昆嵛山赤松纯林赤枯病特征及与林分因子的关系
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摘要
【目的】解析和定量评价林分因子对赤松赤枯病发生(发病率和病情指数)的影响,为昆嵛山赤松纯林的营林措施和赤枯病的预防提供理论指导。【方法】在昆嵛山区域选取林龄相对一致(约34年)的赤松纯林为研究对象,调查林分密度、郁闭度、树高、枝下高、胸径和冠幅6个林分因子及赤枯病的发病率和病情指数,采用方差分析、相关性分析和多重比较分析各项林分因子与赤松赤枯病之间的关系,并通过冗余分析得影响赤枯病发生的关键因子。【结果】赤枯病在赤松林中普遍发生,发病样地占调查样地的96.3%。整体上,高密度林(2 956～4 089株·hm~(-2))的发病率和病情指数显著高于低密度林(688～1 822株·hm~(-2))和中密度林(1 823～2 955株·hm~(-2))的发病率和病情指数;疏林(郁闭度<30%)的发病率和病情指数显著低于中疏林(郁闭度30%～70%)和密林(郁闭度>70%)的发病率和病情指数;在不同的树高、枝下高、冠幅和胸径分组中,发病率和病情指数均随着分组值的增大而减小。相关性分析表明:林分密度对赤枯病发病率和病情指数的影响均达到极显著正相关水平(r=0.761,P<0.01;r=0.748,P<0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数也均受到郁闭度的极显著影响(r=0.509,P<0.01;r=0.442,P<0.01);二者与树高均呈极显著正相关(r=-0.443,P<0.01;r=-0.362,P<0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数均随枝下高的增大而极显著减小(r=-0.460,P<0.01;r=-0.419,P<0.01);二者与胸径均呈负相关关系,且相关性极显著(r=-0.425,P<0.01;r=-0.373,P<0.01);随着冠幅的增大,林木发病率和病情指数均极显著降低(r=-0.345,P<0.01;r=-0.381,P<0.01)。冗余分析证明林分密度和枝下高对赤枯病发生的贡献最大。【结论】松赤枯病在昆嵛山区域发生较普遍但不严重,其发病率和病情指数在不同林分因子分组中均有差异,且均受各林分因子极显著影响。RDA分析证明,林分密度和枝下高对松赤枯病影响最显著,建议对昆嵛山区域赤松纯林赤枯病的防治工作要以重要因子为主要调控对象,进行合理修剪和间伐。
【Objective】 The purpose of this paper was to analyze and evaluate the effect of forest factors on the occurrence of pine needle blight(DI and DSI) quantitatively, thus to provide theoretical guidance for the forest management and prevention of the pine needle blight in pure forests of Kunyushan Mountains.【Method】Pinus densiflora pure forests with relatively consistent forest age(about 34 a) were targeted as the research object in Kunyushan Mountains. Six forest indexes, including forest density, canopy cover, tree height, height under branch, diameter at breast height(DBH) and crown cover, as well as the disease incidence(DI) and disease severity index(DSI) of the pine needle blight were investigated. Variance analysis, correlation analysis and multiple comparisons were used to analyze the relationship between forest factors and pine needle blight. The key factors affecting the occurrence of needle blight were obtained by redundancy analysis.【Result】Pine needle blight was prevalent in P. densiflora forests, with 96.3% of the sample plots being infected. Overall, the DI and DSI in high density forests(2 956 ～ 4 089 tree·hm~(-2)) were significantly higher than low density forests(688 ～ 1 822 tree·hm~(-2)) and middle density forests(1 823 ～ 2 955 tree·hm~(-2)). DI and DSI in low canopy cover forests(< 30%) were significantly lower than that of middle canopy cover forests(30%-70%) and high canopy cover forests(> 70%). In different groups of tree height, height under branch, crown cover and DBH, the DI and DSI decreased with the increase of group values. Results from regression analysis and multiple comparisons showed that forest density affected disease incidence(DI) and disease severity index(DSI) positively and significantly(r = 0.761, P< 0.01; r = 0.748, P < 0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index were affected by canopy cover significantly and positively(r = 0.509, P < 0.01; r = 0.442,P < 0.01). Tree height had significant influence on the disease incidence and disease severity index(r =-0.443, P<0.01; r =-0.362, P <0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index decreased with the increase of the height under branch significantly(r =-0.460,P <0.01;r =-0.419,P <0.01). They also were negatively correlated with diameter at breast height, and the correlation was extremely significant(r =-0.425, P<0.01; r =-0.373, P<0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index decreased significantly with the increase of crown cover(r =-0.345, P<0.01; r =-0.381, P<0.01). Redundancy analysis proved that forest density and height under branches contributed the most to occurrence of pine needle blight.【Conclusion】The occurrence of pine needle blight is relatively common but not serious in Kunyushan Mountains region. The disease incidence and disease severity index are different in different forest factors groups, and they are highly significantly influenced by the forest factors. RDA analysis shows that forest density and height under branch have the most significant impact on pine needle blight. It is suggested that the control of needle blight in pure Pinus densiflora forests in Kunyushan Mountains should be controlled mainly by important factors by conducting reasonable pruning and thinning.
【Objective】 The purpose of this paper was to analyze and evaluate the effect of forest factors on the occurrence of pine needle blight(DI and DSI) quantitatively, thus to provide theoretical guidance for the forest management and prevention of the pine needle blight in pure forests of Kunyushan Mountains.【Method】Pinus densiflora pure forests with relatively consistent forest age(about 34 a) were targeted as the research object in Kunyushan Mountains. Six forest indexes, including forest density, canopy cover, tree height, height under branch, diameter at breast height(DBH) and crown cover, as well as the disease incidence(DI) and disease severity index(DSI) of the pine needle blight were investigated. Variance analysis, correlation analysis and multiple comparisons were used to analyze the relationship between forest factors and pine needle blight. The key factors affecting the occurrence of needle blight were obtained by redundancy analysis.【Result】Pine needle blight was prevalent in P. densiflora forests, with 96.3% of the sample plots being infected. Overall, the DI and DSI in high density forests(2 956 ～ 4 089 tree·hm~(-2)) were significantly higher than low density forests(688 ～ 1 822 tree·hm~(-2)) and middle density forests(1 823 ～ 2 955 tree·hm~(-2)). DI and DSI in low canopy cover forests(< 30%) were significantly lower than that of middle canopy cover forests(30%-70%) and high canopy cover forests(> 70%). In different groups of tree height, height under branch, crown cover and DBH, the DI and DSI decreased with the increase of group values. Results from regression analysis and multiple comparisons showed that forest density affected disease incidence(DI) and disease severity index(DSI) positively and significantly(r = 0.761, P< 0.01; r = 0.748, P < 0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index were affected by canopy cover significantly and positively(r = 0.509, P < 0.01; r = 0.442,P < 0.01). Tree height had significant influence on the disease incidence and disease severity index(r =-0.443, P<0.01; r =-0.362, P <0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index decreased with the increase of the height under branch significantly(r =-0.460,P <0.01;r =-0.419,P <0.01). They also were negatively correlated with diameter at breast height, and the correlation was extremely significant(r =-0.425, P<0.01; r =-0.373, P<0.01). The disease incidence and disease severity index decreased significantly with the increase of crown cover(r =-0.345, P<0.01; r =-0.381, P<0.01). Redundancy analysis proved that forest density and height under branches contributed the most to occurrence of pine needle blight.【Conclusion】The occurrence of pine needle blight is relatively common but not serious in Kunyushan Mountains region. The disease incidence and disease severity index are different in different forest factors groups, and they are highly significantly influenced by the forest factors. RDA analysis shows that forest density and height under branch have the most significant impact on pine needle blight. It is suggested that the control of needle blight in pure Pinus densiflora forests in Kunyushan Mountains should be controlled mainly by important factors by conducting reasonable pruning and thinning.
引文
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胡阳,田呈明,才让旦周,等.2014.青海仙米林区云杉矮槲寄生空间分布格局及其与环境的关系.北京林业大学学报,36(1):102-108.(Hu Y,Tian C M,Cai rangdanzhou,et al.2014.Spatial distribution pattern of Arceuthobium sichuanense and its correlation with environment in Xianmi forest region of Qinghai,northwestern China.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,36(1):102-108.[in Chinese])
焦一杰,黄逢龙,丁辉,等.2010.杨树林分的胸径特征与溃疡病感病指数的关系.林业科学研究,23(3):342-348.(Jiao Y J,Huang F L,Ding H,et al.2010.The impact of poplar diameter characteristics on disease index of canker.Forest Research,23(3):342-348.[in Chinese])
冷连基.1984.长白山西麓人工落叶松林早期落叶病与林分因子关系的研究.吉林林业科技,13(1):27-29.(Leng L J.1984.Study on the relationship between early deciduous leaf disease and forest component factors in the artificial deciduous pine forest at the western foot of Changbai Mountains.Jilin Forest Science and Technology,13(1):27-29.[in Chinese])
梁宏胜,陈文普,姜勇.2004.千家坪林区汕松赤枯病调查及对策.陕西林业科技,(3):34-37.(Liang H S,Chen W P,Jiang Y.2004.Investigation and Countermeasure on Blight of Pinus Tabulaeformis in Qian-Jia-Ping Forest Area.Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology,(3):34-37.[in Chinese])
梁军,张星耀.2005.森林有害生物生态控制.林业科学,41(4):168-176.(Liang J,Zhang X Y.2005.Forest pest ecological control.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(4):168-176.[in Chinese])
梁军,马琳,黄咏槐,等.2016.森林空间结构对松赤枯病发生程度的影响.林业科学,52(8):60-67.(Liang J,Ma L,Huang Y H,et al.2016.Impact of forest spatial structure on damaging degree of pine needle blight.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,52(8):60-67.[in Chinese])
潘琪,梁军,朱彦鹏,等.2014.昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与林下植物的联结性分析.生态学杂志,33 (7):1-7.(Pan Q,Liang J,Zhu Y P,et al.2014.Inter-specific correlation of Cephalcia kunyushanica and understory plant species in natural forests in Kunyushan.Chinese Journal of Ecology,33(7):1-7.[in Chinese])
潘琪,梁军,倪杨,等.2015.昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与乔木层树种的联结性分析.林业科学,51(10):85-92.(Pan Q,Liang J,Ni Y,et al.2015.Analysis of inter-specific correlation of Cephalcia kunyushanica and tree layer plant species in natural forests in Kunyushan.Scientia Silvae Sinivae,51(10):85-92.[in Chinese])
邱德勋,谭松波,吴纪才.1980.马尾松赤枯病的初步研究.林业科学,16(3):203-207.
Qiu D X,Tan S B,Wu J C.1980.A preliminary study of Pestalotia needle blight on Pinus Massoniana.Scientia Silvae Sinivae,16(3):203-207.[in Chinese])
邵英男,刘延坤,李云红,等.2017.不同林分密度长白落叶松人工林土壤养分特征.中南林业科技大学学报,37(9):27-31.(Shao Y N,Liu Y S,Li Y H,et al.2017.Soil nutrient characteristics in Larix olgensis plantation with different stand densities.Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology,37(9):27-31.[in Chinese])
孙志强,张星耀,林琳,等.2010.赤松纯林林分特征对昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂发生量的影响.生态学报,30(4):857-866.(Sun Z Q,Zhang X Y,Lin L,et al.2010.Impact of the stand characteristics of Pinus densiflora pure forest on the infestations of Cephalcia kunyushanica in Kunyushan region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(4):857-866.[in Chinese])
孙嘉,王海燕,丁国栋,等.2011.不同密度华北落叶松人工林土壤理化性质研究.林业资源管理,47(1):62-66.(Sun J,Wang H Y,Ding G D,et al.2011.Soil physico-chemical properties under Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations of different stand densities.Forest Resources Management,47(1):62-66.[in Chinese])
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