diagenesis of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan sandstone, Clark County, Kansas. Sub Geol Ser.1985;6:56-65. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/Sub6/Robinson/index.html.
Sadooni F, Aqrawi AAM. Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq. In:Alsharhan A, Scott B, editors. Middle East models of Jurassic Cretaceous carbonate systems, vol. 69. SEPM Spec Pub.; 2000. p. 315-34.https://doi.org/10.2110/pec-00.69.
Scott RW, Simo JA, Masse J-P. Overview of economic resources in Cretaceous carbonate platforms. In:Simo JA, Scott RW, Asse JP,editors. Cretaceous Carbonate Platforms. AAPG Mem., vol. 56.1993. p. 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1306/M56578.
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Sharland PR, Archer R, Casey DM, et al. Arabian plate sequence stratigraphy. GeoArabia Sp Pub. 2001;2:371.
Siever R. Petrology and geochemistry of silica cementation in some Pennsylvanian sandstones. In:Silica in sediments—a symposium,vol. 7. SEPM Sp Pub.; 1959. p. 55-79. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.59.01.0055.
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Zeigler MA. Late permian to holocene paleofacies evolution of the arabian plate and its hydrocarbon occurrences. GeoArabia.2001;6:445-504.
Al-Ameri TK, Batten DJ. Palynomorph and palynofacies indications of age, depositional environments and source potential for hydrocarbons:lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation, southern Iraq. Cretaceous Res. 1997;18:789-97. https://doi.org/10.1006/cres. 1997.0087.
Al-Fares AA,Bouman M,Jeans P. A new look at the Middle to Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy offshore Kuwait. Geo Arabia. 1998;3(4):543-60. https://eurekamag.com/resea rch/029/703/029703797.
Ali AJ, Nasser ME. Facies analysis of the lower Cretaceous oil-bearing Zubair Formation in southern Iraq. Mod Geol. 1989;13:225-42.https://eurekamag.com/research/018/908/018908121.php.
Al-Rawi MM. Geological interpretation of oil entrapment in the Zubair formation Raudhatain Field. In:Society of petroleum engineers Middle East oil technical conference Bahrain, vol. 9591. SPE;1981. p. 149-59. https://doi.org/10.2118/9591-MS.
Alsharhan AS, Nairn AEM. Carbonate platform models of Arabian Cretaceous reservoirs. In:Simo JAT, Scott RW, Masse JP, editors. Cretaceous carbonate platforms. AAPG Memoir, vol. 56.1993. p. 148-73. https://doi.org/10.1306/M56578.
Alsharhan AS, Nairn AEM. Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East. 2nd ed. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 2003.p. 843. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-82465-3.X5000-1.
Aqrawi AAM, Goff JC, Horbury AD, Sadooni FN. The petroleum geology of Iraq. Beaconsfield:Scientific Press Ltd; 2010. p. 424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1747-5457.2010.00487.x.
Bayet-Goll A, Samani PN, de Carvalho CN, et al. Sequence stratigraphy and ichnology of Early Cretaceous reservoirs, Gadvan Formation in southwestern Iran. Mar Pet Geol. 2016;81:294-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.11.008.
Bjrlykke K. Sandstone diagenesis in relation to preservation, destruction, and creation of porosity. In:Chilingarian CV, Wolf KH, editors. Diagenesis:developments in sedimentology, vol. 41. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 1988. p. 555-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70180-8.
Brenner RL, Ludvigson GA, Scal R, Dogan AU. Diagenetic modeling of siliciclastic systems; status report. Bull Kans State Geol Surv.1991;233:123-37. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulle tins/233/Brenner/index.html.
Buday T. The regional geology of Iraq. Volume I:stratigraphy and palaeogeography. Baghdad:Publications of GEOSURV; 1980.p. 445. https://books.google.com/books?id=wVxPAQAAIAAJ.
Burrowes A, Moss A,Sirju C,Pritchard T. Improved permeability prediction in heterogeneous carbonate formations. In:SPE.2010. p. 131606. https://onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPWLA-2015-GGG
Dana JD. Manual of mineralogy. London:Wiley; 1985. p. 596.
Dickinson WR. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In:Zuffa GG, editor. Provenance of arenites Dordrecht. The Netherlands, Reidel Publishing Company, NATO Advanced Study Institute, vol. 148. 1985. p. 333-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2809-6.
Dickinson WR, Suczek CA. Plate tectonics and sandstone composition.AAPG Bull. 1979;63:2164-82. https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9188FB-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Ebanks Jr WJ, Scheihing MH, Atkinson CD. Flow units for reservoir characterization. In:Morton-Thompson D, Woods AM, editors.Development geology reference manual. AAPG, Methods in Exploration Series, vol. 10. 1992. p. 541. https://doi.org/10.1306/Mth10573.
Enayati-Bidgoli AH, Rahimpour-Bonab H. A geological based reservoir zonation scheme in a sequence stratigraphic framework:a case study from the Permo-Triassic gas reservoirs,Offshore Iran.Mar Pet Geol. 2016;73:36-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpe tgeo.2016.02.016.
Folk RL. Stages of textural maturity in sedimentary rocks. J Sediment Pet. 1951;21:127-30. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.21.127.
Folk RL. Bimodal supermature sandstones. Product of the desert floor.In:ⅩⅩⅢinternational geological congress proceedings, vol. 8.1968. p. 9-32.
Folk RL, Andrews PB, Lewis DW. Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand. J Geol Geophys.1970;13:937-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10418211.
Ghazban F. Petroleum geology of the Persian Gulf. Tehran University and National Iranian Oil Company. 2007. p. 707.
Gomes JS, Riberio MT, Strohmenger CJ, et al. Carbonate reservoir rock typing—the link between geology and SCAL. In:SPE. 2008. p.118284. https://doi.org/10.2118/118284-MS.
Gribble CD, Hall AJ. Optical mineralogy. London:UCL Press; 1995.p. 303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800020677.
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change. In:Wilgus CK, Hastings BS,Ross CA,et al., editors. Sea level changes—an integrated approach, vol. 42. SEPM Sp Pub. 1988. p. 407. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.88.01.0071.
Hasan IS. A sedimentological study of the Zubair Formation in the Luhais oil field Southern Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad,Baghdad, Iraq. 2011. p. 90.
Hendry JP, Wilkinson M, Fallick AE, et al. Ankerite cementation in deeply buried Jurassic sandstone reservoirs of the Central North Sea. J Sediment Res. 2000;70(1):227-39. https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4090D-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
Hollis C. Diagenetic controls on reservoir properties of carbonate successions within the AlbianeTuronian of the Arabian Plate. Pet Geosci. 2011;17:223-41. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079310-032.
Hutcheon I, Oldershaw A, Ghent ED. Diagenesis of Cretaceous sandstones of the Kootenay Formation at Elk Valley(southeastern British Columbia)and Mt. Allen(southwestern Alberta).Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1980;44:1425-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90108-8.
James GA, Wynd JG. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. AAPG Bull. 1965;49:2182-245.
Jassim SJ,Goff JC,Dolin SRO. Geology of Iraq. Brno:Dolin Prague and Moravian Museum; 2006. p. 341. https://books.google.com/books?id=LLH8aygMJFwC.
Jerram DA, Visual comparators for degree of grain-size sorting in two and three dimensions. Comput Geosci. 2001;27:485-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00077-7.
Lai J, Wang GW, Ran Y, et al. Predictive distribution of high-quality reservoirs of tight gas sandstones by linking diagenesis to depositional facies:evidence from Xu-2 sandstones in the Penglai area of the central Sichuan basin, China. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;23:97-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.01.026.
Lucia FJ. Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull.1995;79(9):1275-300. https://doi.org/10.1306/7834D4A4-1721-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Lucia FJ. Carbonate reservoir characterization. Berlin:Springer; 2007.p. 341. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72742-2.
Machel HG. Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings; old and new insights. In:Rouchy JM, Taberner C,Peryt TM,editors. Sedimentary and diagenetic transitions between carbonates and evaporites. Sediment Geol., vol. 140.2001. p. 143-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00169-X.
Machel HM. Concepts and models of dolomitization:a critical reappraisal. In:Braithwaite CJR, Rizzi G, Darke G, editors. The geometry and petrogenesis of dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs, vol.235. London:Geological Society, Special Publications; 2004. p.7-63. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.235.01.01.
McBride EF. A classification of common sandstones. J Sediment Pet. 1963;33:664-9. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70EE8-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Milliken KL, Land LS. Reverse weathering, the carbonate-feldspar system, and porosity evolution during burial of sandstones(abs.).AAPG Bull. 1991;75:636.
Molenaar N. Eogenetic and telogenetic cementation of sandstones.Geol Ultraiect. 1989;58:126.
Moore CH. Carbonate reservoirs porosity evolution and diagenesis in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 2001. p.444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00104-8.
Morad S. Carbonate cementation in sandstones:distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. In:Morad S, editor. Carbonate cementation in sandstones:distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 1998. p. 528. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304893.ch1.
Morad S,Ketzer JM,De Ros LF. Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic rocks:implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins. Sedimentology. 2000;47:95-120.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00007.x.
Morad S,Al-Ramadan K,Ketzer JM. The impact of diagenesis on the heterogeneity of sandstone reservoirs:a review of the role of depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy. AAPG Bull.2010;94:1267-309. https://doi.org/10.1306/04211009178.
Morad S, Ketzer JK, De Ros LF. Linking diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy. Int Assoc Sediment. 2012;45:536. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118485347
Pettijohn FJ, Potter PE, Siever R. Sand and sandstone. 2nd ed. New York:Springer; 1987. p. 553. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5.
Powers MC. A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles. J Sediment Pet. 1953;23:117-9. https://doi.org/10.1306/D4269567-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Powers RW, Ramirez LF, Redmond CD, et al. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula:sedimentary geology of Saudi Arabia. United StatesGeological Survey Professional Paper, vol. 560-D. 1966. p. 147.https://doi.org/10.3133/pp560D.
Robinson RJ, Chaudhuri S, Jones LM. Diagenesis of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan sandstone, Clark County, Kansas. Sub Geol Ser.1985;6:56-65. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/Sub6/Robinson/index.html.
Sadooni F, Aqrawi AAM. Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq. In:Alsharhan A, Scott B, editors. Middle East models of Jurassic Cretaceous carbonate systems, vol. 69. SEPM Spec Pub.; 2000. p. 315-34.https://doi.org/10.2110/pec-00.69.
Scott RW, Simo JA, Masse J-P. Overview of economic resources in Cretaceous carbonate platforms. In:Simo JA, Scott RW, Asse JP,editors. Cretaceous Carbonate Platforms. AAPG Mem., vol. 56.1993. p. 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1306/M56578.
Setudehnia A. The Mesozoic sequence in southwest Iran and adjacent areas. J Pet Geol. 1978;1:3-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1978.tb00599.x.
Sharland PR, Archer R, Casey DM, et al. Arabian plate sequence stratigraphy. GeoArabia Sp Pub. 2001;2:371.
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