环境中的微塑料及其对人体健康的影响
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摘要
较为系统全面地综述了微塑料在大气、水体和土壤中的分布以及来源情况,总结了微塑料在环境中的迁移转化行为、生态毒性效应和对人体健康的影响,对今后微塑料污染的未来研究方向进行了展望。
This paper overviewed the distributions and sources of microplastics in air, water and soil extensively. Moreover, the migration and transformation of microplastics and its ecotoxicological effect on human health were discussed. The future research direction of research onmicroplastic pollution was also prospected.
This paper overviewed the distributions and sources of microplastics in air, water and soil extensively. Moreover, the migration and transformation of microplastics and its ecotoxicological effect on human health were discussed. The future research direction of research onmicroplastic pollution was also prospected.
引文
[1] WRIGHT S L,KELLY F J.Plastic and Human Health:A Micro Issue?[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51:6 634-6 647.
[2] GASPERI J,WRIGHT S L,DRIS R,et al.Microplastics in Air:Are We Breathing It in?[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health,2018,(1):1-5.
[3] LAMBERT S,WAGNERM.Characterisation of Nanoplastics During the Degradation of Polystyrene[J].Chemosphere,2016,145:265-268.
[4] LUSHERAL,TIRELLI V,O 'CONNOR I,et al.Microplastics in Arctic Polar Waters:the First Reported Values of Particles in Surface and Sub-Surface Samples[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14 947.
[5] IVAR DO SUL J A,COSTA M F,BARLETTA M,et al.Pelagic Microplastics Around an Archipelago of the Equatorial Atlantic[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,75 (1/2):305-309.
[6] 骆永明,周倩,章海波,等.重视土壤中微塑料污染研究,防范生态与食物链风险[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(10):1 021-1 030.LUO Y M,ZHOU Q,ZHANG H B,et al.Pay Attention to Research on Microplastic Pollution in Soil for Prevention of Ecological and Food Chain Risks[J].Journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(10):1 021-1 030.
[7] BROWNE M A,CRUMP P,NIVEN S J,et al.Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide:Sources and Sinks[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2011,45 (21):9 175-9 179.
[8] DESFORGES J P,GALBRAITH M,DANGERFIELD N,et al.Widespread Distribution of Microplastics in Subsurface Seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79 (1/2):94-99.
[9] CESA F S,TURRA A,BARUQUE-RAMOS J.Synthe-tic Fibers as Microplastics in the Marine Environment:a Review From Textile Perspective with a Focus on domestic Washings[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,598:1 116-1 129.
[10] NAPPER I E,THOMPSON R C.Release of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres From Domestic Washing Machines:Effects of Fabric Type and Washing Conditions[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,112:39-45.
[11] DRIS R,GASPERI J,SAAD M,et al.Synthetic Fibers in Atmospheric Fallout:a Source of Microplastics in the Environment?[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104 (1/2):290-293.
[12] ERIKSEN M,MASON S,WILSON S,et al.Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,77(1/2):177-182.
[13] MANI T,HAUK A,WALTER U,et al.Microplastics Profile Alongthe 303 Rhine River[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:17 988.
[14] WANG W,NDUNGU A W,LI Z,et al.Microplastics Pollution in Inland Freshwaters of China:a Case Study in Urban Surface Waters of Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1 369-1 374.
[15] DAFNE E M,RICHARD C T,DAVID C A.Microplastics in Drinking Water:A Review and Assessment of an Emerging Concern[J].Water Research,2015,75:63-82.
[16] LECHNER A,RAMLER D.The Discharge of Certain Amounts of Industrial Microplastic from a Production Plant into the River Danube is Permitted by the Austrian Legislation[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,200:159-160.
[17] LAMBERT S,SINCLAIR C,BOXALL A.Occurrence,Degradation,and Effect of Polymer-based Materials in the Environment[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2014,227:1-53.
[18] HARTLINE N L,BRUCE N J,KARBA S N,et al.Microfiber Masses Recovered 318 from Conventional Machine Washing of New or Aged Garments[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(21):11 532-11 538.
[19] CHANG M.Reducing Microplastics from Facial Exfoliating Cleansers in Wastewater Through Treatment Versus Consumer Product Decisions[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,101(1):330-333.
[20] DUIS K,COORS A.Microplastics in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment:Sources (with a Specific Focus on Personal Care Products),Fate and Effects[J].Environmental Sciences Europe,2016,28(1):2.
[21] JAMBECK J R,GEYER R,WILCOX C,et al.Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean[J].Science,2015,6223(347):768-771.
[22] NAPPER I E,BAKIR A,ROWLAND S J,et al.Characterisation,Quantity and Sorptive Properties of Microplastics Extracted from Cosmetics[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99 (1/2):178-185.
[23] FENDALL L S,SEWELL M A.Contributing to Marine Pollution by Washing Your Face:Microplastics in Facial Cleansers[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58 (8):1 225-1 228.
[24] ROCHMAN C M,KROSS S M,ARMSTRONG J B,et al.Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2015,49(18):10 759-10 761.
[25] HE D,LUO Y,LU S,et al.Microplastics in Soils:Analytical Methods,Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2018,109:163-172.
[26] NIZZETTO L,FUTTER M,LANGAAS S.Are Agricultural Soils Dumps for Microplasticsof Urban Origin?[J]Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50:10 777-10 779.
[27] LIU M,LU S,SONG Y,et al.Microplastic and Mesoplastic Pollution in Farmland Soils in Suburbs of Shanghai,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:954-970.
[28] MATO Y,ISOBE T,TAKADA H,et al.Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35 (2):318-324.
[29] HIRAI H,TAKADA H,OGATA Y,et al.Organic Micropollutants in Marine Plastics Debris from the Open Ocean and Remote and Urban Beaches[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(8):1 683-1 692.
[30] WOODALL L C,SANCHEZ-VIDAL A,CANALS M,et al.The Deep Sea is a Major Sink for Microplastic Debris[J].Royal Society Open Science,2014,1 (4):140 317.
[31] YANG Y,YANG J,WU W M,et al.Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-eating Mealworm:Part 2.Role of Gut Microorganisms[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(20):12 087-12 093.
[32] LWANGA E H,THAPA B,YANG X M,et al.Decay of Low-density Polyethylene by Bacteria Extracted from Earthworm 'S Guts:A Potential for Soil Restoration[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,624:753-757.
[33] ZHANG H,ZHOU Q,XIE Z,et al.Occurrences of Organophosphorus Esters and Phthalates in the Microplasticsfrom the Coastal Beaches in North China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,616:1 505-1 512.
[34] JANG M,SHIM W J,HAN G M,et al.Styrofoam Debris as a Source of Hazardous Additives for Marine Organisms[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(10):4 951-4 960.
[35] KOLPIN D W,FURLONG E T,MEYER M T,et al.Pharmaceuticals,Hormones,and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in US Streams,1999-2000:A National Reconnaissance[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36 (6):1 202-1 211.
[36] BOYD G R,PALMERI J M,ZHANG S,et al.Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Stormwater Canals and Bayou St.John in New Orleans,Louisiana,USA[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,333 (1),137-148.
[37] PETRIE B,BARDEN R,KASPRZYK-HORDERN B.A Review on Emerging Contaminants in Wastewaters and the Environment:Current Knowledge,Understudied Areas and Recommendations for Future Monitoring[J].Water Research,2015,72:3-27.
[38] WILKINSON J L,HOODA P S,SWINDEN J,et al.Spatial Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Three Rivers of Southern England Bound to Suspended Particulate Material and Dissolved in Water[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,593:487-497.
[39] COLIN A,BACH C,ROSIN C,et al.Is Drinking Water a Major Route of Human Exposure to Alkylphenol and Bisphenol Contaminants in France?[J].Archivesof Environmental Contamination and toxicology,2014,66 (1):86-99.
[40] GEISER M,SCHURCH S,GEHR P.Influence of Surface Chemistry and Topography of Particles on Their Immersion into the Lung 'S Surfacelining Layer[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2003,94 (5):1 793-1 801.
[41] RUGE C A,KIRCH J,LEHR C M.Pulmonary Drug Delivery:from Generating Aerosols to Overcoming Biological Barriers-therapeutic Possibilities and Technological Challenges[J].Lancet Respiratoty Medicine,2013,(1):402-413.
[42] MOWAT A M I.Anatomical Basis of Tolerance and Immunity to intestinal Antigens[J].Nature Reviews immunology,2003,3 (4):331-341.
[43] Centers for Disease Control Report.“National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals”[R].2001.
[44]PROKIC M D,RADOVANOVIC T B,GAVRIC J P,et al.Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics:Examination of Biomarkers,Current State and Future Perspectives[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2019,111:37-46.
[45] GUZZETTI E,SUREDA A,TEJADA S,et al.Micro-plastic in Marine Organism:Environmental and Toxi Cological Effects[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2018,64:164-171.
[46] BOTTERELL Z L R,BEAUMONT N,DORRINGTON T,et al.Bioavailability and Effects of Microplastics on Marine Zooplankton:A Review[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,245:98-110.
[47] POSSATTO F E,BARLETTA M,COSTA M F.Plastic Debris Ingestion by Marine Catfish:An Unexpected Fisheries Impact[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62:1 098-1 102.
[48] BOERGER C M,LATTIN G L,MOORE S L,et al.Plastic Ingestion by Planktivorous Fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(12):2 275-2 278.
[49] United States.Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015[Z].Pub.L.114-114.Approved 2015-12-28.
[50] The ‘toxic Substance’ that Will Soon be Removed from Your Beauty Products[EB/OL].https://globalnews.ca/news.
[51] 温源远,李宏涛,杜譞,等.海洋塑料污染防治国际经验借鉴[J].环境保护,2018,46(8):67-70.WENY Y,LI H T,DU X,et al.International Experience of Marine Plastic Pollution Prevention[J].Environmental Protection,2018,46(8):67-70.
[52] Plastic Microbeads to be Banned by 2017,UK Government Pledges[EB/OL].http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37263087.
[53] 欧盟拟至2030年不再用一次性塑料[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2018-01-18/doc-ifyqtycw9178852.shtml.
[54] 我会秘书长与艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会中国区负责人交流“新塑料经济”在中国的推进与发展[EB/OL].http://www.sohu.com/a/292240266_803793.
[55] Jump up to:a b Dan,Sullivan (2018-07-26)."Text-S.756-115th Congress (2017-2018):Save Our Seas Act of 2018"[EB/OL].https://www.congress.gov.Retrieved 2018-09-25.
[56] 中国科学家发现吃塑料虫子能降解所有塑料[EB/OL].http://news.163.com/15/1112/15/B87UPEUQ00011229.html?baike.
[57] YOSHIDA S,HIRAGA K,TAKEHANA T,et al.A Bacterium that Degrades and Assimilates Poly(ethylene terephthalate)[J].Science,2016,6278 (351):1 196-1 199.
[2] GASPERI J,WRIGHT S L,DRIS R,et al.Microplastics in Air:Are We Breathing It in?[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health,2018,(1):1-5.
[3] LAMBERT S,WAGNERM.Characterisation of Nanoplastics During the Degradation of Polystyrene[J].Chemosphere,2016,145:265-268.
[4] LUSHERAL,TIRELLI V,O 'CONNOR I,et al.Microplastics in Arctic Polar Waters:the First Reported Values of Particles in Surface and Sub-Surface Samples[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14 947.
[5] IVAR DO SUL J A,COSTA M F,BARLETTA M,et al.Pelagic Microplastics Around an Archipelago of the Equatorial Atlantic[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,75 (1/2):305-309.
[6] 骆永明,周倩,章海波,等.重视土壤中微塑料污染研究,防范生态与食物链风险[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(10):1 021-1 030.LUO Y M,ZHOU Q,ZHANG H B,et al.Pay Attention to Research on Microplastic Pollution in Soil for Prevention of Ecological and Food Chain Risks[J].Journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(10):1 021-1 030.
[7] BROWNE M A,CRUMP P,NIVEN S J,et al.Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide:Sources and Sinks[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2011,45 (21):9 175-9 179.
[8] DESFORGES J P,GALBRAITH M,DANGERFIELD N,et al.Widespread Distribution of Microplastics in Subsurface Seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79 (1/2):94-99.
[9] CESA F S,TURRA A,BARUQUE-RAMOS J.Synthe-tic Fibers as Microplastics in the Marine Environment:a Review From Textile Perspective with a Focus on domestic Washings[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,598:1 116-1 129.
[10] NAPPER I E,THOMPSON R C.Release of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres From Domestic Washing Machines:Effects of Fabric Type and Washing Conditions[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,112:39-45.
[11] DRIS R,GASPERI J,SAAD M,et al.Synthetic Fibers in Atmospheric Fallout:a Source of Microplastics in the Environment?[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104 (1/2):290-293.
[12] ERIKSEN M,MASON S,WILSON S,et al.Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,77(1/2):177-182.
[13] MANI T,HAUK A,WALTER U,et al.Microplastics Profile Alongthe 303 Rhine River[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:17 988.
[14] WANG W,NDUNGU A W,LI Z,et al.Microplastics Pollution in Inland Freshwaters of China:a Case Study in Urban Surface Waters of Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1 369-1 374.
[15] DAFNE E M,RICHARD C T,DAVID C A.Microplastics in Drinking Water:A Review and Assessment of an Emerging Concern[J].Water Research,2015,75:63-82.
[16] LECHNER A,RAMLER D.The Discharge of Certain Amounts of Industrial Microplastic from a Production Plant into the River Danube is Permitted by the Austrian Legislation[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,200:159-160.
[17] LAMBERT S,SINCLAIR C,BOXALL A.Occurrence,Degradation,and Effect of Polymer-based Materials in the Environment[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2014,227:1-53.
[18] HARTLINE N L,BRUCE N J,KARBA S N,et al.Microfiber Masses Recovered 318 from Conventional Machine Washing of New or Aged Garments[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(21):11 532-11 538.
[19] CHANG M.Reducing Microplastics from Facial Exfoliating Cleansers in Wastewater Through Treatment Versus Consumer Product Decisions[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,101(1):330-333.
[20] DUIS K,COORS A.Microplastics in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment:Sources (with a Specific Focus on Personal Care Products),Fate and Effects[J].Environmental Sciences Europe,2016,28(1):2.
[21] JAMBECK J R,GEYER R,WILCOX C,et al.Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean[J].Science,2015,6223(347):768-771.
[22] NAPPER I E,BAKIR A,ROWLAND S J,et al.Characterisation,Quantity and Sorptive Properties of Microplastics Extracted from Cosmetics[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99 (1/2):178-185.
[23] FENDALL L S,SEWELL M A.Contributing to Marine Pollution by Washing Your Face:Microplastics in Facial Cleansers[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58 (8):1 225-1 228.
[24] ROCHMAN C M,KROSS S M,ARMSTRONG J B,et al.Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads[J].Environmental Science &Technology,2015,49(18):10 759-10 761.
[25] HE D,LUO Y,LU S,et al.Microplastics in Soils:Analytical Methods,Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2018,109:163-172.
[26] NIZZETTO L,FUTTER M,LANGAAS S.Are Agricultural Soils Dumps for Microplasticsof Urban Origin?[J]Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50:10 777-10 779.
[27] LIU M,LU S,SONG Y,et al.Microplastic and Mesoplastic Pollution in Farmland Soils in Suburbs of Shanghai,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:954-970.
[28] MATO Y,ISOBE T,TAKADA H,et al.Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35 (2):318-324.
[29] HIRAI H,TAKADA H,OGATA Y,et al.Organic Micropollutants in Marine Plastics Debris from the Open Ocean and Remote and Urban Beaches[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(8):1 683-1 692.
[30] WOODALL L C,SANCHEZ-VIDAL A,CANALS M,et al.The Deep Sea is a Major Sink for Microplastic Debris[J].Royal Society Open Science,2014,1 (4):140 317.
[31] YANG Y,YANG J,WU W M,et al.Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-eating Mealworm:Part 2.Role of Gut Microorganisms[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(20):12 087-12 093.
[32] LWANGA E H,THAPA B,YANG X M,et al.Decay of Low-density Polyethylene by Bacteria Extracted from Earthworm 'S Guts:A Potential for Soil Restoration[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,624:753-757.
[33] ZHANG H,ZHOU Q,XIE Z,et al.Occurrences of Organophosphorus Esters and Phthalates in the Microplasticsfrom the Coastal Beaches in North China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,616:1 505-1 512.
[34] JANG M,SHIM W J,HAN G M,et al.Styrofoam Debris as a Source of Hazardous Additives for Marine Organisms[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(10):4 951-4 960.
[35] KOLPIN D W,FURLONG E T,MEYER M T,et al.Pharmaceuticals,Hormones,and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in US Streams,1999-2000:A National Reconnaissance[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36 (6):1 202-1 211.
[36] BOYD G R,PALMERI J M,ZHANG S,et al.Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Stormwater Canals and Bayou St.John in New Orleans,Louisiana,USA[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,333 (1),137-148.
[37] PETRIE B,BARDEN R,KASPRZYK-HORDERN B.A Review on Emerging Contaminants in Wastewaters and the Environment:Current Knowledge,Understudied Areas and Recommendations for Future Monitoring[J].Water Research,2015,72:3-27.
[38] WILKINSON J L,HOODA P S,SWINDEN J,et al.Spatial Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Three Rivers of Southern England Bound to Suspended Particulate Material and Dissolved in Water[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,593:487-497.
[39] COLIN A,BACH C,ROSIN C,et al.Is Drinking Water a Major Route of Human Exposure to Alkylphenol and Bisphenol Contaminants in France?[J].Archivesof Environmental Contamination and toxicology,2014,66 (1):86-99.
[40] GEISER M,SCHURCH S,GEHR P.Influence of Surface Chemistry and Topography of Particles on Their Immersion into the Lung 'S Surfacelining Layer[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2003,94 (5):1 793-1 801.
[41] RUGE C A,KIRCH J,LEHR C M.Pulmonary Drug Delivery:from Generating Aerosols to Overcoming Biological Barriers-therapeutic Possibilities and Technological Challenges[J].Lancet Respiratoty Medicine,2013,(1):402-413.
[42] MOWAT A M I.Anatomical Basis of Tolerance and Immunity to intestinal Antigens[J].Nature Reviews immunology,2003,3 (4):331-341.
[43] Centers for Disease Control Report.“National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals”[R].2001.
[44]PROKIC M D,RADOVANOVIC T B,GAVRIC J P,et al.Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics:Examination of Biomarkers,Current State and Future Perspectives[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2019,111:37-46.
[45] GUZZETTI E,SUREDA A,TEJADA S,et al.Micro-plastic in Marine Organism:Environmental and Toxi Cological Effects[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2018,64:164-171.
[46] BOTTERELL Z L R,BEAUMONT N,DORRINGTON T,et al.Bioavailability and Effects of Microplastics on Marine Zooplankton:A Review[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,245:98-110.
[47] POSSATTO F E,BARLETTA M,COSTA M F.Plastic Debris Ingestion by Marine Catfish:An Unexpected Fisheries Impact[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62:1 098-1 102.
[48] BOERGER C M,LATTIN G L,MOORE S L,et al.Plastic Ingestion by Planktivorous Fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(12):2 275-2 278.
[49] United States.Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015[Z].Pub.L.114-114.Approved 2015-12-28.
[50] The ‘toxic Substance’ that Will Soon be Removed from Your Beauty Products[EB/OL].https://globalnews.ca/news.
[51] 温源远,李宏涛,杜譞,等.海洋塑料污染防治国际经验借鉴[J].环境保护,2018,46(8):67-70.WENY Y,LI H T,DU X,et al.International Experience of Marine Plastic Pollution Prevention[J].Environmental Protection,2018,46(8):67-70.
[52] Plastic Microbeads to be Banned by 2017,UK Government Pledges[EB/OL].http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37263087.
[53] 欧盟拟至2030年不再用一次性塑料[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2018-01-18/doc-ifyqtycw9178852.shtml.
[54] 我会秘书长与艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会中国区负责人交流“新塑料经济”在中国的推进与发展[EB/OL].http://www.sohu.com/a/292240266_803793.
[55] Jump up to:a b Dan,Sullivan (2018-07-26)."Text-S.756-115th Congress (2017-2018):Save Our Seas Act of 2018"[EB/OL].https://www.congress.gov.Retrieved 2018-09-25.
[56] 中国科学家发现吃塑料虫子能降解所有塑料[EB/OL].http://news.163.com/15/1112/15/B87UPEUQ00011229.html?baike.
[57] YOSHIDA S,HIRAGA K,TAKEHANA T,et al.A Bacterium that Degrades and Assimilates Poly(ethylene terephthalate)[J].Science,2016,6278 (351):1 196-1 199.