墨水河沉积物中微塑料的丰度、形态及其空间分布
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摘要
河流输入是海洋中微塑料的重要来源,然而目前关于河流沉积物中微塑料污染的资料十分有限。本文对我国山东省墨水河流域17个不同站位沉积物中微塑料的丰度、分布和形态等进行了研究。发现墨水河沉积物干样中微塑料的丰度为0kg~(-1)～170kg~(-1),低于同类型河流沉积物;人口密度大、工农业活动频繁及污水处理厂布设处微塑料丰度一般较大;同时,水动力条件对沉积物中微塑料的分布也有重要影响:支流汇入处丰度升高,水流湍急或水位高的站位丰度较小。本研究中最常见的粒径为>500μm,占71%;纤维状的微塑料占比最大(46.91%),其次是薄膜(40.74%)和颗粒状微塑料(12.35%)。微塑料的形态表明,墨水河沉积物中的微塑料多为次级来源。本研究表明,河流沉积物已经受到微塑料的污染,应该引起高度重视并采取适当措施。
Riverine input is one of the most important sources of microplastics in marine systems. Very limited information is currently available for pollution status and characteristics of microplastics in river sediments. In this work, the abundance, morphology and spatial distribution of microplastics in seventeen sediment samples of Moshui River of Shandong Province, China, were studied. Our results showed that the total abundance of microplastics varied between 0 and 170 particles·kg~(-1), which is less than those reported for most rivers with similar hydrological conditions. The abundance of microplastics was usually higher at locations near areas heavily populated, heavily impacted by industrial and agricultural activities and closely adjacent sewage treatment plants. At the same time, the abundance was also significantly influenced by hydrodynamic conditions. It increased strongly in sediment samples collected near the confluence of tributaries, and decreased with water depth. The abundance also decreased drastically in sediment samples collected at places with turbulent waters. The size of microplastics that were most frequently detected in this work was less than 500 μm, accounting for 71% of the all microplastics. Fibers(46.91%) were the most common type of particles, which were followed by films(40.74%) and granules(12.35%). The morphological characterization of microplastic particles indicated that they were likely to be of a secondary origin, from degraded plastic debris that has been in the surrounding environment. Our study unveiled the emerging pollution of inland river sediments by microplastics. High awareness should be paid to and actions should be carried out to reduce the accumulation of microplastics in rivers.
Riverine input is one of the most important sources of microplastics in marine systems. Very limited information is currently available for pollution status and characteristics of microplastics in river sediments. In this work, the abundance, morphology and spatial distribution of microplastics in seventeen sediment samples of Moshui River of Shandong Province, China, were studied. Our results showed that the total abundance of microplastics varied between 0 and 170 particles·kg~(-1), which is less than those reported for most rivers with similar hydrological conditions. The abundance of microplastics was usually higher at locations near areas heavily populated, heavily impacted by industrial and agricultural activities and closely adjacent sewage treatment plants. At the same time, the abundance was also significantly influenced by hydrodynamic conditions. It increased strongly in sediment samples collected near the confluence of tributaries, and decreased with water depth. The abundance also decreased drastically in sediment samples collected at places with turbulent waters. The size of microplastics that were most frequently detected in this work was less than 500 μm, accounting for 71% of the all microplastics. Fibers(46.91%) were the most common type of particles, which were followed by films(40.74%) and granules(12.35%). The morphological characterization of microplastic particles indicated that they were likely to be of a secondary origin, from degraded plastic debris that has been in the surrounding environment. Our study unveiled the emerging pollution of inland river sediments by microplastics. High awareness should be paid to and actions should be carried out to reduce the accumulation of microplastics in rivers.
引文
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[23] Nor N H,ObbarD J P.Microplastics in Singapore's coastal mangrove ecosystems [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79(1-2):278-283.
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[27] Moore C J,Moore S L,Weisberg S B,et al.A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California's coastal waters [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44(10):1035-1038.
[28] Carson H S,Lamson M R,Nakashima D,et al.Tracking the sources and sinks of local marine debris in Hawai'i [J].OxfordMarine environmental research,2013,84:76-83.
[29] Yin J,Falconer R A ,Chen Y,et al.Water and sediment movements in harbours [J].Oxford Applied energy,2000,67(3):341-352.
[30] Claessens M,Meester S D,Landuyt L V,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast [J].Oxford Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2199-2204.
[31] Wright S L,Thompson R C,Galloway T S.The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[32] Zubris K A,Richards B K.Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2005,138(2):201-211.
[33] Sadri S S,Thompson R C.On the quantity and composition of floating plastic debris entering and leaving the Tamar Estuary,Southwest England [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):55-60.
[34] Eriksen M,Lebreton L C,Carson H S,et al.Plastic pollution in the world's oceans:more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea [J].San FranciscoPloS one,2014,9(12):e111913.
[35] Doyle M J,Watson W,Bowlin N M,et al.Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean [J].Oxford Marine environmental research,2011,71(1):41-52.
[2] Avio C G,Gorbi S,Milan M,et al.Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels [J].Oxford Environmental Pollution,2015,198:211-222.
[3] Klein S,Worch E,Knepper T P.Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in River Shore Sediments of the Rhine-Main Area in Germany [J].WashingtonEnvironmental Science & Technology,2015,49(10):6070-6076.
[4] Thompson R C,Olsen Y,Mitchell R P,et al.Lost at sea:where is all the plastic?[J].WashingtonScience,2004,304(5672):838-838.
[5] Bakir A,Rowland S J,Thompson R C.Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2014,185:16-23.
[6] McCormick A,Hoellein T J,Mason S A,et al.Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river [J].WashingtonEnvironmental Science & Technology,2014,48(20):11863-11871.
[7] Yonkos L T,Friedel E A,Perez-reyeS A C,et al.Microplastics in Four Estuarine Rivers in the Chesapeake Bay,U.S.A [J].Washington Environmental Science & Technology,2014,48(24):14195-14202.
[8] Eriksen M,Mason S,Wilson S,et al.Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2013,77(1-2):177-182.
[9] Imhof H K,Ivleva N P,Schmid J,et al.Contamination of beach sediments of a subalpine lake with microplastic particles [J].CambridgeCurrent Biology,2013,23(19):R867-R868.
[10] Hidalgo-Ruz V,Gutow L,Thompson R C,et al.Microplastics in the Marine Environment:A Review ofthe Methods Used for Identification and Quantification [J].Washington Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46(6):3060-3075.
[11] Yang D,Shi H,Li L,et al.Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China [J].WashingtonEnvironmental Science & Technology,2015,49(22):13622-13627.
[12] Cole M,Lindeque P,Halsband C,et al.Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:a review [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(12):2588-2597.
[13] Gouin T,Roche N,Lohmann R,et al.A thermodynamic approach for assessing the environmental exposure of chemicals absorbed to microplastic [J].WashingtonEnvironmental Science & Technology,2011,45(4):1466-1472.
[14] Tanaka K,Takada H,Yamashita R,et al.Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2013,69(1-2):219-222.
[15] Bakir A,Rowland S J,Thompson R C.Transport of persistent organic pollutants by microplastics in estuarine conditions [J].London Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2014,140:14-21.
[16] Murray F,Cowie P R.Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus,1758) [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(6):1207-1217.
[17] Farrell P,Nelson K.Trophic level transfer of microplastic:Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.) [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2013,177:1-3.
[18] Rech S,Macaya-Caquilpan V,Pantoja J F,et al.Rivers as a source of marine litter--a study from the SE Pacific [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,82(1-2):66-75.
[19] Browne M A,Galloway T S,Thompson R C.Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines [J].Washington Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(9):3404-3409.
[20] 王元元,李先国,张大海.沉积物中微塑料的提取方法研究 [J].成都世界科技研究与发展,2016,38(1):105-109.
[21] Nuelle M T,Dekiff J H,Remy D,et al.A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2014,184:161-169.
[22] Zhao S,Zhu L,Wang T,et al.Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System,China:first observations on occurrence,distribution [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1-2):562-568.
[23] Nor N H,ObbarD J P.Microplastics in Singapore's coastal mangrove ecosystems [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79(1-2):278-283.
[24] Browne M A,Crump P,Niven S J,et al.Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide:Sources and Sinks [J].WashingtonEnvironmental Science & Technology,2011,45(21):9175-9179.
[25] BarnesD K.Remote islands reveal rapid rise of southern hemisphere,sea debris [J].New YorkTheScientificWorldJournal,2005,5:915-921.
[26] Lattin G L,Moore C G,Zellers A F,et al.A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton at different depths near the southern California shore [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2004,49(4):291-294.
[27] Moore C J,Moore S L,Weisberg S B,et al.A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California's coastal waters [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44(10):1035-1038.
[28] Carson H S,Lamson M R,Nakashima D,et al.Tracking the sources and sinks of local marine debris in Hawai'i [J].OxfordMarine environmental research,2013,84:76-83.
[29] Yin J,Falconer R A ,Chen Y,et al.Water and sediment movements in harbours [J].Oxford Applied energy,2000,67(3):341-352.
[30] Claessens M,Meester S D,Landuyt L V,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast [J].Oxford Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2199-2204.
[31] Wright S L,Thompson R C,Galloway T S.The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[32] Zubris K A,Richards B K.Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge [J].OxfordEnvironmental Pollution,2005,138(2):201-211.
[33] Sadri S S,Thompson R C.On the quantity and composition of floating plastic debris entering and leaving the Tamar Estuary,Southwest England [J].OxfordMarine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):55-60.
[34] Eriksen M,Lebreton L C,Carson H S,et al.Plastic pollution in the world's oceans:more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea [J].San FranciscoPloS one,2014,9(12):e111913.
[35] Doyle M J,Watson W,Bowlin N M,et al.Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean [J].Oxford Marine environmental research,2011,71(1):41-52.