1860s以来巢湖沉积物金属元素富集特点及其对人类活动的指示意义
|
摘要
根据对巢湖CH1钻孔沉积物进行210Pb比活度测试和粒度、磁学、金属元素分析,在推算沉积速率并建立沉积物年代学标尺的基础上,分析了沉积物金属元素富集与粒度组成和磁学特性间的关系。在对沉积物金属元素含量进行粒度校正后,发现大约自沉积速率推算年代1860s A.D.起,沉积物Cu、Zn元素开始出现非自然水平富集,是化石燃料高温燃烧、金属冶炼与机械制造等人为活动影响所致。这与始自1861年,以生产枪炮、弹药、火轮船为主的中国近代第一个兵工厂———安庆内军械所,在时间上与可能的金属污染性质上是完全一致的,说明巢湖沉积物金属元素的非自然水平富集,是对这一时期区域工业发轫与人类工业活动的沉积响应。
Sample core CH1 with a length of 141 cm was drilled in the deepest part of Chaohu Lake by the Gravity Impact Core Sampler,and divided into 113 sediment samples in which a set interval is applied to pick about every 1 cm or 2 cm.We carried out the test and analysis of the core CH1 on the specific activity of 210Pb and 137Cs,magnetic parameters,granularities and 14 indicators of metal elements such as Cu,Zn,Al,Fe and so on.Based on the above study,the deposition rate is extrapolated with the specific activity of 210Pb and the chronological surveying rod of the deposit is built,then the relation between the enrichment of metal elements and the characters of granularity & magnetism is analyzed.It is found that there are remarkable correlations between the contents of metal elements such as Cu,Zn,Al,Fe and so on,and the value of clay contents,magnetic susceptibility,SIRM.According to grain-size effect correction of metal element contents with the mean value of metal element contents from the 10 samples at the bottom of core CH1 instead of soil background values of metal element around Chaohu Lake area,it is found that the contents of Cu and Zn in deposit have increased with unnatural levels since the 1860s AD.Based on the extrapolative age of deposition rate,which was closely related with the industrial activity such as the high temperature combustion of fossil fuel,metal smelting and machine facture and so on,it is thought that the result is caused by human activity impacts.This situation,not only temporarily but also in metal pollution characters,coincides with the establishment of Anqing Inner Armory in 1861,the first Chinese arsenal in modern time,which mainly produced firearm,ammunition and steamship.It is indicated that the enrichment of metal elements such as Cu,Zn and so on,with unnatural levels is the sedimentary response to the origin of Chaohu Lake regional industry in modern time and the human industrial activity.
Sample core CH1 with a length of 141 cm was drilled in the deepest part of Chaohu Lake by the Gravity Impact Core Sampler,and divided into 113 sediment samples in which a set interval is applied to pick about every 1 cm or 2 cm.We carried out the test and analysis of the core CH1 on the specific activity of 210Pb and 137Cs,magnetic parameters,granularities and 14 indicators of metal elements such as Cu,Zn,Al,Fe and so on.Based on the above study,the deposition rate is extrapolated with the specific activity of 210Pb and the chronological surveying rod of the deposit is built,then the relation between the enrichment of metal elements and the characters of granularity & magnetism is analyzed.It is found that there are remarkable correlations between the contents of metal elements such as Cu,Zn,Al,Fe and so on,and the value of clay contents,magnetic susceptibility,SIRM.According to grain-size effect correction of metal element contents with the mean value of metal element contents from the 10 samples at the bottom of core CH1 instead of soil background values of metal element around Chaohu Lake area,it is found that the contents of Cu and Zn in deposit have increased with unnatural levels since the 1860s AD.Based on the extrapolative age of deposition rate,which was closely related with the industrial activity such as the high temperature combustion of fossil fuel,metal smelting and machine facture and so on,it is thought that the result is caused by human activity impacts.This situation,not only temporarily but also in metal pollution characters,coincides with the establishment of Anqing Inner Armory in 1861,the first Chinese arsenal in modern time,which mainly produced firearm,ammunition and steamship.It is indicated that the enrichment of metal elements such as Cu,Zn and so on,with unnatural levels is the sedimentary response to the origin of Chaohu Lake regional industry in modern time and the human industrial activity.
引文
[1]Anderson D E,Goudie A S,Parker A G.Global Environments Through the Quaternary.Oxford:University,2007.
[2]Wagner B,Melles M,Hahne J,et al.Holocene climate history of Geographical SocietyΦ,East Greenland evi-dence from lake sediments.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,160:45~68.
[3]Dearing J A,Jones R T,Shen J,et al.Using multiple archives to understand past and present climate-human-en-vironment interactions:The lake Erhai catchment,Yunnan Province,China.Journal of Paleolimnology,2007,31,LO1512,doi:10.1007/s10933-007-9182-2.
[4]沈吉,杨丽源,羊向东,等.全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(2):130~138.
[5]羊向东,王苏民,沈吉,等.近0.3Ka来龙感湖流域人类活动的湖泊环境响应.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2001,31(12):1031~1038.
[6]张振克,吴瑞金,王苏民,等.岱海湖泊沉积物频率磁化率对历史时期环境变化的反映.地理研究,1998.17(3),297~302.
[7]Eddy J A.Past global Changes report:proposed implementation plans for research activities,Global Change Re-port,1992,19,Sweden,Stockholm,1~112.
[8]史威,马春梅,朱诚,等.太湖地区多剖面地层学分析与良渚期环境事件,地理研究,2008,27(5):1129~1138.
[9]Williams T M.A sedimentary record of the deposition of heavy metal and magnetic oxides in the Loch Dee basin,Galloway,Scotland,since c.AD 1500.The Holocene,1991,1(2):142~150.
[10]贾铁飞,戴雪荣,张卫国,等.全新世巢湖沉积记录及其环境变化意义.地理科学,2006,26(6):706~711.
[11]王心源,张广胜,张恩楼,等.巢湖湖泊沉积记录的早-中全新世环境演变研究.科学通报,2008,53(增刊Ⅰ):132~138.
[12]杨则东,晁玉珠,褚进海,等.巢湖淤积及其对水患形成的环境影响遥感分析研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2005,16(1):53~57.
[13]Appleby P G,Nolan P J,Gifford D W,et al.210Pb dating by low background gamma counting.Hydrobiologia,1986,143:21~27.
[14]Appleby P G,Oldfield F.Application of lead-210 to sedimentation studies.In:Ivanovich M,Harmon R S,eds.U-ranium-series Disequilibrium:Application to Earth,Marine,and Environmental Sciences.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1992.731~778
[15]姚书春,李世杰.巢湖富营养化过程的沉积记录.沉积学报,2004,22(2):343~347.
[16]Thompson R,Oldfield F.Environmental Magnetism.London:Allen and Unwin.1986,
[17]Oldfield F,Yu L.The influence of particle size variation on the magnetic properties of sediments from the north-eastern Irish Sea.Sedimentology,1994,41:1093~1108.
[18]陆敏,张卫国,师育新,等.太湖北部沉积物金属和营养元素的垂向变化及其影响因素.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):213~220.
[19]Loring D H,Rantala T T.Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulatematter.Earth Science Reviews,1992,32:235~283.
[20]Williams T P,Bubb J M Lester J N.Metal accumulation within salt marsh environments:A review.Marine Pol-lution Bulletin,1994,28(5):277~290.
[21]Scoullos M,Oldfield F,Thompson R.Magnetic monitoring of marine particulate pollution in the Elefsis Gulf,Greece.Marine Pollution Bulletin,1979,10:287~291.
[22]Zhang J,Liu C L.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering fea-tures,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,54:1051~1070.
[23]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究.环境科学,1991,12(4):12~19.
[24]夏东元.晚清洋务运动研究.成都:四川人民出版社,1985.
[25]王鹤鸣.安徽近代工业的发展过程及其特点.江淮论坛,1987,(6):28~33.
[26]秦政奇.安庆内军械所——中国近代兵器工业的开端.安徽史学,1992,(4):23~26.
[27]郑国良.安庆内军械所究竟设立于哪一年——孙编《中国近代工业史资料》“咸丰十一年说”质疑.安徽史学,1998,(3):59~60.
[28]袁首乐.安庆内军械所的产品和地点再析.历史教学问题,1995,(1):13~16.
[2]Wagner B,Melles M,Hahne J,et al.Holocene climate history of Geographical SocietyΦ,East Greenland evi-dence from lake sediments.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,160:45~68.
[3]Dearing J A,Jones R T,Shen J,et al.Using multiple archives to understand past and present climate-human-en-vironment interactions:The lake Erhai catchment,Yunnan Province,China.Journal of Paleolimnology,2007,31,LO1512,doi:10.1007/s10933-007-9182-2.
[4]沈吉,杨丽源,羊向东,等.全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(2):130~138.
[5]羊向东,王苏民,沈吉,等.近0.3Ka来龙感湖流域人类活动的湖泊环境响应.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2001,31(12):1031~1038.
[6]张振克,吴瑞金,王苏民,等.岱海湖泊沉积物频率磁化率对历史时期环境变化的反映.地理研究,1998.17(3),297~302.
[7]Eddy J A.Past global Changes report:proposed implementation plans for research activities,Global Change Re-port,1992,19,Sweden,Stockholm,1~112.
[8]史威,马春梅,朱诚,等.太湖地区多剖面地层学分析与良渚期环境事件,地理研究,2008,27(5):1129~1138.
[9]Williams T M.A sedimentary record of the deposition of heavy metal and magnetic oxides in the Loch Dee basin,Galloway,Scotland,since c.AD 1500.The Holocene,1991,1(2):142~150.
[10]贾铁飞,戴雪荣,张卫国,等.全新世巢湖沉积记录及其环境变化意义.地理科学,2006,26(6):706~711.
[11]王心源,张广胜,张恩楼,等.巢湖湖泊沉积记录的早-中全新世环境演变研究.科学通报,2008,53(增刊Ⅰ):132~138.
[12]杨则东,晁玉珠,褚进海,等.巢湖淤积及其对水患形成的环境影响遥感分析研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2005,16(1):53~57.
[13]Appleby P G,Nolan P J,Gifford D W,et al.210Pb dating by low background gamma counting.Hydrobiologia,1986,143:21~27.
[14]Appleby P G,Oldfield F.Application of lead-210 to sedimentation studies.In:Ivanovich M,Harmon R S,eds.U-ranium-series Disequilibrium:Application to Earth,Marine,and Environmental Sciences.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1992.731~778
[15]姚书春,李世杰.巢湖富营养化过程的沉积记录.沉积学报,2004,22(2):343~347.
[16]Thompson R,Oldfield F.Environmental Magnetism.London:Allen and Unwin.1986,
[17]Oldfield F,Yu L.The influence of particle size variation on the magnetic properties of sediments from the north-eastern Irish Sea.Sedimentology,1994,41:1093~1108.
[18]陆敏,张卫国,师育新,等.太湖北部沉积物金属和营养元素的垂向变化及其影响因素.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):213~220.
[19]Loring D H,Rantala T T.Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulatematter.Earth Science Reviews,1992,32:235~283.
[20]Williams T P,Bubb J M Lester J N.Metal accumulation within salt marsh environments:A review.Marine Pol-lution Bulletin,1994,28(5):277~290.
[21]Scoullos M,Oldfield F,Thompson R.Magnetic monitoring of marine particulate pollution in the Elefsis Gulf,Greece.Marine Pollution Bulletin,1979,10:287~291.
[22]Zhang J,Liu C L.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering fea-tures,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,54:1051~1070.
[23]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究.环境科学,1991,12(4):12~19.
[24]夏东元.晚清洋务运动研究.成都:四川人民出版社,1985.
[25]王鹤鸣.安徽近代工业的发展过程及其特点.江淮论坛,1987,(6):28~33.
[26]秦政奇.安庆内军械所——中国近代兵器工业的开端.安徽史学,1992,(4):23~26.
[27]郑国良.安庆内军械所究竟设立于哪一年——孙编《中国近代工业史资料》“咸丰十一年说”质疑.安徽史学,1998,(3):59~60.
[28]袁首乐.安庆内军械所的产品和地点再析.历史教学问题,1995,(1):13~16.
目录