Water,Salt and Heat Influences on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Seasonally Frozen Soils in Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia,China
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摘要
To investigate carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions,in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths(WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m)were conducted in Inner Mongolia,China during the wintertime of 2012-2013.Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods,as well as their relationships with soil water,salt,and heat dynamics were analyzed.Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients.Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity.Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential,resulting in lower C/N ratio.Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C,and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C.The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.
To investigate carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions,in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths(WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m)were conducted in Inner Mongolia,China during the wintertime of 2012-2013.Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods,as well as their relationships with soil water,salt,and heat dynamics were analyzed.Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients.Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity.Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential,resulting in lower C/N ratio.Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C,and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C.The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.
To investigate carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions,in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths(WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m)were conducted in Inner Mongolia,China during the wintertime of 2012-2013.Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods,as well as their relationships with soil water,salt,and heat dynamics were analyzed.Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients.Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity.Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential,resulting in lower C/N ratio.Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C,and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C.The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.
引文
Alkhaier F,Flerchinger G N,Su Z.2012a.Shallow groundwater effect on land surface temperature and surface energy balance under bare soil conditions:Modeling and description.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci.16:1817-1831.
Alkhaier F,Schotting R J,Su Z.2009.A qualitative description of shallow groundwater effect on surface temperature of bare soil.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci.13:1749-1756.
Alkhaier F,Su Z,Flerchinger G N.2012b.Reconnoitering the effect of shallow groundwater on land surface temperature and surface energy balance using MODIS and SEBS.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci.16:1833-1844.
Callesen I,Borken W,Kalbitz K,Matzner E.2007.Long-term development of nitrogen fluxes in a coniferous ecosystem:Does soil freezing trigger nitrate leachingJ Plant Nutr Soil Sci.170:189-196.
Campbell J L,Mitchell M J,Groffman P M,Christenson L M,Hardy J P.2005.Winter in northeastern North America:A critical period for ecological processes.Front Ecol Environ.3:314-322.
Davidson E A,Janssens I A.2006.Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change.Nature.440:165-173.
Edwards A C,Cresser M S.1972.Freezing and its effect on chemical and biological properties of soil.In Stewart B A(ed.)Advances in Soil Science.Vol.18.Springer,New York.pp.59-79.
Fang C,Moncrieff J B.2001.The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature.Soil Biol Biochem.33:155-165.
Fitzhugh R D,Dricsoll C T,Groffman P M,Tierney G L,Fahey T J,Hardy J P.2003.Soil freezing and the acid-base chemistry of soil solutions in a northern hardwood forest.Soil Sci Soc Am J.67:1897-1908.
Grogan P,Michelsen A,Ambus P,Jonasson S.2004.Freeze-thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in sub-arctic heath tundra mesocosms.Soil Biol Biochem.36:641-654.
Kielland K,Olson K,Ruess R W,Boone R D.2006.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems.Biogeochemistry.81:349-360.
Laura R D.1974.Effects of neutral salts on carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of organic matter in soil.Plant Soil.41:113-127.
Mikan C J,Schimel J P,Doyle A P.2002.Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezing.Soil Biol Biochem.34:1785-1795.
Monson R K,Lipson D L,Burns S P,Turnipseed A A,Delany A C,Williams M W,Schmidt S K.2006.Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition.Nature.439:711-714.
Neilsen C B,Groffman P M,Hamburg S P,Dricsoll C T,Fahey T J,Hardy J P.2001.Freezing effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forest soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.65:1723-1730.
Panikov N S,Flanagan P W,Oechel W C,Mastepanov M A,Christensen T R.2006.Microbial activity in soils frozen to below-39℃.Soil Biol Biochem.38:785-794.
Papen H,Butterbach-Bahl K.1999.A 3-year continuous record of nitrogen trace gas fluxes from untreated and limed soil of a N-saturated spruce and beech forest ecosystem in Germany:1.N_2O emissions.J Geophys Res.104:18487-18503.
Pathak H,Rao D L N.1998.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from added organic matter in saline and alkali soils.Soil Biol Biochem.30:695-702.
Raich J W,Potter C S,Bhagawati D.2002.Interannual variability in global soil respiration,1980-94.Global Chan.ge Biol.8:800-812.
Rietz D N,Haynes R J.2003.Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil microbial activity.Soil Biol Biochem.35:845-854.
Setia R,Marschner P,Baldock J,Chittleborough D.2010.Is CO_2 evolution in saline soils affected by an osmotic effectand calcium carbonate?Biol Fert Soils.46:781-792.
Skogland T,Lomeland S,Goksoyr J.1988.Respiratory burst after freezing and thawing of soil:Experiments with soil bacteria.Soil Biol Biochem.20:851-856.
Smith K A,Ball T,Conen F,Dobbie K E,Massheder J,Rey A.2003.Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere:Interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes.Eur J Soil Sci.54:779-791.
Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.2000.Nitrous oxide emissions from frozen soils under agricultural,fallow and forest land.Soil Biol Biochem.32:1807-1810.
Teepe R,Ludwig B.2004.Variability of CO_2 and N_2O emissions during freeze-thaw cycles:Results of model experiments on undisturbed forest-soil cores.J Plant Nutr Soil Sci.167:153-159.
Tripathi R D,Srivastava S,Mishra S,Singh N,Tuli R,Gupta D K,Maathuis F J M.2007.Arsenic hazards:Strategies for tolerance and remediation by plants.Trends Biotechnol.25:158-165.
Watmough S A,Eimers M C,Aherne J,Dillon P J.2004.Climate effects on stream nitrate concentrations at 16 forested catchments in South Central Ontario.Environ Sci Technol.38:2383-2388.
Yu X F,Zou Y C,Jiang M,Lu X G,Wang G P.2011.Response of soil constituents to freeze-thaw cycles in wetland soil solution.Soil Biol Biochem.43:1308-1320.
Yuan L X,Loque D,Ye F H,Frommer W B,von Wiren N.2007.Nitrogen-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of the ammonium transporter at ATM 1;1.Plant Physiol.143:732-744.
Zhao H T,Zhang X L,Xu S T,Zhao X G,Xie Z B,Wang Q B.2010.Effect of freezing on soil nitrogen mineralization under different plant communities in a semi-arid area during a non-growing season.Appl Soil Ecol.45:187-192.
Alkhaier F,Schotting R J,Su Z.2009.A qualitative description of shallow groundwater effect on surface temperature of bare soil.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci.13:1749-1756.
Alkhaier F,Su Z,Flerchinger G N.2012b.Reconnoitering the effect of shallow groundwater on land surface temperature and surface energy balance using MODIS and SEBS.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci.16:1833-1844.
Callesen I,Borken W,Kalbitz K,Matzner E.2007.Long-term development of nitrogen fluxes in a coniferous ecosystem:Does soil freezing trigger nitrate leachingJ Plant Nutr Soil Sci.170:189-196.
Campbell J L,Mitchell M J,Groffman P M,Christenson L M,Hardy J P.2005.Winter in northeastern North America:A critical period for ecological processes.Front Ecol Environ.3:314-322.
Davidson E A,Janssens I A.2006.Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change.Nature.440:165-173.
Edwards A C,Cresser M S.1972.Freezing and its effect on chemical and biological properties of soil.In Stewart B A(ed.)Advances in Soil Science.Vol.18.Springer,New York.pp.59-79.
Fang C,Moncrieff J B.2001.The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature.Soil Biol Biochem.33:155-165.
Fitzhugh R D,Dricsoll C T,Groffman P M,Tierney G L,Fahey T J,Hardy J P.2003.Soil freezing and the acid-base chemistry of soil solutions in a northern hardwood forest.Soil Sci Soc Am J.67:1897-1908.
Grogan P,Michelsen A,Ambus P,Jonasson S.2004.Freeze-thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in sub-arctic heath tundra mesocosms.Soil Biol Biochem.36:641-654.
Kielland K,Olson K,Ruess R W,Boone R D.2006.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems.Biogeochemistry.81:349-360.
Laura R D.1974.Effects of neutral salts on carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of organic matter in soil.Plant Soil.41:113-127.
Mikan C J,Schimel J P,Doyle A P.2002.Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezing.Soil Biol Biochem.34:1785-1795.
Monson R K,Lipson D L,Burns S P,Turnipseed A A,Delany A C,Williams M W,Schmidt S K.2006.Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition.Nature.439:711-714.
Neilsen C B,Groffman P M,Hamburg S P,Dricsoll C T,Fahey T J,Hardy J P.2001.Freezing effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forest soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.65:1723-1730.
Panikov N S,Flanagan P W,Oechel W C,Mastepanov M A,Christensen T R.2006.Microbial activity in soils frozen to below-39℃.Soil Biol Biochem.38:785-794.
Papen H,Butterbach-Bahl K.1999.A 3-year continuous record of nitrogen trace gas fluxes from untreated and limed soil of a N-saturated spruce and beech forest ecosystem in Germany:1.N_2O emissions.J Geophys Res.104:18487-18503.
Pathak H,Rao D L N.1998.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from added organic matter in saline and alkali soils.Soil Biol Biochem.30:695-702.
Raich J W,Potter C S,Bhagawati D.2002.Interannual variability in global soil respiration,1980-94.Global Chan.ge Biol.8:800-812.
Rietz D N,Haynes R J.2003.Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil microbial activity.Soil Biol Biochem.35:845-854.
Setia R,Marschner P,Baldock J,Chittleborough D.2010.Is CO_2 evolution in saline soils affected by an osmotic effectand calcium carbonate?Biol Fert Soils.46:781-792.
Skogland T,Lomeland S,Goksoyr J.1988.Respiratory burst after freezing and thawing of soil:Experiments with soil bacteria.Soil Biol Biochem.20:851-856.
Smith K A,Ball T,Conen F,Dobbie K E,Massheder J,Rey A.2003.Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere:Interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes.Eur J Soil Sci.54:779-791.
Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.2000.Nitrous oxide emissions from frozen soils under agricultural,fallow and forest land.Soil Biol Biochem.32:1807-1810.
Teepe R,Ludwig B.2004.Variability of CO_2 and N_2O emissions during freeze-thaw cycles:Results of model experiments on undisturbed forest-soil cores.J Plant Nutr Soil Sci.167:153-159.
Tripathi R D,Srivastava S,Mishra S,Singh N,Tuli R,Gupta D K,Maathuis F J M.2007.Arsenic hazards:Strategies for tolerance and remediation by plants.Trends Biotechnol.25:158-165.
Watmough S A,Eimers M C,Aherne J,Dillon P J.2004.Climate effects on stream nitrate concentrations at 16 forested catchments in South Central Ontario.Environ Sci Technol.38:2383-2388.
Yu X F,Zou Y C,Jiang M,Lu X G,Wang G P.2011.Response of soil constituents to freeze-thaw cycles in wetland soil solution.Soil Biol Biochem.43:1308-1320.
Yuan L X,Loque D,Ye F H,Frommer W B,von Wiren N.2007.Nitrogen-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of the ammonium transporter at ATM 1;1.Plant Physiol.143:732-744.
Zhao H T,Zhang X L,Xu S T,Zhao X G,Xie Z B,Wang Q B.2010.Effect of freezing on soil nitrogen mineralization under different plant communities in a semi-arid area during a non-growing season.Appl Soil Ecol.45:187-192.