Arsenic variability and groundwater age in three water supply wells in southeast New Hampshire
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摘要
Three wells in New Hampshire were sampled bimonthly over three years to evaluate the temporal variability of arsenic concentrations and groundwater age.All samples had measurable concentrations of arsenic throughout the entire sampling period and concentrations in individual wells had a mean variation of more than 7 μg/L.The time series data from this sampling effort showed that arsenic concentrations ranged from a median of 4 μg/L in a glacial aquifer well(SGW-65)to medians of 19μg/L and37 μg/L in wells(SGW-93 and KFW-87)screened in the bedrock aquifer,respectively.These high arsenic concentrations were associated with the consistently high pH(median≥8)and low dissolved oxygen(median<0.1 mg/L)in the bedrock aquifer wells,which is typical of fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers in New Hampshire.Groundwater from the glacial aquifer often has high dissolved oxygen,but in this case was consistently low.The pH also is generally acidic in the glacial aquifer but in this case was slightly alkaline(median = 7.5).Also,sorption sites may be more abundant in glacial aquifer deposits than in fractured bedrock which may contribute to lower arsenic concentrations.Mean groundwater ages were less than 50 years old in all three wells and correlated with conservative tracer concentrations,such as chloride;however,mean age was not directly correlated with arsenic concentrations.Arsenic concentrations at KFW-87 did correlate with water levels,in addition,there was a seasonal pattern,which suggests that either the timing of or multiple sampling efforts may be important to define the full range of arsenic concentrations in domestic bedrock wells.Since geochemically reduced conditions and alkaline pHs are common to both bedrock and glacial aquifer wells in this study,groundwater age correlates less strongly with arsenic concentrations than geochemical conditions.There also is evidence of direct hydraulic connection between the glacial and bedrock aquifers,which can influence arsenic concentrations.Correlations between arsenic concentrations and the age of the old fraction of water in SGW-65 and the age of the young fraction of water in SGW-93 suggest that water in the two aquifers may be mixing or at least some of the deeper,older water captured by the glacial aquifer well may be from a similar source as the shallow young groundwater from the bedrock aquifer.The contrast in arsenic concentrations in the two aquifers may be because of increased adsorption capacity of glacio-fluvial sediments,which can limit contaminants more than fractured rock.In addition,this study illustrates that long residence times are not necessary to achieve more geochemically evolved conditions such as high pH and reduced conditions as is typically found with older water in other regions.
Three wells in New Hampshire were sampled bimonthly over three years to evaluate the temporal variability of arsenic concentrations and groundwater age.All samples had measurable concentrations of arsenic throughout the entire sampling period and concentrations in individual wells had a mean variation of more than 7 μg/L.The time series data from this sampling effort showed that arsenic concentrations ranged from a median of 4 μg/L in a glacial aquifer well(SGW-65)to medians of 19μg/L and37 μg/L in wells(SGW-93 and KFW-87)screened in the bedrock aquifer,respectively.These high arsenic concentrations were associated with the consistently high pH(median≥8)and low dissolved oxygen(median<0.1 mg/L)in the bedrock aquifer wells,which is typical of fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers in New Hampshire.Groundwater from the glacial aquifer often has high dissolved oxygen,but in this case was consistently low.The pH also is generally acidic in the glacial aquifer but in this case was slightly alkaline(median = 7.5).Also,sorption sites may be more abundant in glacial aquifer deposits than in fractured bedrock which may contribute to lower arsenic concentrations.Mean groundwater ages were less than 50 years old in all three wells and correlated with conservative tracer concentrations,such as chloride;however,mean age was not directly correlated with arsenic concentrations.Arsenic concentrations at KFW-87 did correlate with water levels,in addition,there was a seasonal pattern,which suggests that either the timing of or multiple sampling efforts may be important to define the full range of arsenic concentrations in domestic bedrock wells.Since geochemically reduced conditions and alkaline pHs are common to both bedrock and glacial aquifer wells in this study,groundwater age correlates less strongly with arsenic concentrations than geochemical conditions.There also is evidence of direct hydraulic connection between the glacial and bedrock aquifers,which can influence arsenic concentrations.Correlations between arsenic concentrations and the age of the old fraction of water in SGW-65 and the age of the young fraction of water in SGW-93 suggest that water in the two aquifers may be mixing or at least some of the deeper,older water captured by the glacial aquifer well may be from a similar source as the shallow young groundwater from the bedrock aquifer.The contrast in arsenic concentrations in the two aquifers may be because of increased adsorption capacity of glacio-fluvial sediments,which can limit contaminants more than fractured rock.In addition,this study illustrates that long residence times are not necessary to achieve more geochemically evolved conditions such as high pH and reduced conditions as is typically found with older water in other regions.
Three wells in New Hampshire were sampled bimonthly over three years to evaluate the temporal variability of arsenic concentrations and groundwater age.All samples had measurable concentrations of arsenic throughout the entire sampling period and concentrations in individual wells had a mean variation of more than 7 μg/L.The time series data from this sampling effort showed that arsenic concentrations ranged from a median of 4 μg/L in a glacial aquifer well(SGW-65)to medians of 19μg/L and37 μg/L in wells(SGW-93 and KFW-87)screened in the bedrock aquifer,respectively.These high arsenic concentrations were associated with the consistently high pH(median≥8)and low dissolved oxygen(median<0.1 mg/L)in the bedrock aquifer wells,which is typical of fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers in New Hampshire.Groundwater from the glacial aquifer often has high dissolved oxygen,but in this case was consistently low.The pH also is generally acidic in the glacial aquifer but in this case was slightly alkaline(median = 7.5).Also,sorption sites may be more abundant in glacial aquifer deposits than in fractured bedrock which may contribute to lower arsenic concentrations.Mean groundwater ages were less than 50 years old in all three wells and correlated with conservative tracer concentrations,such as chloride;however,mean age was not directly correlated with arsenic concentrations.Arsenic concentrations at KFW-87 did correlate with water levels,in addition,there was a seasonal pattern,which suggests that either the timing of or multiple sampling efforts may be important to define the full range of arsenic concentrations in domestic bedrock wells.Since geochemically reduced conditions and alkaline pHs are common to both bedrock and glacial aquifer wells in this study,groundwater age correlates less strongly with arsenic concentrations than geochemical conditions.There also is evidence of direct hydraulic connection between the glacial and bedrock aquifers,which can influence arsenic concentrations.Correlations between arsenic concentrations and the age of the old fraction of water in SGW-65 and the age of the young fraction of water in SGW-93 suggest that water in the two aquifers may be mixing or at least some of the deeper,older water captured by the glacial aquifer well may be from a similar source as the shallow young groundwater from the bedrock aquifer.The contrast in arsenic concentrations in the two aquifers may be because of increased adsorption capacity of glacio-fluvial sediments,which can limit contaminants more than fractured rock.In addition,this study illustrates that long residence times are not necessary to achieve more geochemically evolved conditions such as high pH and reduced conditions as is typically found with older water in other regions.
引文
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Ayotte,J.D.,Szabo,Z.,Focazio,M.J.,Eberts,S.M.,2011.Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells.Applied Geochemistry 26(5),747-762.
Bethke,C.,M.,Johnson,T.,M.,2002.Ground water age.Ground Water 40(4),337-339.
Bethke,C.M.,Johnson,T.M.,2008.Groundwater age and groundwater age dating.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 36(1),121-152.
Bexfield,L.M.,Jurgens,B.C.,2014.Effects of seasonal operation on the quality of water produced by public-supply wells.Ground Water 52(S1),10-24.
Bondu,R.,Cloutier,V.,Benzaazoua,M.,Rosa,E.,Bouzahzah,H.,2017a.The role of sulfide minerals in the genesis of groundwater with elevated geogenic arsenic in bedrock aquifers from western Quebec,Canada.Chemical Geology 474(Supplement C),33-44.
Bondu,R.,Cloutier,V.,Rosa,E.,Benzaazoua,M.,2016.A review and evaluation of the impacts of climate change on geogenic arsenic in groundwater from fractured bedrock aquifers.Water,Air,&Soil Pollution 227(9),296.
Bondu,R.,Cloutier,V.,Benzaazoua,M.,Rosa,E.,Bouzahzah,H.,2017b.Mobility and speciation of geogenic arsenic in bedrock groundwater from the Canadian Shield in western Quebec,Canada.The Science of the Total Environment 574,509-519.
Brown,C.J.,Starn,J.J.,Stollenwerk,K.G.,Mondazzi,RA.,Trombley,T.J.,2009.Aquifer Chemistry and Transport Processes in the Zone of Contribution to a PublicSupply Well in Woodbury,Connecticut,2002-06.U.S.Geological Survey,Reston,VA,p.158.
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Busenberg,E.,Plummer,L.N.,2000.Dating young groundwater with sulfur hexafluoride:natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride.Water Resources Research 36,3011-3030.
Cheng,Z.,van Geen,A.,Seddique,A.A.,Ahmed,K.M.,2005.Limited temporal variability of arsenic concentrations in 20 wells monitored for 3 years in Araihazar,Bangladesh.Environmental Science&Technology 39(13),4759-4766.
Darling,W.G.,Gooddy,D.C.,MacDonald,A.M.,Morris,B.L,2012.The practicalities of using CFCs and SF6 for groundwater dating and tracing.Applied Geochemistry27(9),1688-1697.
Dhar,R.K.,Zheng,Y.,Stute,M.,van Geen,A.,Cheng,Z.,Shanewaz,M.,Shamsudduha,M.,Hoque,MA..Rahman,M.W.,Ahmed,K.M.,2008.Temporal variability of groundwater chemistry in shallow and deep aquifers of Araihazar,Bangladesh.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 99(1-4),97-111.
Erickson,M.L.,Barnes,R.J.,2006.Arsenic concentration variability in public water system wells in Minnesota,USA.Applied Geochemistry 21(2),305-317.
Fendorf,S.,Michael,H.A.,van Geen,A.,2010.Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in south and southeast Asia.Science 328(5982),1123.
Flanagan,S.F.,Ayotte,J.D.,Robinson Jr.,G.R.,2012.Quality of Water from Crystalline Rock Aquifers in New England,New Jersey,and New York,1995-2007.U.S.Geological Survey,Reston,p.104.
Flanagan,S.M.,Belaval,M.,Ayotte,J.D.,2014.Arsenic,Iron,Lead,Manganese,and Uranium Concentrations in Private Bedrock Wells in Southeastern New Hampshire,2012-2013,pp.2014-3042.
Focazio,M.J.,Welch,A.H.,Watkins,S.A.,Helsel,D.R.,Horn,M.A.,2000.A Retrospective Analysis on the Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground-Water Resources of the United States and Limitations in Drinking-Water-Supply Characterizations.U.S.Geological Survey,p.21.
Harvey,C.F.,Ashfaque,K.N.,Yu,W.,Badruzzaman.A.B.M.,Ali,M.A.,Oates,P.M.,Michael,H.A.,Neumann,R.B.,Beckie,R.,Islam,S.,Ahmed,M.F.,2006.
Groundwater dynamics and arsenic contamination in Bangladesh.Chemical Geology 228(1),112-136.
Harvey,C.F.,Swartz,C.H.,Badruzzaman,A.B.M.,Keon-Blute,N.,Yu,W.,Ali,M.A.,Jay,J.,Beckie,R.,Niedan,V.,Brabander,D.,Oates,P.M.,Ashfaque,K.N.,Islam,S.,Hemond,H.F.,Ahmed,M.F.,2005.Groundwater arsenic contamination on the Ganges Delta:biogeochemistry,hydrology,human perturbations,and human suffering on a large scale.Comptes Rendus Geosciences 337(1-2),285-296.
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