V2V Channel Characterization and Modeling for Underground Parking Garages
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摘要
As an important part of the intelligent transportation system(ITS), vehicleto-vehicle(V2 V) communication will improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system by realizing the information transmission between vehicles.The underground parking garage is a typical scenario in V2 V communication, but as an indoor environment, it is different from the conventional outdoor road scenarios significantly.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and model the V2 V channel characteristics of an underground garage. In this paper,a novel channel measurement carried out in the underground garage is first introduced.Considering that there are a lot of obstacles in an underground garage, the non-line-of-sight(NLoS) condition is taken into account during the measurement. Then, channel characteristic parameters, including large-scale fading, delay spread, and K-factor, are analyzed based on the measured data. In addition, we also carry out channel angle of arrival analysis, show the distribution of azimuth of arrival(AOA)and elevation of arrival(EOA) of multipath components(MPC), and conduct a statistical analysis of the angular spread. In the process of analysis and modeling, we focus on the differences between line-of-sight(LoS) andNLoS conditions. The analysis and conclusions presented in this paper will enrich the understanding of V2 V channel and benefit the design of V2 V communications.
As an important part of the intelligent transportation system(ITS), vehicleto-vehicle(V2 V) communication will improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system by realizing the information transmission between vehicles.The underground parking garage is a typical scenario in V2 V communication, but as an indoor environment, it is different from the conventional outdoor road scenarios significantly.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and model the V2 V channel characteristics of an underground garage. In this paper,a novel channel measurement carried out in the underground garage is first introduced.Considering that there are a lot of obstacles in an underground garage, the non-line-of-sight(NLoS) condition is taken into account during the measurement. Then, channel characteristic parameters, including large-scale fading, delay spread, and K-factor, are analyzed based on the measured data. In addition, we also carry out channel angle of arrival analysis, show the distribution of azimuth of arrival(AOA)and elevation of arrival(EOA) of multipath components(MPC), and conduct a statistical analysis of the angular spread. In the process of analysis and modeling, we focus on the differences between line-of-sight(LoS) andNLoS conditions. The analysis and conclusions presented in this paper will enrich the understanding of V2 V channel and benefit the design of V2 V communications.
As an important part of the intelligent transportation system(ITS), vehicleto-vehicle(V2 V) communication will improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system by realizing the information transmission between vehicles.The underground parking garage is a typical scenario in V2 V communication, but as an indoor environment, it is different from the conventional outdoor road scenarios significantly.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and model the V2 V channel characteristics of an underground garage. In this paper,a novel channel measurement carried out in the underground garage is first introduced.Considering that there are a lot of obstacles in an underground garage, the non-line-of-sight(NLoS) condition is taken into account during the measurement. Then, channel characteristic parameters, including large-scale fading, delay spread, and K-factor, are analyzed based on the measured data. In addition, we also carry out channel angle of arrival analysis, show the distribution of azimuth of arrival(AOA)and elevation of arrival(EOA) of multipath components(MPC), and conduct a statistical analysis of the angular spread. In the process of analysis and modeling, we focus on the differences between line-of-sight(LoS) andNLoS conditions. The analysis and conclusions presented in this paper will enrich the understanding of V2 V channel and benefit the design of V2 V communications.
引文
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[16]J.Lee,“UWB Channel Modeling in Roadway and Indoor Parking Environments,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.59,no.7,2010,pp.3171-3180.
[17]J.Choi,et al.,“Empirical Ultra Wide Band Channel Model for Short Range Outdoor Environments,”2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference-VTC2007 Spring,Dublin,2007,pp.1579-1583.
[18]S.Phaiboon,“Propagation Path Loss Models for Parking Buildings,”2005 5th International Conference on Information Communications&Signal Processing,Bangkok,2005,pp.1348-1351.
[19]H.Okamoto,et al.,“Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation Loss Prediction in 800-MHz to 8-GHz Band for an Urban Area,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.58,no.3,2009,pp.1059-1067.
[20]R.Sun,et al.,“5-GHz V2V Channel Characteristics for Parking Garages,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.66,no.5,2017,pp.3538-3547.
[21]D.W.Matolak,et al.,“V2V channel characteristics and models for 5 GHz parking garage channels,”2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP),Lisbon,2015,pp.1-4.
[22]Jianzhi Li,et al.“Indoor massive multiple-input multiple-output channel characterization and performance evaluation.”Frontiers of Information Technology&Electronic Engineering 18.6(2017):773-787.
[23]Jianzhi Li,et al.,“Cluster-Based 3-D Channel Modeling for Massive MIMO in Subway Station Environment,”IEEE Access,vol.6,2018,pp.6257-6272.
[24]Mi Yang,et al.,“A Cluster-Based 3D Channel Model for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications,”2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China(ICCC),Beijing,China,2018,pp.741-746.
[25]Mi Yang,et al.,“Path Loss Analysis and Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications with Vehicle Obstructions,”2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing(WCSP),Hangzhou,China,2018,pp.1-6.
[26]Qi Wang,et al.,“Time-Variant Cluster-Based Channel Modeling for V2V Communications,”2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC),Kansas City,MO,2018,pp.1-6.
[27]Mi Yang,et al.“Measurement-Based Channel Characterization for 5G Wireless Communications on Campus Scenario.”ZTE Communications15.1,2017,pp.8-13.
[28]Ruisi He,et al.,“On the Clustering of Radio Channel Impulse Responses Using SparsityBased Methods,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.64,no.6,2016,pp.2465-2474.
[29]Ruisi He,et al.,“Characterization of quasi-stationarity regions for vehicle-to-vehicle radio channels,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.63,no.5,2015,pp.2237-2251.
[30]R.Sun,et al.,“Parking Garage Channel Characteristics at 5 GHz for V2V Applications,”2013IEEE 78th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTCFall),Las Vegas,NV,2013,pp.1-5.
[31]P.Bello,“Characterization of randomly time-variant linear channels,”IEEE Trans.Commun.Syst.,vol.CS-11,no.4,1963,pp.360-393.
[32]L.Bernadó,et al.,“Delay and Doppler Spreads of Nonstationary Vehicular Channels for SafetyRelevant Scenarios,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.63,no.1,2014,pp.82-93.
[33]J.Kunisch,et al.,“Wideband car-to-car radio channel measurements and model at 5.9 GHz,”Proc.IEEE 68th VTC-Fall,2008,pp.1-5.
[34]I.Tan,et al.,“Measurement and analysis of wireless channel impairments in DSRC vehicular communications,”Proc.IEEE ICC,2008,pp.4882-4888.
[35]Qi Wang,et al.,“Measurement-based massive MIMO channel characterization in subway station,”12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP 2018),London,2018,pp.1-5.
[36]Bei Zhang,et al.,“Measurement-Based Markov Modeling for Multi-Link Channels in Railway Communication Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,vol.20,no.3,2019,pp.985-999.
[37]Jianzhi Li,et al.,“Directional Analysis of Indoor Massive MIMO Channels at 6 GHz Using SAGE,”2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC Spring),Sydney,NSW,2017,pp.1-5.
[38]C.C.Chong,et al.,“Joint detection-estimation of directional channel parameters using the 2-Dfrequency domain SAGE algorithm with serial interference cancellation,”2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications.Conference Proceedings.ICC,vol.2,2002,pp.906-910vol.2.
[39]M.Matthaiou,et al.,“Characterization of an indoor MIMO channel in frequency domain using the 3D-SAGE algorithm,”2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications,June 2007,pp.5868-5872.
[40]J.A.Fessler,et al.,“Space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm,”IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,vol.42,no.10,1994,pp.2664-2677.
[41]J.Poutanen,et al.,“Parameterization of the COST 2100 MIMO channel model in indoor scenarios,”Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EUCAP),April 2011,pp.3606-3610.
[42]N.Czink,et al.,“Cluster angular spreads in a MIMO indoor propagation environment,”2005IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,vol.1,Sept 2005,pp.664-668.Biographies
[2]Ruisi He,et al.,“Geometrical based modeling for millimeter wave MIMO mobile-to-mobile channels,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.67,no.4,2018,pp.2848-2863.
[3]J.B.Kenney,“Dedicated Short-Range Communications(DSRC)Standards in the United States,”Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.99,no.7,2011,pp.1162-1182.
[4]Papathanassiou,A.,et al.,“Cellular V2X as the essential enabler of superior global connected transportation services.”IEEE 5G Tech Focus 1.2(2017):2017.
[5]Ruisi He,et al.,“A Kernel-power-density based algorithm for channel multipath components clustering,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,vol.16,no.11,2017,pp.7138-7151.
[6]Molisch,Andreas F,“Wireless communications,“Vol.34.John Wiley&Sons,2012.
[7]Ruisi He,et al.,“Clustering enabled wireless channel modeling using big data algorithms,”IEEE Communications Magazine,vol.56,no.5,2018,pp.177-183.
[8]A.F.Molisch,et al.,“A survey on vehicle-to-vehicle propagation channels,”IEEE Wireless Communications,vol.16,no.6,2009,pp.12-22.
[9]Ruisi He,et al.,“Mobility model-based non-stationary mobile-to-mobile channel modeling,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,vol.17,no.7,2018,pp.4388-4400.
[10]Matolak,David W,et al.,“V2V communication channels:State of knowledge,new results,and what’s next.”International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2013.
[11]Wang,Cheng-Xiang,et al.“A survey of 5Gchannel measurements and models.”IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials(2018).
[12]Ruisi He,et al.,“Vehicle-to-Vehicle Radio Channel Characterization in Crossroad Scenarios,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.65,no.8,2016,pp.5850-5861.
[13]Ruisi He,et al.,“Vehicle-to-Vehicle Propagation Models with Large Vehicle Obstructions,”IEEETransactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,vol.15,no.5,2014,pp.2237-2248.
[14]P.Liu,et al.,“Path Loss Modeling for Vehicleto-Vehicle Communication on a Slope,”IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.63,no.6,2014,pp.2954-2958.
[15]Ruisi He,et al.,“A dynamic wideband directional channel model for vehicle-to-vehicle communications,”IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,vol.62,no.12,2015,pp.7870-7882.
[16]J.Lee,“UWB Channel Modeling in Roadway and Indoor Parking Environments,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.59,no.7,2010,pp.3171-3180.
[17]J.Choi,et al.,“Empirical Ultra Wide Band Channel Model for Short Range Outdoor Environments,”2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference-VTC2007 Spring,Dublin,2007,pp.1579-1583.
[18]S.Phaiboon,“Propagation Path Loss Models for Parking Buildings,”2005 5th International Conference on Information Communications&Signal Processing,Bangkok,2005,pp.1348-1351.
[19]H.Okamoto,et al.,“Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation Loss Prediction in 800-MHz to 8-GHz Band for an Urban Area,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.58,no.3,2009,pp.1059-1067.
[20]R.Sun,et al.,“5-GHz V2V Channel Characteristics for Parking Garages,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.66,no.5,2017,pp.3538-3547.
[21]D.W.Matolak,et al.,“V2V channel characteristics and models for 5 GHz parking garage channels,”2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP),Lisbon,2015,pp.1-4.
[22]Jianzhi Li,et al.“Indoor massive multiple-input multiple-output channel characterization and performance evaluation.”Frontiers of Information Technology&Electronic Engineering 18.6(2017):773-787.
[23]Jianzhi Li,et al.,“Cluster-Based 3-D Channel Modeling for Massive MIMO in Subway Station Environment,”IEEE Access,vol.6,2018,pp.6257-6272.
[24]Mi Yang,et al.,“A Cluster-Based 3D Channel Model for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications,”2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China(ICCC),Beijing,China,2018,pp.741-746.
[25]Mi Yang,et al.,“Path Loss Analysis and Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications with Vehicle Obstructions,”2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing(WCSP),Hangzhou,China,2018,pp.1-6.
[26]Qi Wang,et al.,“Time-Variant Cluster-Based Channel Modeling for V2V Communications,”2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC),Kansas City,MO,2018,pp.1-6.
[27]Mi Yang,et al.“Measurement-Based Channel Characterization for 5G Wireless Communications on Campus Scenario.”ZTE Communications15.1,2017,pp.8-13.
[28]Ruisi He,et al.,“On the Clustering of Radio Channel Impulse Responses Using SparsityBased Methods,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.64,no.6,2016,pp.2465-2474.
[29]Ruisi He,et al.,“Characterization of quasi-stationarity regions for vehicle-to-vehicle radio channels,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol.63,no.5,2015,pp.2237-2251.
[30]R.Sun,et al.,“Parking Garage Channel Characteristics at 5 GHz for V2V Applications,”2013IEEE 78th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTCFall),Las Vegas,NV,2013,pp.1-5.
[31]P.Bello,“Characterization of randomly time-variant linear channels,”IEEE Trans.Commun.Syst.,vol.CS-11,no.4,1963,pp.360-393.
[32]L.Bernadó,et al.,“Delay and Doppler Spreads of Nonstationary Vehicular Channels for SafetyRelevant Scenarios,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.63,no.1,2014,pp.82-93.
[33]J.Kunisch,et al.,“Wideband car-to-car radio channel measurements and model at 5.9 GHz,”Proc.IEEE 68th VTC-Fall,2008,pp.1-5.
[34]I.Tan,et al.,“Measurement and analysis of wireless channel impairments in DSRC vehicular communications,”Proc.IEEE ICC,2008,pp.4882-4888.
[35]Qi Wang,et al.,“Measurement-based massive MIMO channel characterization in subway station,”12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP 2018),London,2018,pp.1-5.
[36]Bei Zhang,et al.,“Measurement-Based Markov Modeling for Multi-Link Channels in Railway Communication Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,vol.20,no.3,2019,pp.985-999.
[37]Jianzhi Li,et al.,“Directional Analysis of Indoor Massive MIMO Channels at 6 GHz Using SAGE,”2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC Spring),Sydney,NSW,2017,pp.1-5.
[38]C.C.Chong,et al.,“Joint detection-estimation of directional channel parameters using the 2-Dfrequency domain SAGE algorithm with serial interference cancellation,”2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications.Conference Proceedings.ICC,vol.2,2002,pp.906-910vol.2.
[39]M.Matthaiou,et al.,“Characterization of an indoor MIMO channel in frequency domain using the 3D-SAGE algorithm,”2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications,June 2007,pp.5868-5872.
[40]J.A.Fessler,et al.,“Space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm,”IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,vol.42,no.10,1994,pp.2664-2677.
[41]J.Poutanen,et al.,“Parameterization of the COST 2100 MIMO channel model in indoor scenarios,”Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EUCAP),April 2011,pp.3606-3610.
[42]N.Czink,et al.,“Cluster angular spreads in a MIMO indoor propagation environment,”2005IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,vol.1,Sept 2005,pp.664-668.Biographies