合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估
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摘要
[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalates,PAEs)及己二酸二(乙基己基)酯(DEHA)等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和己二酸二(乙基己基)酯(DEHA)],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60.22%和21.43%。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期>枯水期>平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0.80×10-6～2.72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2.95×10-3～1.04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99.0%～99.4%和92.8%～93.8%。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐限值,为可接受水平。
[Objective]To identify health risks to human beings caused by phthalates(PAEs) and di(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate(DEHA) in the source water and finished water in Hefei,China.[Methods]Water samples were collected from the Western Chaohu Lake and two municipal waterworks A and B(including source water and finished water) of Hefei in level,wet,and dry periods.The PAEs and DEHA in water samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS) combining solid-phase extraction technique,and a health risk assessment model recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)was used to quantitatively evaluate carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk by the way of drinking.[Results]Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP),dibutyl phthalate(DBP),dimethyl phthalate(DMP),diethyl phthalate(DEP),and DEHA were detected in all collected samples and well within the limits of the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality(GB 5749—2006).Among them,DEHP and DBP were major pollutants,which took 60.22% and 21.43% respectively on average.No obvious differences were found in selected plasticizers across different water periods.The highest total contamination level was found in the wet period,followed by the dry period and the level period.The carcinogenic risk estimated from the water samples was 0.80×10-6-2.72×10-6,and the non-carcinogenic risk was 2.95×10-3-1.04×10-2.DEHP was the leading contributor to the calculated carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks,accounting for 99.0%-99.4% and 92.8%-93.8% of contributions,respectively.[Conclusion]The source water and finished water in Hefei are polluted by PAEs and DEHA to various degrees of severity; however,the carcinogenic risk and the non-carcinogenic risk are at an acceptable level according to the US EPA's recommended limits.
[Objective]To identify health risks to human beings caused by phthalates(PAEs) and di(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate(DEHA) in the source water and finished water in Hefei,China.[Methods]Water samples were collected from the Western Chaohu Lake and two municipal waterworks A and B(including source water and finished water) of Hefei in level,wet,and dry periods.The PAEs and DEHA in water samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS) combining solid-phase extraction technique,and a health risk assessment model recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)was used to quantitatively evaluate carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk by the way of drinking.[Results]Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP),dibutyl phthalate(DBP),dimethyl phthalate(DMP),diethyl phthalate(DEP),and DEHA were detected in all collected samples and well within the limits of the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality(GB 5749—2006).Among them,DEHP and DBP were major pollutants,which took 60.22% and 21.43% respectively on average.No obvious differences were found in selected plasticizers across different water periods.The highest total contamination level was found in the wet period,followed by the dry period and the level period.The carcinogenic risk estimated from the water samples was 0.80×10-6-2.72×10-6,and the non-carcinogenic risk was 2.95×10-3-1.04×10-2.DEHP was the leading contributor to the calculated carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks,accounting for 99.0%-99.4% and 92.8%-93.8% of contributions,respectively.[Conclusion]The source water and finished water in Hefei are polluted by PAEs and DEHA to various degrees of severity; however,the carcinogenic risk and the non-carcinogenic risk are at an acceptable level according to the US EPA's recommended limits.
引文
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[27]周惠君,蒲灵子,韩宇,等.遵义市湘江河水源水DEP和DBP污染调查[J].遵义医学院学报,2011,34(5):523-525.
[28]陈济安,邱志群,舒为群,等.我国水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯污染现状及其生物降解研究进展[J].癌变.畸变.突变,2007,19(3):212-214.
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[31]王永杰,贾东红,孟庆宝,等.健康风险评价中的不确定性分析[J].环境工程,2003,21(6):66-69.
[2]CHARLES A S,PETERSON D R,PARKERTON T F.The environmental fate of phthalate esters:a literature review[J].Chemosphere,1997,35(4):667-749.
[3]IARC.Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs,Volumes1-105[EB/OL].http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php(/2012-6-28)[2012-7-28].
[4]US EPA.2011 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories,EPA/820-R-11-002[.EB/OL].http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dwstandards2011.pdf/2012/2012-11-06.
[5]裴赛峰,张昀,袁东,等.邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的环境污染及人体暴露水平[J].环境与职业医学,2008,25(3):306-309.
[6]胡雄星,韩中豪,刘必寅,等.邻苯二甲酸酯的毒性及其在环境中的分布[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(1):37-40.
[7]王立鑫,杨旭.邻苯二甲酸酯毒性及健康效应研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2010,27(3):276-281.
[8]陈炼钢,陈敏建,丰华丽.基于健康风险的水源地水质安全评价[J].水利学报,2008,39(2):235-240.
[9]李玲,田晓梅,张霞,等.宁夏地区饮用水中4种邻苯二甲酸酯类污染现状研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2010,27(11):984-986.
[10]陆洋,袁东星,邓永智,等.九龙江水源水及其出厂水邻苯二甲酸酯污染调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(9):703-705.
[11]王春,李晓东,杨自力,等.南通市饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯类含量调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(6):438-440.
[12]US EPA.Guidelines for Exposure Assessmen[tR].Washington,DC:EPA,1992.
[13]US EPA.Method 506 Determination of etermination of phthalate and adipate esters in drinking water by liquid-liquid extraction or liquid-solid extraction and gas chromatography with photoionzation detection[EB/OL].https://www.nemi.gov/methods/method_summary/4800/2012/2012-11-06.
[14]沈登辉,汤峰,张兵,等.固相萃取-气相质谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2013,23(3):532-534.
[15]单晓梅,沈登辉,陆蓓蓓,等.固相萃取-气质联用法测定水中己二酸酯类增塑剂[J].环境卫生学,2013,3(1):53-55;59.
[16]韩冰,何江涛,陈鸿汉,等.地下水有机污染人体健康风险评价初探[J].地质前缘,2006,13(1):224-229.
[17]US EPA.Risk Assessment Information System of United States.Environmental Protection Agency[.EB/OL].http://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/sulfate_f_V1.html,2012/2012-11-06.
[18]US EPA.Integrated Risk Information System[EB/OL].http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList,2012/2012-11-06.
[19]王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[20]段小丽,王宗爽,王贝贝,等.我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(9):1216-1220.
[21]US EPA.Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund-Vol.I,Human Health Evaluation Manual(Part D,Standardized Planning,Reporting and Review of Superfund Risk Assessments).[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ragsd/2001-12/2012-11-06.
[22]LEGAY C,RODRIGUEZ M J,SADIQ R,et al.Spatial variations of human health risk associated with exposure to chlorination by-products occurring in drinking water[J].J Environ Manage,2011,92(3):892-901.
[23]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[24]HALDEN RU.Halden.Plastics and Health Risks[J].Annu Rev Public Health,2010,31:179-194.
[25]姚海旭,李芊,郑贺,等.鞍山城区环境水中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定及结果分析[J].中国科技论文在线,2011,6(9):692-695.
[26]钟嶷盛,陈莎,曹莹,等.北京公园水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定及其分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2010,26(3):60-64.
[27]周惠君,蒲灵子,韩宇,等.遵义市湘江河水源水DEP和DBP污染调查[J].遵义医学院学报,2011,34(5):523-525.
[28]陈济安,邱志群,舒为群,等.我国水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯污染现状及其生物降解研究进展[J].癌变.畸变.突变,2007,19(3):212-214.
[29]PEIJNENBURG W J,STRUIJS J.Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands[J].Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,2006,63(2):204-215.
[30]CHEN L,ZHAO Y,LI L,et al.Exposure assessment of phthalates in non-occupational populations in China[J].Sci Total Environ,2012,427-428:60-69.
[31]王永杰,贾东红,孟庆宝,等.健康风险评价中的不确定性分析[J].环境工程,2003,21(6):66-69.
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