Permafrost warming along the Mo'he-Jiagedaqi section of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline
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摘要
The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.
The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.
The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.
引文
Cheng GD,Wu TH(2007)Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research 112:F02S03.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000631
Dahlin T,Zhou B(2004)A numerical comparison of 2Dresistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays.Geophysical Prospecting 52(5):379-398.
Guo DX,Li ZF(1981)Historical evolution and formation age of permafrost in northeastern China since the late Pleistocene.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 3(4):1-6.(In Chinese).
He RX,Jin HJ,Chang XL,et al.(2009)Degradation of permafrost in the northern part of Northeastern China:present state and causal analysis.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 31(5):829-834.(In Chinese).
He W,Bu RC,Xiong ZP,et al.(2013)Characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Northeastern China from1961 to 2005.Acta Ecologica Sinica 33(2):519-531.(In Chinese).
Hinkel K,Doolittle J,Bockheim J,et al.(2001)Detection of subsurface permafrost features with ground-penetrating radar,Barrow,Alaska.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes12(2):179-190.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.369
Jin HJ,Hao JQ,Chang XL,et al.(2010)Zonation and assessment of frozen-ground conditions for engineering geology along the China-Russia crude oil pipeline route from Mo'he to Daqing,Northeastern China.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):213-225.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.003
Jin HJ,Li SX,Wang SL,et al.(2000)Impacts of climatic change on permafrost and cold regions environments in China.Acta Geographica Sinica 55(2):161-173.(In Chinese).
Jin HJ,Yu QH,Lv LZ,et al.(2007)Degradation of permafrost in the Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 18(3):245-258.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.589
КапазолотаБМА,КерриВольфScheinБЛ(1980).Thermal and hydraulic calculation of crude oil and oil pipeline.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press.pp 45-46.
Lewkowicz AG,Etzelmüller B,Smith SL.(2011)Characteristics of Discontinuous Permafrost based on Ground Temperature Measurements and Electrical Resistivity Tomography,Southern Yukon,Canada.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 22(4):320-342.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.703
Li GY,Ma W,Wang XL,et al.(2015)Frost hazards and mitigative measures following operation of China-Russia crude oil pipeline.Rock Soil Mechanics 36(10):2963-2973.(In Chinese).
Li GY,Sheng Y,Jin HJ,et al.(2010)Development of freezingthawing processes of foundation soils surrounding the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline in the permafrost areas under a warming climate.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):226-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.08.006
Li XY,Jin HJ,He RX,et al.(2017)Impacts of hazardous fires on permafrost environment:a review.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 39(2):317-327.(In Chinese).
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Jin R,et al.(2014)Spatiotemporal variations of climate warming in northern Northeast China as indicated by freezing and thawing indices.Quaternary International 349:187-195.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.064
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Marchenko SS,et al.(2018a)Difference between near-surface air,land surface and ground surface temperatures and their influences on the frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Geoderma 312:74-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.037
Luo DL,Jin HJ,He RX,et al.(2018b)Characteristics of waterheat exchanges and inconsistent surface temperature changes at an elevational permafrost site on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 123:10057-10074.https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028298
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Jin XY,et al.(2018c)Elevation-dependent thermal regime and dynamics of frozen ground in the Bayan Har Mountains,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Southwest China.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 29:257-270.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1988
Ma W,Cheng GD,Wu QB(2009)Construction on permafrost foundations:lessons learned from the Qinghai-Tibet railroad.Cold Regions Science and Technology 56:3-11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.007
Qin DH(2014)Climate change science and sustainable development.Progress in Geography 33(7):874-883.(In Chinese).
Sj?berg Y,Marklund P,Pettersson R,et al.(2015)Geophysical mapping of palsa peatland permafrost.Cryosphere 9(2):465-478.https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-465-2015
Wang F,Li GY,Ma W,et al.(2018)Permafrost thawing along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and countermeasures:Acase study in Jiagedaqi,Northeast China.Cold Regions Science and Technology 155:308-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.018
Wang YP,Jin HJ,Li GY(2016a).Investigation of the freezethaw states of foundation soils in permafrost areas along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP)route using ground-penetrating radar(GPR).Cold Regions Science and Technology 126:10-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.013
Wang YP,Li GY,Jin HJ,et al.(2016b)Thermal state of soils in the active layer and underlain permafrost at the kilometer post 304 site along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline.Journal of Mountain Science 13(11):1984-1994.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3908-4
Wei Z,Jin HJ,Luo CX,et al.(2008)Characteristics of atmospheric environmental changes of permafrost in Northeastern China in 50 years.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences)44(3):39-42.(In Chinese).
Wei Z,Jin HJ,Zhang JM,et al.(2011)Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate.Science China Earth Sciences 41(1):74-84.(In Chinese).
Wen Z,Sheng Y,Jin HJ,et al.(2010)Thermal elasto-plastic computation model for a buried oil pipeline in frozen ground.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):248-255.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.01.009
Wu QB,Zhang TJ(2008)Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research 113:D13108.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009539
Xu XZ,Wang JC,Zhang LX(2001)The physics of frozen soil.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese).
Yoshikawa K,Bolton WR,Romanovsky VE,et al.(2003)Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska.Journal of Geophysical Research 108:8148.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000438
You YH,Yu QH,Pan XC,et al.(2017)Geophysical imaging of permafrost and talik configuration beneath a thermokarst lake.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28:470-476.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1938
Yu WB,Guo M,Chen L,et al.(2014)Influence of urbanization on permafrost:a case study from Mo’he County,northernmost China.Cryosphere Discussions 8(4):4327-4348.https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-4327-2014
Zhang JM,Qu GZ,Jin HJ(2010)Estimates on thermal effects of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline in permafrost regions.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):243-247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.10.001
Zhou YW,Guo DX,Qiu GQ,et al.(2000)Geocryology in China.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese).
Zhou ZW,Ma W,Zhang SJ(2016)Multiaxial creep of frozen loess.Mechanics of Materials 95:172-191.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.11.020
Zhou ZW,Ma W,Zhang SJ(2018)Effect of freeze-thaw cycles in mechanical behaviors of frozen loess.Cold Regions Science and Technology 146:9-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.11.011
Dahlin T,Zhou B(2004)A numerical comparison of 2Dresistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays.Geophysical Prospecting 52(5):379-398.
Guo DX,Li ZF(1981)Historical evolution and formation age of permafrost in northeastern China since the late Pleistocene.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 3(4):1-6.(In Chinese).
He RX,Jin HJ,Chang XL,et al.(2009)Degradation of permafrost in the northern part of Northeastern China:present state and causal analysis.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 31(5):829-834.(In Chinese).
He W,Bu RC,Xiong ZP,et al.(2013)Characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Northeastern China from1961 to 2005.Acta Ecologica Sinica 33(2):519-531.(In Chinese).
Hinkel K,Doolittle J,Bockheim J,et al.(2001)Detection of subsurface permafrost features with ground-penetrating radar,Barrow,Alaska.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes12(2):179-190.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.369
Jin HJ,Hao JQ,Chang XL,et al.(2010)Zonation and assessment of frozen-ground conditions for engineering geology along the China-Russia crude oil pipeline route from Mo'he to Daqing,Northeastern China.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):213-225.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.003
Jin HJ,Li SX,Wang SL,et al.(2000)Impacts of climatic change on permafrost and cold regions environments in China.Acta Geographica Sinica 55(2):161-173.(In Chinese).
Jin HJ,Yu QH,Lv LZ,et al.(2007)Degradation of permafrost in the Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 18(3):245-258.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.589
КапазолотаБМА,КерриВольфScheinБЛ(1980).Thermal and hydraulic calculation of crude oil and oil pipeline.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press.pp 45-46.
Lewkowicz AG,Etzelmüller B,Smith SL.(2011)Characteristics of Discontinuous Permafrost based on Ground Temperature Measurements and Electrical Resistivity Tomography,Southern Yukon,Canada.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 22(4):320-342.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.703
Li GY,Ma W,Wang XL,et al.(2015)Frost hazards and mitigative measures following operation of China-Russia crude oil pipeline.Rock Soil Mechanics 36(10):2963-2973.(In Chinese).
Li GY,Sheng Y,Jin HJ,et al.(2010)Development of freezingthawing processes of foundation soils surrounding the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline in the permafrost areas under a warming climate.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):226-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.08.006
Li XY,Jin HJ,He RX,et al.(2017)Impacts of hazardous fires on permafrost environment:a review.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 39(2):317-327.(In Chinese).
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Jin R,et al.(2014)Spatiotemporal variations of climate warming in northern Northeast China as indicated by freezing and thawing indices.Quaternary International 349:187-195.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.064
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Marchenko SS,et al.(2018a)Difference between near-surface air,land surface and ground surface temperatures and their influences on the frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Geoderma 312:74-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.037
Luo DL,Jin HJ,He RX,et al.(2018b)Characteristics of waterheat exchanges and inconsistent surface temperature changes at an elevational permafrost site on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 123:10057-10074.https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028298
Luo DL,Jin HJ,Jin XY,et al.(2018c)Elevation-dependent thermal regime and dynamics of frozen ground in the Bayan Har Mountains,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Southwest China.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 29:257-270.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1988
Ma W,Cheng GD,Wu QB(2009)Construction on permafrost foundations:lessons learned from the Qinghai-Tibet railroad.Cold Regions Science and Technology 56:3-11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.007
Qin DH(2014)Climate change science and sustainable development.Progress in Geography 33(7):874-883.(In Chinese).
Sj?berg Y,Marklund P,Pettersson R,et al.(2015)Geophysical mapping of palsa peatland permafrost.Cryosphere 9(2):465-478.https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-465-2015
Wang F,Li GY,Ma W,et al.(2018)Permafrost thawing along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and countermeasures:Acase study in Jiagedaqi,Northeast China.Cold Regions Science and Technology 155:308-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.018
Wang YP,Jin HJ,Li GY(2016a).Investigation of the freezethaw states of foundation soils in permafrost areas along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP)route using ground-penetrating radar(GPR).Cold Regions Science and Technology 126:10-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.013
Wang YP,Li GY,Jin HJ,et al.(2016b)Thermal state of soils in the active layer and underlain permafrost at the kilometer post 304 site along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline.Journal of Mountain Science 13(11):1984-1994.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3908-4
Wei Z,Jin HJ,Luo CX,et al.(2008)Characteristics of atmospheric environmental changes of permafrost in Northeastern China in 50 years.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences)44(3):39-42.(In Chinese).
Wei Z,Jin HJ,Zhang JM,et al.(2011)Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate.Science China Earth Sciences 41(1):74-84.(In Chinese).
Wen Z,Sheng Y,Jin HJ,et al.(2010)Thermal elasto-plastic computation model for a buried oil pipeline in frozen ground.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):248-255.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.01.009
Wu QB,Zhang TJ(2008)Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research 113:D13108.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009539
Xu XZ,Wang JC,Zhang LX(2001)The physics of frozen soil.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese).
Yoshikawa K,Bolton WR,Romanovsky VE,et al.(2003)Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska.Journal of Geophysical Research 108:8148.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000438
You YH,Yu QH,Pan XC,et al.(2017)Geophysical imaging of permafrost and talik configuration beneath a thermokarst lake.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28:470-476.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1938
Yu WB,Guo M,Chen L,et al.(2014)Influence of urbanization on permafrost:a case study from Mo’he County,northernmost China.Cryosphere Discussions 8(4):4327-4348.https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-4327-2014
Zhang JM,Qu GZ,Jin HJ(2010)Estimates on thermal effects of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline in permafrost regions.Cold Regions Science and Technology 64(3):243-247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.10.001
Zhou YW,Guo DX,Qiu GQ,et al.(2000)Geocryology in China.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese).
Zhou ZW,Ma W,Zhang SJ(2016)Multiaxial creep of frozen loess.Mechanics of Materials 95:172-191.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.11.020
Zhou ZW,Ma W,Zhang SJ(2018)Effect of freeze-thaw cycles in mechanical behaviors of frozen loess.Cold Regions Science and Technology 146:9-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.11.011