Impact of polymer mixtures on the stabilization and erosion control of silty sand slope
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摘要
Silty sand can be prone to erosion because it is short of stability cementation materials. In recent years, various emerging soil stabilizers, especially natural organic substance and polymer, have been used to improve soil strength, water stability and ability of erosion resistance. In this study, a new type of soil stabilization additive modified carboxymethyl cellulose(M-CMC), consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) and polyacrylamide(PAM), was developed for stabilization treatment of silty sand. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of M-CMC application on shear strength, permeability, water susceptibility and microstructure of the silty sand soil treated with additive concentration range of 0%-1.3%. Moreover, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of M-CMC on the erosion control of silty sand which compacted soil in a large-sized runoff(1 m~2) plots. Test plot which treated with 1.1% concentration of soil stabilizer and control plot which treated with same amount of water were cured outdoor for 50 days before rainfall simulation test. Rainfall intensity was applied at 120 mm·h-1 for 60 min. Finally, a field test is performed in order to assess the practical application effect of silty sand with 1.1% M-CMC. In general, the results showed that an increase of the concentration of M-CMC resulted in an improvement in water susceptibility and shear strength but a decrease in the infiltration rate. Internal friction angle of the treated soil remarkably increased under a low M-CMC concentration(less than 0.7%), while cohesion of them sharply increased under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Water susceptibility of the treated samples was improved remarkably under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Permeability coefficient of them decreased significantly when the M-CMC concentration was increased from 0 to 0.5% and, then, from 0.9% to 1.3%. Based on the images obtained from a scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the "coating" and "netting" effects were attributable to the observed improvement of the treated soil. When a plot was protected by a thin layer of soil treated with 1.1% MCMC, its erosion resistance was greatly improved, infiltration rate of water and soil loss yield of plot decreased greatly and even though under a rainfall intensity of 120 mm·h-1. The field test with long-term monitoring(three years) confirmed the M-CMC can effectively control erosion of silty sand slopes for a prolonged period of time.
Silty sand can be prone to erosion because it is short of stability cementation materials. In recent years, various emerging soil stabilizers, especially natural organic substance and polymer, have been used to improve soil strength, water stability and ability of erosion resistance. In this study, a new type of soil stabilization additive modified carboxymethyl cellulose(M-CMC), consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) and polyacrylamide(PAM), was developed for stabilization treatment of silty sand. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of M-CMC application on shear strength, permeability, water susceptibility and microstructure of the silty sand soil treated with additive concentration range of 0%-1.3%. Moreover, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of M-CMC on the erosion control of silty sand which compacted soil in a large-sized runoff(1 m~2) plots. Test plot which treated with 1.1% concentration of soil stabilizer and control plot which treated with same amount of water were cured outdoor for 50 days before rainfall simulation test. Rainfall intensity was applied at 120 mm·h-1 for 60 min. Finally, a field test is performed in order to assess the practical application effect of silty sand with 1.1% M-CMC. In general, the results showed that an increase of the concentration of M-CMC resulted in an improvement in water susceptibility and shear strength but a decrease in the infiltration rate. Internal friction angle of the treated soil remarkably increased under a low M-CMC concentration(less than 0.7%), while cohesion of them sharply increased under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Water susceptibility of the treated samples was improved remarkably under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Permeability coefficient of them decreased significantly when the M-CMC concentration was increased from 0 to 0.5% and, then, from 0.9% to 1.3%. Based on the images obtained from a scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the "coating" and "netting" effects were attributable to the observed improvement of the treated soil. When a plot was protected by a thin layer of soil treated with 1.1% MCMC, its erosion resistance was greatly improved, infiltration rate of water and soil loss yield of plot decreased greatly and even though under a rainfall intensity of 120 mm·h-1. The field test with long-term monitoring(three years) confirmed the M-CMC can effectively control erosion of silty sand slopes for a prolonged period of time.
Silty sand can be prone to erosion because it is short of stability cementation materials. In recent years, various emerging soil stabilizers, especially natural organic substance and polymer, have been used to improve soil strength, water stability and ability of erosion resistance. In this study, a new type of soil stabilization additive modified carboxymethyl cellulose(M-CMC), consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) and polyacrylamide(PAM), was developed for stabilization treatment of silty sand. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of M-CMC application on shear strength, permeability, water susceptibility and microstructure of the silty sand soil treated with additive concentration range of 0%-1.3%. Moreover, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of M-CMC on the erosion control of silty sand which compacted soil in a large-sized runoff(1 m~2) plots. Test plot which treated with 1.1% concentration of soil stabilizer and control plot which treated with same amount of water were cured outdoor for 50 days before rainfall simulation test. Rainfall intensity was applied at 120 mm·h-1 for 60 min. Finally, a field test is performed in order to assess the practical application effect of silty sand with 1.1% M-CMC. In general, the results showed that an increase of the concentration of M-CMC resulted in an improvement in water susceptibility and shear strength but a decrease in the infiltration rate. Internal friction angle of the treated soil remarkably increased under a low M-CMC concentration(less than 0.7%), while cohesion of them sharply increased under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Water susceptibility of the treated samples was improved remarkably under a relatively high M-CMC concentration(larger than 0.7%). Permeability coefficient of them decreased significantly when the M-CMC concentration was increased from 0 to 0.5% and, then, from 0.9% to 1.3%. Based on the images obtained from a scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the "coating" and "netting" effects were attributable to the observed improvement of the treated soil. When a plot was protected by a thin layer of soil treated with 1.1% MCMC, its erosion resistance was greatly improved, infiltration rate of water and soil loss yield of plot decreased greatly and even though under a rainfall intensity of 120 mm·h-1. The field test with long-term monitoring(three years) confirmed the M-CMC can effectively control erosion of silty sand slopes for a prolonged period of time.
引文
Abu-Zreig M(2006)Runoff and erosion control of silt clay soil with land application of polyacrylamide:(Abfluss-und Erosionsregulierung eines sandigen Lehmbodens durch Anwendung von Polyacrylamid).Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 52(3):289-298.https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2006.04.152
Al-Khanbashi A,Abdalla SW(2006)Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24(6):1603-1625.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-4895-3
Amundson R,Heimsath A,Owen J,et al.(2015)Hillslope soils and vegetation.Geomorphology 234:122-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.031
Andry H,Yamamoto T,Irie T,et al.(2009)Water retention,hydraulic conductivity of hydrophilic polymers in sandy soil as affected by temperature and water quality.Journal of Hydrology373(1):177-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.020
ASTM D698-12.Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort(12?400 ftlbf/ft3?(600 k N-m/m3)),ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,2012,www.astm.org
Barry PP,Stott DE,Bradford JM(1991)Organic polymers'effect on soil shear strength and detachment by single raindrops.Soil Science Society of America 55(3):799-804.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030028x
Benke N,Takács E,Wojnárovits L,et al.(2007)Pre-irradiation grafting of cellulose and slightly carboxymethylated cellulose(CMC)fibres.Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76:1355-1359.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.031
Cardoso R,Pires I,Duarte SOD,et al.(2018)Effects of clay's chemical interactions on biocementation.Applied Clay Science156:96-103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.01.035
Cui SH,Pei XJ,Wu HY,et al.(2018)Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform,Northwest China.Journal of Mountain Science 15(1):130-143.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4490-0
Feng TJ,Wei W,Chen LD,et al.(2018)Assessment of the impact of different vegetation patterns on soil erosion processes on semiarid loess slopes.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43:1860-1870.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4361
Fullen MA,Booth CA,Brandsma RT(2006)Long-term effects of grass ley set-aside on erosion rates and soil organic matter on sandy soils in east Shropshire,UK.Soil&Tillage Research 89(1):122-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.07.003
Gasmo JM,Rahardjo H,Leong EC(2000)Infiltration effects on stability of a residual soil slope.Computers&Geotechnics 26(2):145-165.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(99)00035-X
GB/T 50123-1999.Standard for soil test method.Ministry of construction,P.R.China.(In Chinese)
G??b T,Palmowska J,Zaleski T,et al.(2016)Effect of biochar application on soil hydrological properties and physical quality of sandy soil.Geoderma 281:11-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.028
Gyssels G,Poesen J,Bochet E,et al.(2005)Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:a review.Prog.Physical Geogragh 29(2):189-217.https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp443ra
Hossam MS,Safaa GAA,Abdel WME(2004)Synthesis and characterization of novel gels based on carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylic acid prepared by electron beam irradiation.Reactive and Functional Polymers 61(3):397-404.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.07.002
Hu F,Liu J,Xu C,et al.(2018)Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall splash erosion.Geoderma330:91-98.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.031
Ibrahim SM,Salmawi KME,Zahran AH(2007)Synthesis of crosslinked superabsorbent carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylamide hydrogels through electron‐beam irradiation.Journal of Applied Polymer Science 104(3):2003-2008.https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25916
Inbar A,Ben-Hur M,Sternberg M,Lado M(2015)Using polyacrylamide to mitigate post-fire soil erosion.Geoderma 239:107-114.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.09.026
Kamon M,Nontananandh S(1991)Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilization.Geotechnical Engineering 117(1):1-17.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(1)
Kili?R,Kü?ükali?,Ulami?K(2016)Stabilization of high plasticity clay with lime and gypsum(Ankara,Turkey).Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 75(2):735-744.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0757-2
Kinnell P(2005)Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction:A review.Hydrological Processes 19:2815-2844.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5788
Kruse GAM,Dijkstra TA,Schokking F(2007)Effects of soil structure on soil behaviour:illustrated with loess,glacially loaded clay and simulated flaser bedding examples.Engineering Geology91(1):34-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.12.011
Kuttner BG,Thomas SC(2017)Interactive effects of biochar and an organic dust suppressant for revegetation and erosion control with herbaceous seed mixtures and willow cuttings.Restoration Ecology 25(3):9.https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12439
Kuenza K,Towhata I,Orense RP,et al.(2004)Undrained torsional shear tests on gravelly soils.Landslides 1(3):185-194.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-004-0023-3
Laird DA(1997)Bonding between polyacrylamide and clay mineral surfaces.Soil Science 162(11):826-832.https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199711000-00006
Latifi N,Horpibulsuk S,Meehan CL,et al.(2017)Improvement of problematic soils with biopolymer-an environmentally friendly soil stabilizer.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29(2):04016204.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001706
Lentz RD(2015)Polyacrylamide and biopolymer effects on flocculation,aggregate stability,and water seepage in a silt loam.Geoderma 241-242:289-294.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.019
Li FH,Wang AP(2016)Interaction effects of polyacrylamide application and slope gradient on potassium and nitrogen losses under simulated rainfall.Catena 136:162-174.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.05.008
Li,XR,Xiao HL,He MZ(2006)Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitat restoration in extremely arid desert regions.Ecological Engineering 28(2):149-157.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.020
Liu J,Shi B,Jiang H,et al.(2011)Research on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil by organic polymer soil stabilization additive.Eng.Geol.117(1):114-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.10.011
Luo XR(2014)Analysis of variation on temperature and precipitation in recent 52 years and future projection Jimunai County,Xinjiang.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 30(5):297-302.(In Chinese)http://lib.cqvip.com/read/detail.aspx?ID=49011003#
Maleki M,Ebrahimi S,Asadzadeh F,et al.(2016)Performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on wind erosion control of sandy soil.International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology 13(3):937-944.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0921-z
Nie HR,Liu MZ,Zhan FL,et al.(2004)Factors on the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel and its degradation behavior in soil.Carbohydrate Polymer 58(2):185-189.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.06.035
Pei XJ,Zhang FY,Wu W,et al.(2015)Physicochemical and index properties of loess stabilized with lime and fly ash piles.Applied Clay Science 114:77-84.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.05.007
Pourakbar S,Huat BK(2017)A review of alternatives traditional cementitious binders for engineering improvement of soils.International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 11(2):206-216.https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1207042
Rezaeimalek S,Huang J,Bin-Shafique S,et al.(2017)Evaluation of curing method and mix design of a moisture activated polymer for sand stabilization.Construction and Building Materials 146:210-220.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.093
Sadeghi SH,Abdollahi Z,Darvishan AK(2013)Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian Sea,Iran.Hydrological Sciences Journal 58(6):1374-1382.https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.814917
Santoni R,Tingle J,Nieves M(2005)Accelerated strength improvement of silty sand with nontraditional additives.Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936(1):34-42.https://doi.org/10.3141/1936-05
Sasahara K,Sakai N(2014)Development of shear deformation due to the increase of pore pressure in a sandy model slope during rainfall.Engineering Geology 170(4):43-51.https://10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.005
Shi ZH,Yan FL,Li L,et al.(2010)Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China.Catena 81(3):240-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.04.007
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Al-Khanbashi A,Abdalla SW(2006)Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24(6):1603-1625.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-4895-3
Amundson R,Heimsath A,Owen J,et al.(2015)Hillslope soils and vegetation.Geomorphology 234:122-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.031
Andry H,Yamamoto T,Irie T,et al.(2009)Water retention,hydraulic conductivity of hydrophilic polymers in sandy soil as affected by temperature and water quality.Journal of Hydrology373(1):177-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.020
ASTM D698-12.Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort(12?400 ftlbf/ft3?(600 k N-m/m3)),ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,2012,www.astm.org
Barry PP,Stott DE,Bradford JM(1991)Organic polymers'effect on soil shear strength and detachment by single raindrops.Soil Science Society of America 55(3):799-804.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030028x
Benke N,Takács E,Wojnárovits L,et al.(2007)Pre-irradiation grafting of cellulose and slightly carboxymethylated cellulose(CMC)fibres.Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76:1355-1359.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.031
Cardoso R,Pires I,Duarte SOD,et al.(2018)Effects of clay's chemical interactions on biocementation.Applied Clay Science156:96-103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.01.035
Cui SH,Pei XJ,Wu HY,et al.(2018)Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform,Northwest China.Journal of Mountain Science 15(1):130-143.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4490-0
Feng TJ,Wei W,Chen LD,et al.(2018)Assessment of the impact of different vegetation patterns on soil erosion processes on semiarid loess slopes.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43:1860-1870.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4361
Fullen MA,Booth CA,Brandsma RT(2006)Long-term effects of grass ley set-aside on erosion rates and soil organic matter on sandy soils in east Shropshire,UK.Soil&Tillage Research 89(1):122-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.07.003
Gasmo JM,Rahardjo H,Leong EC(2000)Infiltration effects on stability of a residual soil slope.Computers&Geotechnics 26(2):145-165.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(99)00035-X
GB/T 50123-1999.Standard for soil test method.Ministry of construction,P.R.China.(In Chinese)
G??b T,Palmowska J,Zaleski T,et al.(2016)Effect of biochar application on soil hydrological properties and physical quality of sandy soil.Geoderma 281:11-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.028
Gyssels G,Poesen J,Bochet E,et al.(2005)Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:a review.Prog.Physical Geogragh 29(2):189-217.https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp443ra
Hossam MS,Safaa GAA,Abdel WME(2004)Synthesis and characterization of novel gels based on carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylic acid prepared by electron beam irradiation.Reactive and Functional Polymers 61(3):397-404.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.07.002
Hu F,Liu J,Xu C,et al.(2018)Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall splash erosion.Geoderma330:91-98.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.031
Ibrahim SM,Salmawi KME,Zahran AH(2007)Synthesis of crosslinked superabsorbent carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylamide hydrogels through electron‐beam irradiation.Journal of Applied Polymer Science 104(3):2003-2008.https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25916
Inbar A,Ben-Hur M,Sternberg M,Lado M(2015)Using polyacrylamide to mitigate post-fire soil erosion.Geoderma 239:107-114.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.09.026
Kamon M,Nontananandh S(1991)Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilization.Geotechnical Engineering 117(1):1-17.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(1)
Kili?R,Kü?ükali?,Ulami?K(2016)Stabilization of high plasticity clay with lime and gypsum(Ankara,Turkey).Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 75(2):735-744.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0757-2
Kinnell P(2005)Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction:A review.Hydrological Processes 19:2815-2844.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5788
Kruse GAM,Dijkstra TA,Schokking F(2007)Effects of soil structure on soil behaviour:illustrated with loess,glacially loaded clay and simulated flaser bedding examples.Engineering Geology91(1):34-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.12.011
Kuttner BG,Thomas SC(2017)Interactive effects of biochar and an organic dust suppressant for revegetation and erosion control with herbaceous seed mixtures and willow cuttings.Restoration Ecology 25(3):9.https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12439
Kuenza K,Towhata I,Orense RP,et al.(2004)Undrained torsional shear tests on gravelly soils.Landslides 1(3):185-194.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-004-0023-3
Laird DA(1997)Bonding between polyacrylamide and clay mineral surfaces.Soil Science 162(11):826-832.https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199711000-00006
Latifi N,Horpibulsuk S,Meehan CL,et al.(2017)Improvement of problematic soils with biopolymer-an environmentally friendly soil stabilizer.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29(2):04016204.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001706
Lentz RD(2015)Polyacrylamide and biopolymer effects on flocculation,aggregate stability,and water seepage in a silt loam.Geoderma 241-242:289-294.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.019
Li FH,Wang AP(2016)Interaction effects of polyacrylamide application and slope gradient on potassium and nitrogen losses under simulated rainfall.Catena 136:162-174.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.05.008
Li,XR,Xiao HL,He MZ(2006)Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitat restoration in extremely arid desert regions.Ecological Engineering 28(2):149-157.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.020
Liu J,Shi B,Jiang H,et al.(2011)Research on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil by organic polymer soil stabilization additive.Eng.Geol.117(1):114-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.10.011
Luo XR(2014)Analysis of variation on temperature and precipitation in recent 52 years and future projection Jimunai County,Xinjiang.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 30(5):297-302.(In Chinese)http://lib.cqvip.com/read/detail.aspx?ID=49011003#
Maleki M,Ebrahimi S,Asadzadeh F,et al.(2016)Performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on wind erosion control of sandy soil.International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology 13(3):937-944.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0921-z
Nie HR,Liu MZ,Zhan FL,et al.(2004)Factors on the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel and its degradation behavior in soil.Carbohydrate Polymer 58(2):185-189.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.06.035
Pei XJ,Zhang FY,Wu W,et al.(2015)Physicochemical and index properties of loess stabilized with lime and fly ash piles.Applied Clay Science 114:77-84.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.05.007
Pourakbar S,Huat BK(2017)A review of alternatives traditional cementitious binders for engineering improvement of soils.International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 11(2):206-216.https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1207042
Rezaeimalek S,Huang J,Bin-Shafique S,et al.(2017)Evaluation of curing method and mix design of a moisture activated polymer for sand stabilization.Construction and Building Materials 146:210-220.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.093
Sadeghi SH,Abdollahi Z,Darvishan AK(2013)Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian Sea,Iran.Hydrological Sciences Journal 58(6):1374-1382.https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.814917
Santoni R,Tingle J,Nieves M(2005)Accelerated strength improvement of silty sand with nontraditional additives.Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936(1):34-42.https://doi.org/10.3141/1936-05
Sasahara K,Sakai N(2014)Development of shear deformation due to the increase of pore pressure in a sandy model slope during rainfall.Engineering Geology 170(4):43-51.https://10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.005
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