基于GIS和分形理论的城市蔓延度研究——以马鞍山市为例
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摘要
在快速城市化过程中,城市不断扩张而产生的蔓延现象与土地可持续发展紧密相关,合理控制城市蔓延度可以节约资源,促进城市内涵式发展。根据蔓延度内部机理和分形理论构建蔓延测度指标体系,采用GIS方法,通过分维数、空间稳定性等指数,以马鞍山市为例分析研究区城市蔓延度特征和时空差异。研究表明:(1)分形理论适用于城市蔓延度的定量研究;(2)从时间维度看,研究区内部不同区域间的蔓延趋势总体相似,但蔓延程度有所差异;(3)从空间维度看,蔓延度与分维数、建设用地破碎度呈正相关,与空间稳定性指数呈负相关。马鞍山市城市蔓延的机制是土地导向,经济发展是抑制过度蔓延的动力。
Urban sprawl is a form in the process of rapid urbanization in recent China.The urban expansion has led to urban sprawl.The sprawl phenomenon is closely related to sustainable land development;it affects the social,economic and environmental development.If urban sprawl is controlled reasonably,it can conserve resources and promote the city connotation development.The internal mechanism of sprawl and fractal theory was used to construct sprawl measurement indicator system,GIS means was applied to calculate the index,and spatial and temporal difference was analyzed through the fractal dimension and spatial stability index.This paper took the urban expansion of Maanshan City during 2005-2010 as a study case,and indicated that urban sprawl could be measured through growth configuration,urban growth efficiency and its impacts of urban growth.This study described the urban growth configuration based on fractal theory,and established an urban sprawl evaluation system with AHP on the basis of western experiences and approaches from sprawl mechanism and the traditional perspective of spatial pattern for measuring sprawl in Maanshan City,covering eight factors of irregular of land patches,patch fragmentation,clustering,concentration,elasticity index,economy,commuter and urban life quality,a total of 12 indices in all.Specifically,patch fractal dimension(D),patch shape index(LS),stability index(SK),fragmentation of built-up land(FC),leapfrog index(LF),compactness(C),the rate of change of the central area population density(PD),consumption of built-up land for construction per new population(PC),twenty-three production input-output coefficient(IO),built-up land and economic growth coefficient(CE),crowding level(CL)and residential density(RD) were developed for measuring the degree of urban sprawl.ArcGIS 9.3 was selected to analyze land-use data in order to calculate by weight sum of these 12 indices.The results show as follows.(1) The fractal theory was applied to study the quantitative research of sprawl degree.(2) During the study period,the sprawl degree of three districts in the study area was different,but the overall sprawl trend was similar.(3) The sprawl degree,fractal dimension and built-up land fragmentation were being related.It was negatively correlated with spatial stability index.Based on the result,we discussed the regional spatial differences of urban sprawl and some proposals were put forward from many aspects.The study area was further divided into 86 smaller regions,which selected street or village as a unit to calculate built-up land stability coefficient,fragmentation,the compact degree and the shape index of urban space.The built-up land fractal dimension was closer to 1.5.It indicated that the overall stability of the plaque was low,and the expansion ring in the study area was from the city center to the periphery;if it was closer to the city center area,the built-up land fragmentation was smaller,and the concentration of compact was higher;if it was away from the city center area,the built-up land fragmentation was larger,and the concentration of compact was lower.The SK,FC,CI and LS in the spatial distribution were similar to urban sprawl morphological characteristics.The mechanism of urban sprawl in Maanshan City was land-oriented.Economic development was one drive to suppress the urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl is a form in the process of rapid urbanization in recent China.The urban expansion has led to urban sprawl.The sprawl phenomenon is closely related to sustainable land development;it affects the social,economic and environmental development.If urban sprawl is controlled reasonably,it can conserve resources and promote the city connotation development.The internal mechanism of sprawl and fractal theory was used to construct sprawl measurement indicator system,GIS means was applied to calculate the index,and spatial and temporal difference was analyzed through the fractal dimension and spatial stability index.This paper took the urban expansion of Maanshan City during 2005-2010 as a study case,and indicated that urban sprawl could be measured through growth configuration,urban growth efficiency and its impacts of urban growth.This study described the urban growth configuration based on fractal theory,and established an urban sprawl evaluation system with AHP on the basis of western experiences and approaches from sprawl mechanism and the traditional perspective of spatial pattern for measuring sprawl in Maanshan City,covering eight factors of irregular of land patches,patch fragmentation,clustering,concentration,elasticity index,economy,commuter and urban life quality,a total of 12 indices in all.Specifically,patch fractal dimension(D),patch shape index(LS),stability index(SK),fragmentation of built-up land(FC),leapfrog index(LF),compactness(C),the rate of change of the central area population density(PD),consumption of built-up land for construction per new population(PC),twenty-three production input-output coefficient(IO),built-up land and economic growth coefficient(CE),crowding level(CL)and residential density(RD) were developed for measuring the degree of urban sprawl.ArcGIS 9.3 was selected to analyze land-use data in order to calculate by weight sum of these 12 indices.The results show as follows.(1) The fractal theory was applied to study the quantitative research of sprawl degree.(2) During the study period,the sprawl degree of three districts in the study area was different,but the overall sprawl trend was similar.(3) The sprawl degree,fractal dimension and built-up land fragmentation were being related.It was negatively correlated with spatial stability index.Based on the result,we discussed the regional spatial differences of urban sprawl and some proposals were put forward from many aspects.The study area was further divided into 86 smaller regions,which selected street or village as a unit to calculate built-up land stability coefficient,fragmentation,the compact degree and the shape index of urban space.The built-up land fractal dimension was closer to 1.5.It indicated that the overall stability of the plaque was low,and the expansion ring in the study area was from the city center to the periphery;if it was closer to the city center area,the built-up land fragmentation was smaller,and the concentration of compact was higher;if it was away from the city center area,the built-up land fragmentation was larger,and the concentration of compact was lower.The SK,FC,CI and LS in the spatial distribution were similar to urban sprawl morphological characteristics.The mechanism of urban sprawl in Maanshan City was land-oriented.Economic development was one drive to suppress the urban sprawl.
引文
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[14]孙萍,唐莹,罗伯特.梅森.国外城市蔓延研究综述[J].城市问题,2011(8):87-92.
[15]叶嘉安,黎夏.珠江三角洲经济发展、城市扩张与农田流失研究——以东莞市为例[J].经济地理,1999,19(1):67-72.
[16]蒋芳,刘盛和,袁弘.北京城市蔓延的测度与分析[J].地理学报,2007,62(6):649-658.
[17]王家庭,张俊韬.我国城市蔓延测度:基于35个大中城市面板数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(10):56-63.
[18]刘卫东,谭韧骠.杭州城市蔓延评估体系及其治理对策[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):418-425.
[19]LEROY G.Subsidizing sprawl:How economic developmentprograms are going away[J].Multinational Monitor,2003(10):9-12.
[20]冯科,吴次芳,韩昊英.国内外城市蔓延的研究进展及思考——定量测度、内在机理及调控策略[J].城市规划学刊,2009,180(2):38-43.
[21]朱晓华,李加林,杨秀春,等.土地空间分形结构的尺度转换特征[J].地理科学,2007,27(1):58-62.
[22]BAI X P.Study on the spatial pattern changes of land usebased on fractal dimensions in Tianjin New Coastal Area[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2011,12(6):879-882,919.
[23]孙栋元,赵成义,魏恒,等.基于分维模型的台兰河流域土地利用变化研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):218-222.
[24]龙静,胡宝清,刘占明.基于分形理论的区域喀斯特地区土地利用动态分析——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例[J].广西师范学院学报:自然科学版,2011,28(3):50-56.
[25]汪涛,黄子杰,吴昌广,等.基于分形理论的三峡库区土壤侵蚀空间格局变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(2):47-51.
[26]阿如旱,杨持,同丽嘎.基于分形理论的沙漠化土地空间结构——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):283-290.
[27]刘波,阮见,张红秀.分形理论在土地整理面积量算中的应用研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(6):63-65.
[28]詹庆明,徐涛,周俊.基于分形理论和空间句法的城市形态演变研究——以福州市为例[J].华中建筑,2010(04):7-10.
[29]许剑斌.基于分形理论建设用地的扩展研究——以福州市为例[J].资源与环境,2008(06):100-101,108.
[30]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:392-418.
[31]岳文泽,徐建华,司有元,等.分形理论在人文地理学中的应用研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2001,17(2):51-56.
[32]FRENKEL A,ASHKENAZI M.The integrated sprawl in-dex:Measuring the urban landscape in Israel[J].The Annalsof Regional Science,2008,42(1):99-121.
[2]何子张,邵斌.城市空间蔓延与空间政策分析——以南京为例[J].规划师,2006(02):73-76.
[3]王婧,方创琳.城市建设用地增长研究进展与展望[J].地理研究进展,2011,30(11):1440-1448.
[4]HASSE J E,RICHARD G L.Land resource impact indicatorsof urban sprawl[J].Applied Geography,2003,23:159-175.
[5]SOKHI B S,SHARMA N D,UTTARWAR P S.Satelliteremote sensing in urban sprawl mapping&monitoring—Acase study of Delhi[J].Journal of the Indian Society ofRemote Sensing,1989,17(3):57-69.
[6]ROBINSON L,NEWELL J P,MARZLUFF J M.Twenty-five years of sprawl in the Seattle region:Growth manage-ment responses and implications for conservation[J].Land-scape and Urban Planning,2005,71:51-72.
[7]TU J,ZONG G X,CLARKE K C,et al.Impact of urbansprawl on water quality in Eastern Massachusetts,USA[J].Environ Manage,2007,40:183-200.
[8]BULLARD R D,JOHNSON G S,TORRES A O.Sprawl city:Race,politics,and planning in Atlanta[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2000.
[9]POELMANS L,ROMPAEY A V.Detecting and modelingspatial patterns of urban sprawl in highly fragmented areas:Acase study in the Flanders-Brussels region[J].Landscape andUrban Planning,2009,93:10-19.
[10]LOPEZ R,HYNES H P.Sprawl in the 1990s:Measurement,distribution and trends[J].Urban Affairs Review,2003,3(8):25-55.
[11]GALSTER G,HANSON R,RATCLIFFE M R,et al.Wrestlingsprawl to the ground:Defining and measuring an elusive con-cept[J].Housing Policy Debate,2001,12(4):681-717.
[12]HASSE J E.Geospatial indices of urban sprawl in NewJersey[D].New Jersey:The State University of NewJersey,2002.
[13]POELMANS L,ROMPAEY A V.Detecting and modelingspatial patterns of urban sprawl in highly fragmented areas:Acase study in the Flanders-Brussels region[J].Landscape andUrban Planning,2009,93:10-19.
[14]孙萍,唐莹,罗伯特.梅森.国外城市蔓延研究综述[J].城市问题,2011(8):87-92.
[15]叶嘉安,黎夏.珠江三角洲经济发展、城市扩张与农田流失研究——以东莞市为例[J].经济地理,1999,19(1):67-72.
[16]蒋芳,刘盛和,袁弘.北京城市蔓延的测度与分析[J].地理学报,2007,62(6):649-658.
[17]王家庭,张俊韬.我国城市蔓延测度:基于35个大中城市面板数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(10):56-63.
[18]刘卫东,谭韧骠.杭州城市蔓延评估体系及其治理对策[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):418-425.
[19]LEROY G.Subsidizing sprawl:How economic developmentprograms are going away[J].Multinational Monitor,2003(10):9-12.
[20]冯科,吴次芳,韩昊英.国内外城市蔓延的研究进展及思考——定量测度、内在机理及调控策略[J].城市规划学刊,2009,180(2):38-43.
[21]朱晓华,李加林,杨秀春,等.土地空间分形结构的尺度转换特征[J].地理科学,2007,27(1):58-62.
[22]BAI X P.Study on the spatial pattern changes of land usebased on fractal dimensions in Tianjin New Coastal Area[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2011,12(6):879-882,919.
[23]孙栋元,赵成义,魏恒,等.基于分维模型的台兰河流域土地利用变化研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):218-222.
[24]龙静,胡宝清,刘占明.基于分形理论的区域喀斯特地区土地利用动态分析——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例[J].广西师范学院学报:自然科学版,2011,28(3):50-56.
[25]汪涛,黄子杰,吴昌广,等.基于分形理论的三峡库区土壤侵蚀空间格局变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(2):47-51.
[26]阿如旱,杨持,同丽嘎.基于分形理论的沙漠化土地空间结构——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):283-290.
[27]刘波,阮见,张红秀.分形理论在土地整理面积量算中的应用研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(6):63-65.
[28]詹庆明,徐涛,周俊.基于分形理论和空间句法的城市形态演变研究——以福州市为例[J].华中建筑,2010(04):7-10.
[29]许剑斌.基于分形理论建设用地的扩展研究——以福州市为例[J].资源与环境,2008(06):100-101,108.
[30]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:392-418.
[31]岳文泽,徐建华,司有元,等.分形理论在人文地理学中的应用研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2001,17(2):51-56.
[32]FRENKEL A,ASHKENAZI M.The integrated sprawl in-dex:Measuring the urban landscape in Israel[J].The Annalsof Regional Science,2008,42(1):99-121.
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