Comparisons of the temperature and humidity profiles of reanalysis products with shipboard GPS sounding measurements obtained during the 2018 Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise
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摘要
本研究利用2018年春季东印度洋科学考察航次采集的GPS探空数据集,分析了三套再分析资料(JRA-55、MERR2和FGOALS-f2)对赤道东印度洋对流层中低层大气温湿廓线的模拟能力。结果表明:JRA-55和MERRA2能合理地再现850-600hPa之间的温度廓线的特征,最大偏差小于0.5度,但在850h Pa以下的偏差增大,最底层的偏差分别达到了2和1.5度;两套再分析资料对850-600h Pa之间的湿度扩线也具备较好的再现能力,但在850hPa以下JRA55和MERRA2再分析资料高估了相对湿度,最大湿度偏差可达15%。相对而言,FGOALS-f2分析资料对温度廓线再现能力最好,边界层内的温度偏差明显小于其它两套再分析资料;但FGOALS-f2也存在整层偏湿的问题,最大偏差在600h Pa附近,误差接近20%。
It is important to be able to characterize the thermal conditions over the equatorial Indian Ocean for both weather forecasting and climate prediction. This study compared the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean(EEIO) temperature and relative humidity profiles from three reanalysis products(JRA-55, MERRA2, and FGOALS-f2) with shipboard global positioning system(GPS) sounding measurements obtained during the Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise in spring 2018. The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product is based on the initialization module of a sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction system with a nudging-based data assimilation method. The results indicated that:(1)both JRA-55 and MERRA2 were reliable in characterizing the temperature profile from 850 to 600 hPa, with a maximum deviation of about <0.5°C. Both datasets showed a large negative deviation below 825 hPa, with a maximum bias of about 2°C at 1000 hPa and 1.5°C at 900 hPa, respectively.(2) JRA-55 showed good performance in characterizing the relative humidity profile above 850 hPa, with a maximum deviation of < 8%, while it showed much wetter conditions below 850 hPa.MERRA2 overestimated the relative humidity in the middle to lower troposphere, with a maximum deviation of about 15% at 925 hPa.(3) The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product more accurately reproduced the temperature profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the EEIO than that in JRA-55 and MERRA2, but showed much wetter conditions than the GPS sounding observations, with a maximum deviation of up to 20% at 600 hPa. Future applications of GPS sounding datasets are discussed.
It is important to be able to characterize the thermal conditions over the equatorial Indian Ocean for both weather forecasting and climate prediction. This study compared the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean(EEIO) temperature and relative humidity profiles from three reanalysis products(JRA-55, MERRA2, and FGOALS-f2) with shipboard global positioning system(GPS) sounding measurements obtained during the Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise in spring 2018. The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product is based on the initialization module of a sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction system with a nudging-based data assimilation method. The results indicated that:(1)both JRA-55 and MERRA2 were reliable in characterizing the temperature profile from 850 to 600 hPa, with a maximum deviation of about <0.5°C. Both datasets showed a large negative deviation below 825 hPa, with a maximum bias of about 2°C at 1000 hPa and 1.5°C at 900 hPa, respectively.(2) JRA-55 showed good performance in characterizing the relative humidity profile above 850 hPa, with a maximum deviation of < 8%, while it showed much wetter conditions below 850 hPa.MERRA2 overestimated the relative humidity in the middle to lower troposphere, with a maximum deviation of about 15% at 925 hPa.(3) The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product more accurately reproduced the temperature profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the EEIO than that in JRA-55 and MERRA2, but showed much wetter conditions than the GPS sounding observations, with a maximum deviation of up to 20% at 600 hPa. Future applications of GPS sounding datasets are discussed.
引文
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Peng,S.,Y.H.Zhu,K.Huang,X.R.Ding,R.Shi,D.M.Wu,Y.RFeng,and D.X.Wang.2016.“Detecting the Structure of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Northern South China Sea by Shipboard GPS Sondes.”Atmospheric Science Letters 17:564-568.doi:10.1002/asl.693.
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Wang,B.2006.The Asian Monsoon.Chichester:Praxis Publishing.doi:10.1007/3-540-37722-0.
Webster,P.J.,G.J.Holland,J.A.Curry,and H.R.Chang.2005“Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number,Duration,and Intensity in a Warming Environment.”Science 309:1844-1846.doi:10.1126/science.1116448.
Xie,Q.,K.Huang,D.X.Wang,L.Yang,J.Chen,Z.W.Wu,D.NLi,and Z.Y.Liang.2014.“Intercomparison of GPSRadiosonde Soundings during the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean Experiment.”Acta Oceanologica Sinica 33(1):127-134.doi:10.1007/s13131-014-0422-9.
Yang,L.,D.Wang,J.Huang,X.Wang,L.Zeng,R.Shi,Y.He,et al.2015.“Toward a Mesoscale Hydrological and Marine Meteorological Observation Network in the South China Sea.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96:1117-1135.doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00159.1.
Zeng,L.,D.Wang,C.Ju,W.Wang,and R.Chen.2016“SCSPOD14,a South China Sea Physical Oceanographic Dataset Derived from in Situ Measurements during 1919-2014.”Scientific Data 3:160029.doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.29.
Zeng,L.,Q.Wang,Q.Xie,P.Shi,L.Yang,Y.Q.Shu,J.Chen,et al.2015.“Hydrographic Field Investigations in the Northern South China Sea by Open Cruises during 2004-2013”Science Bulletin 60:607-615.doi:10.1007/s11434-015-0733-z.
Zhang,C.2005.“Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Reviews of Geophysics 43.doi:10.1029/2004RG000158.
Zhang,J.,H.Chen,X.Xia,and W.Wang.2016.“Dynamic and Thermodynamic Features of Low and Middle Clouds Derived from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Mobile Facility Radiosonde Data at Shouxian.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 33(1):21-33doi:10.1007/s00376-015-5032-8.
Zhang,J.Q.,H.B.Chen,Z.Q.Li,X.H.Fan,L.Peng,Y.Yu,and M.Cribb.2010.“Analysis of Cloud Layer Structure in Shouxian,China Using RS92 Radiosonde Aided by 95 GHz Cloud Radar.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres115.doi:10.1029/2010JD014030.
Zhou,F.H.,R.W.Zhang,R.Shi,J.Chen,Y.K.He,D.X.Wang and Q.Xie.2018.“Evaluation of OAFlux Datasets Based on in Situ Air-Sea Flux Tower Observations over the Yongxing Islands in 2016.”Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 116091-6106.doi:10.5194/amt-2017-456.
Zhou,L.,Q.Bao,Y.M.Liu,G.X.Wu,W.C.Wang,X.C.Wang,BHe,H.Y.Yu,and J.D.Li.2015.“Global Energy and Water Balance:Characteristics from Finite-Volume Atmospheric Model of the IAP/LASG(FAMIL1).”Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 7:1-20.doi:10.1002/2014MS000349.
Zhou,S.W.,and R.H.Zhang.2009.“Comparison of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data and Radiosonde Data about Temperature and Geopotential Height of Upper Air over the Tibetan Plateau.”Climatic and Environmental Research(In Chinese)14(2):284-292.
Chen,G.,W.Han,Y.Li,M.J.Mcphaden,J.Chen,W.Wang,and D.Wang.2017.“Strong Intraseasonal Variability of Meridional Currents near 5°N in the Eastern Indian Ocean Characteristics and Causes.”Journal of Physica Oceanography 47:979-998.doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0250.1.
Gelaro,R.,W.McCarty,M.J.Suárez,R.Todling,A.Molod,LTakacs,C.A.Randles,et al.2017.“The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2(MERRA-2).”Journal of Climate 30:5419-5454doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1.
He,G.,S.Zhang,G.Chen,and P.Wu.2013.“Effect of Sounding Intensive Observation Data on Numerical Weather Prediction of Southeast China.”Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(In Chinese)33(3):1-7.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184·2013.03.001.
Jia,B.,H.M.Xu,and Y.G.An.2014.“Comparisons of Atmospheric Specific Humidity in Reanalysis Datasets and Homogenized Radiosonde Dataset in China.”Meteorologica Monthly(In Chinese)40:1123-1131.doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.09.010.
Kobayashi,S.,O.Yukinari,H.Yayoi,E.Ayataka,M.Masami,OHirokatsu,O.Kazutoshi,et al.2015.“The JRA-55 Reanalysis General Specifications and Basic Characteristics.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 93(1):5-48doi:10.2151/jmsj.2015-001.
Kollias,P.,M.A.Miller,K.L.Johnson,M.P.Jensen,and D.TTroyan.2009.“Cloud,Thermodynamic,and Precipitation in West Africa during 2006.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 115.doi:10.1029/2008JD010641.
Liao,X.,X.Yu,and Y.Tan.2007.“Improvement of Convective Weather Forecasting with Enhanced 14:00 BST Sounding Data.”Meteorological Monthly(In Chinese)33:28-32.
Lin,X.G.,Y.Q.Qi,and X.H.Chen.2014.“Hydrographica Features in the Eastern Indian Ocean during March-May.”Journal of Tropical Oceanography(In Chinese)33:1-9doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2014.03.001.
Madden,R.A.1971.“Detection of a 40-50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 28:702-708.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2.
Madden,R.A.1972.“Description of Global-Scale Circulation Cells in the Tropics with a 40-50 Day Period.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 29:1109-1123.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1109:DOGSCC>2.0.CO;2.
Meier,W.,U.S.Bhatt,J.Walsh,E.Blanchard-Wrigglesworth,NWayand,R.Thoman,F.Massonnet,et al.2018.“2018 Sea Ice Outlook Interim Post-Season Report.”https://www.arcus org/sipn/sea-ice-outlook/2018/InterimPostSeason
Nash,J.,T.Oakley,H.V?mel,and W.Li.2011.“Report for the2010 WMO Intercomparison of Radiosonde Systems in Yangjiang,China Published.”http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-107_Yangjiang.pdf
Peng,S.,Y.H.Zhu,K.Huang,X.R.Ding,R.Shi,D.M.Wu,Y.RFeng,and D.X.Wang.2016.“Detecting the Structure of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Northern South China Sea by Shipboard GPS Sondes.”Atmospheric Science Letters 17:564-568.doi:10.1002/asl.693.
Saji,N.H.,B.N.Goswami,P.N.Vinayachandran,and TYamagata.1999.“A Dipole Mode in the Tropical Indian Ocean.”Nature 401:360-363.doi:10.1038/43854.
Shi,R.,J.Chen,X.Y.Guo,L.L.Zeng,J.Li,Q.Xie,X.Wang,and D.X.Wang.2017.“Ship Observations and Numerica Simulation of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Spring Oceanic Front in the Northwestern South China Sea.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere 1223733-3753.doi:10.1002/2016JD026071.
Wang,B.2006.The Asian Monsoon.Chichester:Praxis Publishing.doi:10.1007/3-540-37722-0.
Webster,P.J.,G.J.Holland,J.A.Curry,and H.R.Chang.2005“Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number,Duration,and Intensity in a Warming Environment.”Science 309:1844-1846.doi:10.1126/science.1116448.
Xie,Q.,K.Huang,D.X.Wang,L.Yang,J.Chen,Z.W.Wu,D.NLi,and Z.Y.Liang.2014.“Intercomparison of GPSRadiosonde Soundings during the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean Experiment.”Acta Oceanologica Sinica 33(1):127-134.doi:10.1007/s13131-014-0422-9.
Yang,L.,D.Wang,J.Huang,X.Wang,L.Zeng,R.Shi,Y.He,et al.2015.“Toward a Mesoscale Hydrological and Marine Meteorological Observation Network in the South China Sea.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96:1117-1135.doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00159.1.
Zeng,L.,D.Wang,C.Ju,W.Wang,and R.Chen.2016“SCSPOD14,a South China Sea Physical Oceanographic Dataset Derived from in Situ Measurements during 1919-2014.”Scientific Data 3:160029.doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.29.
Zeng,L.,Q.Wang,Q.Xie,P.Shi,L.Yang,Y.Q.Shu,J.Chen,et al.2015.“Hydrographic Field Investigations in the Northern South China Sea by Open Cruises during 2004-2013”Science Bulletin 60:607-615.doi:10.1007/s11434-015-0733-z.
Zhang,C.2005.“Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Reviews of Geophysics 43.doi:10.1029/2004RG000158.
Zhang,J.,H.Chen,X.Xia,and W.Wang.2016.“Dynamic and Thermodynamic Features of Low and Middle Clouds Derived from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Mobile Facility Radiosonde Data at Shouxian.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 33(1):21-33doi:10.1007/s00376-015-5032-8.
Zhang,J.Q.,H.B.Chen,Z.Q.Li,X.H.Fan,L.Peng,Y.Yu,and M.Cribb.2010.“Analysis of Cloud Layer Structure in Shouxian,China Using RS92 Radiosonde Aided by 95 GHz Cloud Radar.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres115.doi:10.1029/2010JD014030.
Zhou,F.H.,R.W.Zhang,R.Shi,J.Chen,Y.K.He,D.X.Wang and Q.Xie.2018.“Evaluation of OAFlux Datasets Based on in Situ Air-Sea Flux Tower Observations over the Yongxing Islands in 2016.”Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 116091-6106.doi:10.5194/amt-2017-456.
Zhou,L.,Q.Bao,Y.M.Liu,G.X.Wu,W.C.Wang,X.C.Wang,BHe,H.Y.Yu,and J.D.Li.2015.“Global Energy and Water Balance:Characteristics from Finite-Volume Atmospheric Model of the IAP/LASG(FAMIL1).”Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 7:1-20.doi:10.1002/2014MS000349.
Zhou,S.W.,and R.H.Zhang.2009.“Comparison of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data and Radiosonde Data about Temperature and Geopotential Height of Upper Air over the Tibetan Plateau.”Climatic and Environmental Research(In Chinese)14(2):284-292.