Electron acceleration in interaction of magnetic islands in large temporal-spatial turbulent magnetic reconnection
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摘要
A new combined Fermi, betatron, and turbulent electron acceleration mechanism is proposed in interaction of magnetic islands during turbulent magnetic reconnection evolution in explosive astrophysical phenomena at large temporal-spatial scale(LTSTMR), the ratio of observed current sheets thickness to electron characteristic length, electron Larmor radius for low-β and electron inertial length for high-β, is on the order of 10~(10)–10~(11); the ratio of observed evolution time to electron gyroperiod is on the order of 10~7–10~9).The original combined acceleration model is known to be one of greatest importance in the interaction of magnetic islands; it assumes that the continuous kinetic-dynamic temporal-spatial scale evolution occurs as two separate independent processes.In this paper, we reconsider the combined acceleration mechanism by introducing a kinetic-dynamic-hydro full-coupled model instead of the original micro-kinetic or macro-dynamic model.We investigate different acceleration mechanisms in the vicinity of neutral points in magnetic islands evolution, from the stage of shrink and breakup into smaller islands(kinetic scale), to the stage of coalescence and growth into larger islands(dynamic scale), to the stages of constant and quasi-constant(contracting-expanding) islands(hydro scale).As a result, we give for the first time the acceleration efficiencies of different types of acceleration mechanisms in magnetic islands' interactions in solar atmosphere LTSTMR activities(pico-, 10~(–2)–10~5 m; nano-, 10~5–10~6 m; micro-, 10~6–10~7 m; macro-, 10~7–10~8 m; large-,10~8–10~9 m).
A new combined Fermi, betatron, and turbulent electron acceleration mechanism is proposed in interaction of magnetic islands during turbulent magnetic reconnection evolution in explosive astrophysical phenomena at large temporal-spatial scale(LTSTMR), the ratio of observed current sheets thickness to electron characteristic length, electron Larmor radius for low-β and electron inertial length for high-β, is on the order of 10~(10)–10~(11); the ratio of observed evolution time to electron gyroperiod is on the order of 10~7–10~9).The original combined acceleration model is known to be one of greatest importance in the interaction of magnetic islands; it assumes that the continuous kinetic-dynamic temporal-spatial scale evolution occurs as two separate independent processes.In this paper, we reconsider the combined acceleration mechanism by introducing a kinetic-dynamic-hydro full-coupled model instead of the original micro-kinetic or macro-dynamic model.We investigate different acceleration mechanisms in the vicinity of neutral points in magnetic islands evolution, from the stage of shrink and breakup into smaller islands(kinetic scale), to the stage of coalescence and growth into larger islands(dynamic scale), to the stages of constant and quasi-constant(contracting-expanding) islands(hydro scale).As a result, we give for the first time the acceleration efficiencies of different types of acceleration mechanisms in magnetic islands' interactions in solar atmosphere LTSTMR activities(pico-, 10~(–2)–10~5 m; nano-, 10~5–10~6 m; micro-, 10~6–10~7 m; macro-, 10~7–10~8 m; large-,10~8–10~9 m).
A new combined Fermi, betatron, and turbulent electron acceleration mechanism is proposed in interaction of magnetic islands during turbulent magnetic reconnection evolution in explosive astrophysical phenomena at large temporal-spatial scale(LTSTMR), the ratio of observed current sheets thickness to electron characteristic length, electron Larmor radius for low-β and electron inertial length for high-β, is on the order of 10~(10)–10~(11); the ratio of observed evolution time to electron gyroperiod is on the order of 10~7–10~9).The original combined acceleration model is known to be one of greatest importance in the interaction of magnetic islands; it assumes that the continuous kinetic-dynamic temporal-spatial scale evolution occurs as two separate independent processes.In this paper, we reconsider the combined acceleration mechanism by introducing a kinetic-dynamic-hydro full-coupled model instead of the original micro-kinetic or macro-dynamic model.We investigate different acceleration mechanisms in the vicinity of neutral points in magnetic islands evolution, from the stage of shrink and breakup into smaller islands(kinetic scale), to the stage of coalescence and growth into larger islands(dynamic scale), to the stages of constant and quasi-constant(contracting-expanding) islands(hydro scale).As a result, we give for the first time the acceleration efficiencies of different types of acceleration mechanisms in magnetic islands' interactions in solar atmosphere LTSTMR activities(pico-, 10~(–2)–10~5 m; nano-, 10~5–10~6 m; micro-, 10~6–10~7 m; macro-, 10~7–10~8 m; large-,10~8–10~9 m).
引文
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Biskamp,D.,Welter,H.(1980).Coalescence of Magnetic Islands.Phys.Rev.Lett.,44(16),1069-1072.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1069
Biskamp,D.(2000).Magnetic Reconnection in Plasmas.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Brizard,A.J.,Chan,A.A.(1999).Nonlinear relativistic gyrokinetic VlasovMaxwell equations.Phys.Plasmas,6(12),4548-4558.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.873742
Cassak,P.A.,Drake,J.F.(2013).On phase diagrams of magnetic reconnection.Phys.Plasmas,20(6),061207.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811120
Chen,Y.,Du,G.H.,Zhao,D.,Wu,Z.,Liu,W.,Wang,B.,Ruan,G.P.,Feng,S.W.,Song,H.Q.(2016).Imaging a magnetic-breakout solar eruption.APJL,820(2),L30.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L37
Comisso,L.,Soroni,L.(2018).Particle acceleration in relativistic plasma turbulence.Phys.Rev.Lett,121,255101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.255101
Drake,J.F.,Swisdak,M.,Che,H.,Shay,M.A.(2006).Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection.Nature,443(7111),553-556.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05116
Fu,H.S.,Vaivads,A.,Khotyaintsev,Y.V.,André,M.,Gao,J.B.,Olshevsky,V.,Eastwood,J.P.,Retinò,A.(2017).Intermittent energy dissipation by turbulent reconnection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44(1),37-43.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071787
Gan,W.Q.,Wang,D.Y.(2016).Solar High-Energy Physics.The Science Publishing Company,317.
Gou,T.Y.,Liu,R.,Wang,Y.M.,Liu,K.,Zhuang,B.,Chen,J.,Zhang,Q.H.,Liu,J.J.(2016).Stereoscopic observation of slipping reconnection in a double candle-flame-shaped solar flare.APJL,821(2),L28.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/821/2/L28
Haines,M.G.(1986).Magnetic-field generation in laser fusion and hot-electron transport.Can.J.Phys.,64(8),912-919.https://doi.org/10.1139/p86-160
Hoshino,M.(2012).Stochastic particle acceleration in multiple magnetic islands during reconnection.Phys.Rev.Lett.,108(13),135003.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.135003
Ji,H.T.,Daughton,W.(2011).Phase diagram for magnetic reconnection in heliophysical,astrophysical,and laboratory plasmas.Phys.Plasmas,18(11),111207.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3647505
Lazarian,A.,Opher,M.(2009).A model of acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays by reconnection in the Heliosheath.Astrophys.J.,703(1),8-21.https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/8
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Liu,Y.H.,Hesse,M.,Guo,F.,Daughton,W.,Li,H.,Cassak,P.A.,Shay,M.A.(2017).Why does steady-state magnetic reconnection have a maximum local rate of order 0.1?.Phys.Rev.Lett.,118(8),085101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.085101
Mendoza,M.,Boghosian,B.M.,Herrmann,H.J.,Succi,S.(2010).Fast lattice Boltzmann solver for relativistic hydrodynamics.Phys.Rev.Lett.,105(1),014502.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.014502
Li,Y.,Lin,J.(2012).Acceleration of electrons and protons in reconnecting current sheets including single or multiple x-points.Sol.Phys.,279(1),91-113.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-012-9956-1
Oka,M.,Phan,T.D.,Krucker,S.,Fujimoto,M.,Shinohara,I.(2010).Electron acceleration by multi-island coalescence.Astrophys.J.,714(1),915-926.https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/915
Raymond,J.C.,Krucker,S.,Lin,R.P.,Petrosian,V.(2012).Observational Aspects of Particle Acceleration in Large Solar Flares.Space Sci.Rev.,173(1-4),197-221.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9897-x
Petrosian,V.(2012).Stochastic acceleration by turbulence.Space Sci.Rev.,173(1-4),535-556.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9900-6
Shi,Q.Q.,Zong,Q.G.,Fu,S.Y.,Dunlop,M.W.,Pu,Z.Y.,Parks,G.K.,Wei,Y.,Li,W.H.,Zhang,H.,…Lucek,E.(2013).Solar wind entry into the high-latitude terrestrial magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet times.Nat.Commun.,4,1466.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2476
Song,H.Q.,Chen,Y.,Li,G.,Kong,X.L.,Feng,S.W.(2012).Coalescence of macroscopic magnetic islands and electron acceleration from STEREOobservation.Phys.Rev.X,2(2),021015.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.2.021015
Walker,D.N.,Bowles,J.H.,Amatucci,W.E.,Holland,D.L.,Chen J.(2004).The Harris magnetic field:A laboratory realization of the topology based on energy resonance.J.Geophys.Res.,109(A6),A06205.
Wang,H.Y.,Lu,Q.M.,Hang,C.,Wang,S.(2016).The mechanisms of electron acceleration during multiple X line magnetic reconnection with a guide field.Astrophys.J.,821(2),84.https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/84
Wang,H.Y.,Lu,Q.M.,Huang,C.,Wang,S.(2017).Electron acceleration in a secondary magnetic island formed during magnetic reconnection with a guide field.Phys.Plasmas,24(5),052113.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4982813
Wang,R.S.,Lu,Q.M.,Nakamura,R.,Huang,C.,Du,A.M.,Guo,F.,Teh,W.,Wu,M.Y.,Lu,S.,Wang,S.(2016).Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection.Nat.Phys.,12(3),263-267.https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3578
Wang,R.S.,Nakamura,R.,Lu,Q,M.,Baumjohann,W.,Ergun,R.E.,Burch,J.L.,Volwerk,M.,Varsani,A.,Nakamura,T.,…Wang,S.(2017).Electron-scale quadrants of the hall magnetic field observed by the magnetospheric multiscale spacecraft during asymmetric reconnection.Phys.Rev.Lett.,118(17),175101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.175101
Yi,S.M.,Jhang,H.,Kwon,J.M.(2016).Gyrokinetic simulations of an electron temperature gradient turbulence driven current in tokamak plasmas.Phys.Plasmas,23(10),102514.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966206
Zhong,J.Y.,Lin,J.,Li,Y.T.,Wang,X.,Li,Y.,Zhang,K.,Yuan,D.W.,Ping,Y.L.,Wei,H.G.,…Zhang,J.(2016).Relativistic electrons produced by reconnecting electric fields in a laser-driven bench-top solar flare.Astrophys.J.Suppl.Ser.,225(2),30.https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/225/2/30
Zong,Q.G.,Fritz,T.A.,Pu,Z.Y.,Fu,S.Y.,Baker,D.N.,Zhang,H.,Liu,A.T.,Vogiatzis,I.,Glassmeier,K.H.,…Reme,H.(2004).Cluster observations of earthward flowing plasmoid in the tail.Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(18),L18803.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020692
Bian,N.H.,Kontar,E.P.(2013).Stochastic acceleration by multi-island contraction during turbulent magnetic reconnection.Phys.Rev.Lett.,110(15),151101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.151101
Biskamp,D.,Welter,H.(1980).Coalescence of Magnetic Islands.Phys.Rev.Lett.,44(16),1069-1072.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1069
Biskamp,D.(2000).Magnetic Reconnection in Plasmas.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Brizard,A.J.,Chan,A.A.(1999).Nonlinear relativistic gyrokinetic VlasovMaxwell equations.Phys.Plasmas,6(12),4548-4558.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.873742
Cassak,P.A.,Drake,J.F.(2013).On phase diagrams of magnetic reconnection.Phys.Plasmas,20(6),061207.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811120
Chen,Y.,Du,G.H.,Zhao,D.,Wu,Z.,Liu,W.,Wang,B.,Ruan,G.P.,Feng,S.W.,Song,H.Q.(2016).Imaging a magnetic-breakout solar eruption.APJL,820(2),L30.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L37
Comisso,L.,Soroni,L.(2018).Particle acceleration in relativistic plasma turbulence.Phys.Rev.Lett,121,255101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.255101
Drake,J.F.,Swisdak,M.,Che,H.,Shay,M.A.(2006).Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection.Nature,443(7111),553-556.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05116
Fu,H.S.,Vaivads,A.,Khotyaintsev,Y.V.,André,M.,Gao,J.B.,Olshevsky,V.,Eastwood,J.P.,Retinò,A.(2017).Intermittent energy dissipation by turbulent reconnection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44(1),37-43.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071787
Gan,W.Q.,Wang,D.Y.(2016).Solar High-Energy Physics.The Science Publishing Company,317.
Gou,T.Y.,Liu,R.,Wang,Y.M.,Liu,K.,Zhuang,B.,Chen,J.,Zhang,Q.H.,Liu,J.J.(2016).Stereoscopic observation of slipping reconnection in a double candle-flame-shaped solar flare.APJL,821(2),L28.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/821/2/L28
Haines,M.G.(1986).Magnetic-field generation in laser fusion and hot-electron transport.Can.J.Phys.,64(8),912-919.https://doi.org/10.1139/p86-160
Hoshino,M.(2012).Stochastic particle acceleration in multiple magnetic islands during reconnection.Phys.Rev.Lett.,108(13),135003.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.135003
Ji,H.T.,Daughton,W.(2011).Phase diagram for magnetic reconnection in heliophysical,astrophysical,and laboratory plasmas.Phys.Plasmas,18(11),111207.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3647505
Lazarian,A.,Opher,M.(2009).A model of acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays by reconnection in the Heliosheath.Astrophys.J.,703(1),8-21.https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/8
Lin,J.,Murphy,N.A.,Shen,C.C.,Raymond,J.C.,Reeves,K.K.,Zhong,J.Y.,Wu,N.,Li,Y.(2015).Review on current sheets in CME development:theories and observations.Space Sci.Rev.,194(1-4),237-302.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0209-0
Liu,Y.H.,Hesse,M.,Guo,F.,Daughton,W.,Li,H.,Cassak,P.A.,Shay,M.A.(2017).Why does steady-state magnetic reconnection have a maximum local rate of order 0.1?.Phys.Rev.Lett.,118(8),085101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.085101
Mendoza,M.,Boghosian,B.M.,Herrmann,H.J.,Succi,S.(2010).Fast lattice Boltzmann solver for relativistic hydrodynamics.Phys.Rev.Lett.,105(1),014502.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.014502
Li,Y.,Lin,J.(2012).Acceleration of electrons and protons in reconnecting current sheets including single or multiple x-points.Sol.Phys.,279(1),91-113.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-012-9956-1
Oka,M.,Phan,T.D.,Krucker,S.,Fujimoto,M.,Shinohara,I.(2010).Electron acceleration by multi-island coalescence.Astrophys.J.,714(1),915-926.https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/915
Raymond,J.C.,Krucker,S.,Lin,R.P.,Petrosian,V.(2012).Observational Aspects of Particle Acceleration in Large Solar Flares.Space Sci.Rev.,173(1-4),197-221.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9897-x
Petrosian,V.(2012).Stochastic acceleration by turbulence.Space Sci.Rev.,173(1-4),535-556.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9900-6
Shi,Q.Q.,Zong,Q.G.,Fu,S.Y.,Dunlop,M.W.,Pu,Z.Y.,Parks,G.K.,Wei,Y.,Li,W.H.,Zhang,H.,…Lucek,E.(2013).Solar wind entry into the high-latitude terrestrial magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet times.Nat.Commun.,4,1466.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2476
Song,H.Q.,Chen,Y.,Li,G.,Kong,X.L.,Feng,S.W.(2012).Coalescence of macroscopic magnetic islands and electron acceleration from STEREOobservation.Phys.Rev.X,2(2),021015.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.2.021015
Walker,D.N.,Bowles,J.H.,Amatucci,W.E.,Holland,D.L.,Chen J.(2004).The Harris magnetic field:A laboratory realization of the topology based on energy resonance.J.Geophys.Res.,109(A6),A06205.
Wang,H.Y.,Lu,Q.M.,Hang,C.,Wang,S.(2016).The mechanisms of electron acceleration during multiple X line magnetic reconnection with a guide field.Astrophys.J.,821(2),84.https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/84
Wang,H.Y.,Lu,Q.M.,Huang,C.,Wang,S.(2017).Electron acceleration in a secondary magnetic island formed during magnetic reconnection with a guide field.Phys.Plasmas,24(5),052113.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4982813
Wang,R.S.,Lu,Q.M.,Nakamura,R.,Huang,C.,Du,A.M.,Guo,F.,Teh,W.,Wu,M.Y.,Lu,S.,Wang,S.(2016).Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection.Nat.Phys.,12(3),263-267.https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3578
Wang,R.S.,Nakamura,R.,Lu,Q,M.,Baumjohann,W.,Ergun,R.E.,Burch,J.L.,Volwerk,M.,Varsani,A.,Nakamura,T.,…Wang,S.(2017).Electron-scale quadrants of the hall magnetic field observed by the magnetospheric multiscale spacecraft during asymmetric reconnection.Phys.Rev.Lett.,118(17),175101.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.175101
Yi,S.M.,Jhang,H.,Kwon,J.M.(2016).Gyrokinetic simulations of an electron temperature gradient turbulence driven current in tokamak plasmas.Phys.Plasmas,23(10),102514.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966206
Zhong,J.Y.,Lin,J.,Li,Y.T.,Wang,X.,Li,Y.,Zhang,K.,Yuan,D.W.,Ping,Y.L.,Wei,H.G.,…Zhang,J.(2016).Relativistic electrons produced by reconnecting electric fields in a laser-driven bench-top solar flare.Astrophys.J.Suppl.Ser.,225(2),30.https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/225/2/30
Zong,Q.G.,Fritz,T.A.,Pu,Z.Y.,Fu,S.Y.,Baker,D.N.,Zhang,H.,Liu,A.T.,Vogiatzis,I.,Glassmeier,K.H.,…Reme,H.(2004).Cluster observations of earthward flowing plasmoid in the tail.Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(18),L18803.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020692