云南某一矿产资源开发利用的环境辐射影响研究
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摘要
为了解云南西南部一锗矿开采和冶炼对环境的辐射影响,在矿区及其外围环境开展了航空和地面联合调查测量,在重点地区和热点区域开展详细调查.研究结果显示,原矿石、冶炼废渣放射性活度大于1Bq/g,中间产品核素活度达到10~4Bq/kg;企业排放废水总α>1Bq/L,总β>1Bq/L.矿产开发利用对周围环境影响明显,局部区域受污染农田土壤、地表水系局部地段放射性水平明显高于正常背景值,在受污染区域生长的农作物放射性水平较高.室内氡浓度年平均值与全国水平比较总体上明显偏高,且研究区域居民受照剂量高于全国平均水平.
In order to study the environmental radiation impact from the coal mining and germanium processing in the germanium ore located in southwestern Yunnan province, an integrated investigation consists of airborne and ground survey had been carried out, while detailed monitoring followed up in the contaminated areas and hot zones. Concentrations of ~(238)U and ~(226)Ra in raw materials(coal) and smelting slag exceeded 1 Bq/g, while for the intermediate products, reached 10~4 Bq/kg. The radioactivity concentrations of both gross alpha and beta in waste liquid from mining wells and thermal plant were over 1 Bq/L. As a result, the environmental radiation levels enhanced. Radioactivity concentrations in some locations of the rivers across the research area were several times higher than the background level. Activity concentrations in crops grown up on the contaminated soils also increased. Indoor radon concentrations in this area were higher than national average level. The average annual effective dose for public exposure was higher than the average level in China.
In order to study the environmental radiation impact from the coal mining and germanium processing in the germanium ore located in southwestern Yunnan province, an integrated investigation consists of airborne and ground survey had been carried out, while detailed monitoring followed up in the contaminated areas and hot zones. Concentrations of ~(238)U and ~(226)Ra in raw materials(coal) and smelting slag exceeded 1 Bq/g, while for the intermediate products, reached 10~4 Bq/kg. The radioactivity concentrations of both gross alpha and beta in waste liquid from mining wells and thermal plant were over 1 Bq/L. As a result, the environmental radiation levels enhanced. Radioactivity concentrations in some locations of the rivers across the research area were several times higher than the background level. Activity concentrations in crops grown up on the contaminated soils also increased. Indoor radon concentrations in this area were higher than national average level. The average annual effective dose for public exposure was higher than the average level in China.
引文
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[2]International atomic energy agency.Management of radioactive waste from the mining and milling of ores,Safety guide,Safety standards series No.WS-G-1.2[R].Vienna:IAEA,2002.
[3]International atomic energy agency.Occupational radiation protection in the mining and processing of raw materials,Safety guide,Safety standards series No.RS-G-1.6[R].Vienna:IAEA,2004.
[4]International atomic energy agency.Assessing the Need for Radiation Protection Measures in Work Involving Minerals and Raw Materials,Safety Report Series No.49[R].Vienna:IAEA,2006.
[5]International atomic energy agency.Extent of environmental contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material(NORM)and technological options for mitigation,Technical reports series No.419[R].Vienna:IAEA,2003.
[6]International atomic energy agency.Regulatory and Management Approaches for the Control of Environmental Residues Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM).IAEA-TECDOC-1454[R].Vienna:IAEA,2006.
[7]International atomic energy agency.Regulatory and Management Approaches for the Control of Environmental Residues Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM),IAEA-TECDOC-1484[R].Vienna:IAEA,2006.
[8]International atomic energy agency.Performance of Models in Radiological Impact Assessment for Normal Operation.IAEA-TECDOC-1808[R].Vienna:IAEA,2017.
[9]International atomic energy agency.Management of Radioactive Residues from Uranium Production and Other NORM Activities,DRAFT SAFETY GUIDE,DS459[R].Vienna:IAEA,2017.
[10]International atomic energy agency.Criteria for Radionuclide Activity Concentrations for Food and Drinking Water,IAEA-TECDOC-1788[R].Vienna:IAEA,2016.
[11]WHO.Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality[R].Geneva:WHOPress,2011.
[12]UNSCEAR.Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation.United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.2000 Report to the General Assembly,with Scientific Annexes,Volume 1:Sources[R].New York:United Nations,2000.
[13]全国环境天然放射水平调查总结报告编写小组.全国环境天然贯穿辐射水平调查研究[J].辐射防护,1992,12(2):96.The Writing Group of Summary Report on Nationwide Survey of Environmental Radioactivity Level in China.Survey of Environmental in Natural Penetrating Radiation Level in China.Radiation Protection,1992,12(2):96.
[14]全国环境天然放射性水平调查总结报告编写小组.全国土壤中天然放射性核素含量调查研究(1983~1990年)[J].辐射防护,1992,12(2):122.The Writing Group of Summary Report on Nationwide Survey of Environmental Radioactivity Level in China.Investigation of Natural Radionuclide Contents in Soil in China(1983~1990)[J].Radiation Protection,1992,12(2):122.
[15]潘自强.我国天然辐射水平和控制中一些问题的讨论[J].辐射防护,2001,l21(5):257-267.Pan Z Q.Some Issues Regarding Natural Radiation Level and Control in China[J].Radiation Protection,1992,121(5):257-267.
[16]帅震清,温维辉.伴生放射性矿物资源开发利用中放射性污染现状与对策研究[J].辐射防护通讯,2001,21(2):3.Shuai Z Q,Wen W H.The Status of Radioactive Pollution due to Associated Minerals and Countermeasures Study[J].Radiation Protection Bulletin,2001,21(2).
[17]刘华.我国伴生放射性矿的环境问题及监管对策初探[R]//第二次全国天然辐射照射与控制研讨会论文汇编,2005,12:13-25.Liu H.Problems and Regulatory Countermeasures of Mines Associated with Radioactivity in China[R]//The 2nd Simposium of Natural Radiation Exposure and Control,2005,12:13-25.
[18]罗建军,刘华,马成辉,等.第一次全国污染源普查磷酸盐行业天然放射性核素调查分析[J].辐射防护,2011,31(6):348-352.Luo J J,Liu H,Ma C H,et al.Investigation and analysis of NORMsource term in the phosphate industry based on the first nationwide pollution source survey[J].Radiation Protection,2011,31(6):348-352.
[19]中华人民共和国卫生部,GB14882-94食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准[S].National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.GB14882-94Limited concentrations of radioactive materials in foods[S].
[20]中华人民共和国.放射性污染防治法[R].2003,10.The People’s Republic of China Law of Prevention and Control of Radioactive Contamination[R].2003,10.
[21]中华人民共和国生态环境部.《矿产资源开发利用辐射环境监督管理名录(第一批)》[R].2013.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.Directory of supervision and management of radiation environment for the development and utilization of mineral resources(First Batch)[R].2013.
[22]杨文鹏.云南临沧矿产品开发中的放射性污染[J].云南环境科学,1999,18(2)54-56.Yang W P.Radioactive Pollution in Exploitation of Mining Products in Lincang area[J].Yunnan Environmental Science,1999,18(2):54-56.
[23]喻亦林.滇西临沧褐煤放射性水平及区域污染分析[J].地球与环境,2007,35(2):147-153.Yu Y L.Analysis of radioactive level of lignite and associated regional pollution in Lincang,West Yunnan[J].Earth and Environment,2007,35(2):147-153.
[24]吴其反.白云鄂博矿开发利用对包头地区环境放射性影响研究报告[R].内部,2007:10.Wu Q F.The report of environmental radiation impact from mining and processing in Bayan Obo Site and Baotou Area[R].2007:10.
[25]Wu Q F.The use and management of NORM residues in processing Bayan Obo ores in China,in naturally occurring radioactive material(NORM VI),the Proceedings of an International Symposium[R].IAEA,Morocco,2010.
[26]吴其反,刘华,马成辉,等.白云鄂博伴生矿资源开发利用对区域环境放射性污染影响的调查[J].辐射防护,2011,31(6):364-370.Wu Q F,Liu H,Ma C H,et al.Investigation of Radiological Environment Impact from Exploitation of Bayan Obo Mine[J].Radiation Protection,2011,31(6):364-370.
[27]Avila R,Johansson E,Bugai D,et al.User’s manual for NORMALYSA v.2.1[R].2018.
[28]中华人民共和国环境保护部,2015全国辐射环境质量报告[R].2016.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.National Radiation Quality Report in 2015[R].2016.