巢湖沉积物中磷蓄积时空变化及人为污染定量评价
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摘要
研究了巢湖表层沉积物及西部湖心区沉积岩芯中总磷(TP)及NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)、HCl提取态磷(HCl-P)、有机磷(OP)含量变化,揭示了沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量时空变化特征.1850年以来,西部湖心区沉积岩芯中TP呈明显的3段式变化,1850～1950年,TP含量较为稳定;1950～1980年,TP含量逐渐增加;1980年以来,TP含量达到近150年来的最大值,平均为858.3 mg.kg-1.沉积岩芯中NaOH-P及OP含量变化趋势与TP一致,但NaOH-P所占TP质量分数在上述3个阶段中逐渐增加,OP所占TP质量分数相对稳定;沉积岩芯中HCl-P含量较为稳定,所占TP质量分数逐段降低.表层沉积物中NaOH-P与TP含量空间变化规律一致,总体上为西部湖区>东部湖区,北部湖区>南部湖区.采用地球化学方法对沉积物中磷含量"粒度效应"进行矫正,计算得到1850年以来上述3个阶段沉积岩芯中磷的人为污染贡献量平均分别为59.5、118.8、297.9 mg.kg-1;表层沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量为22.9～2 500.0 mg.kg-1,由西北部湖区向东南部湖区递减,与水体TP质量浓度变化趋势完全一致.人为污染贡献的磷主要以NaOH-P结合态蓄积于巢湖沉积物中.除了农业面源污染之外,通过南淝河输入的来自合肥等城市废水是西部湖区磷污染的主要"贡献者".
Content of phosphorus(TP) and three species(NaOH-P,OP and HCl-P) in the sediment core from the central region of west Chaohu Lake and surface sediments of the lake were determined.TP exhibited three stages variation in the sediment core over the last 150 years,which was with relatively constant values in 1850-1950,increased gradually in 1950-1980 and reached the maximum average values of 858.3 mg·kg-1 after 1980.Content of NaOH-P increased in parallel with that of TP.The percentage of NaOH-P increased gradually in the three stages.Content of OP also varied in parallel with that of TP,however,the percentage of OP was relatively constant in the three stages.HCl-P was with constant content over the last 150 years,but the percentage of which decreased more recently.In the surface sediment,NaOH-P and TP exhibited similar variation trends,which were with higher values in the west region of the lake than those in the east region and with higher values in the north region of the lake than those in the south region.Anthropogenic pollution of phosphorus in the core and surface sediments was quantified after the geochemical normalization for the compensation of "grain size effect".Anthropogenic phosphorus,mainly presented in the specie of NaOH-P,were 59.5 mg·kg-1,118.8 mg·kg-1 and 297.9 mg·kg-1 averagely during the three periods of 1850-1950,1950-1980 and after 1980 in the sediment core from the central region of west Chaohu Lake,and was 22.9-2 500.0 mg·kg-1 in the surface sediment.Content of anthropogenic phosphorus in surface sediment presented similar spatial variations of TP in the water,decreased to the southeast lake part away from the northwest region near Nanfei River mouth.We deduced that the discharge via Nanfei River of sewage from Heifei City should dominantly contribute the enrichment of anthropogenic phosphorus in the sediment of west Chaohu Lake in addition to the non-point agricultural sources.
Content of phosphorus(TP) and three species(NaOH-P,OP and HCl-P) in the sediment core from the central region of west Chaohu Lake and surface sediments of the lake were determined.TP exhibited three stages variation in the sediment core over the last 150 years,which was with relatively constant values in 1850-1950,increased gradually in 1950-1980 and reached the maximum average values of 858.3 mg·kg-1 after 1980.Content of NaOH-P increased in parallel with that of TP.The percentage of NaOH-P increased gradually in the three stages.Content of OP also varied in parallel with that of TP,however,the percentage of OP was relatively constant in the three stages.HCl-P was with constant content over the last 150 years,but the percentage of which decreased more recently.In the surface sediment,NaOH-P and TP exhibited similar variation trends,which were with higher values in the west region of the lake than those in the east region and with higher values in the north region of the lake than those in the south region.Anthropogenic pollution of phosphorus in the core and surface sediments was quantified after the geochemical normalization for the compensation of "grain size effect".Anthropogenic phosphorus,mainly presented in the specie of NaOH-P,were 59.5 mg·kg-1,118.8 mg·kg-1 and 297.9 mg·kg-1 averagely during the three periods of 1850-1950,1950-1980 and after 1980 in the sediment core from the central region of west Chaohu Lake,and was 22.9-2 500.0 mg·kg-1 in the surface sediment.Content of anthropogenic phosphorus in surface sediment presented similar spatial variations of TP in the water,decreased to the southeast lake part away from the northwest region near Nanfei River mouth.We deduced that the discharge via Nanfei River of sewage from Heifei City should dominantly contribute the enrichment of anthropogenic phosphorus in the sediment of west Chaohu Lake in addition to the non-point agricultural sources.
引文
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[13]王绪伟,王心源,封毅,等.巢湖沉积物总磷含量及无机磷形态的研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(4):56-59.
[14]张敏,谢平,徐军,等.大型浅水湖泊——巢湖内源磷负荷的时空变化特征及形成机制[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35(增刊Ⅱ):63-72.
[15]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
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[18]周慧平,高超,孙波,等.巢湖流域土壤全磷含量的空间变异特征和影响因素[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(6):2112-2117.
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[21]Yan Z Z,Gu H Y,Dai Y B,et al.Population,land use andenvironmental impacts in Shucheng County,Anhui Province,China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties[J].Environment andHistory,2009,15(1):61-78.
[22]Zhang H,Shan B Q.Historical distribution and partitioning ofphosphorus in sediments in an agricultural watershed in theYangtze-Huaihe region,China[J].Environmental Science andTechnology,2008,42(7):2328-2333.
[23]国家环境保护总局.“三河”“三湖”水污染防治计划及规划[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000.
[24]张培,吴开亚,金菊良,等.巢湖出入湖口的水质动态分析评价[J].水电能源科学,2011,29(5):29-33.
[25]周志华,刘丛强,李军,等.巢湖沉积物δ13Corg和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1338-1343.
[26]陈旭,羊向东,刘倩,等.巢湖近代沉积硅藻种群变化与富营养化过程重建[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(4):607-615.
[27]Scheffer M,Carpenter S R.Catastrophic regime shifts inecosystems:linking theory to observation[J].Trends in Ecologyand Evolution,2003,18(12):
[2]汤宝靖,陈雷,姜霞,等.巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(9):1867-1873.
[3]刘恩峰,沈吉,杨丽原,等.南四湖及主要入湖河流沉积物中磷的赋存形态研究[J].地球化学,2008,37(3):290-296.
[4]昝逢宇,霍守亮,席北斗,等.巢湖近代沉积物及其间隙水中营养物的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2010,20(10):2088-2096.
[5]戴纪翠,宋金明,李学刚,等.胶州湾沉积物中的磷及其环境指示意义[J].环境科学,2006,27(10):1953-1962.
[6]张路,范成新,朱广伟,等.长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(1):36-42.
[7]Dong L M,Yang Z F,Liu X H.Phosphorus fractions,sorptioncharacteristics,and its release in the sediments of BaiyangdianLake,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,179(1-4):335-345.
[8]Wang S R,Jin X C,Zhao H C,et al.Phosphorus fractions andits release in the sediments from the shallow lakes in the middleand lower reaches of Yangtze River area in China[J].Colloidsand Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2006,273(1-3):109-116.
[9]屠清瑛,顾丁锡,徐卓然,等.巢湖——富营养化研究[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1990.
[10]Shang G P,Shang J C.Spatial and temporal variations ofeutrophication in western Chaohu Lake,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,130(1-3):99-109.
[11]Smith V H,Tilman G D,Nekola J C.Eutrophication:Impacts ofexcess nutrient inputs on freshwater,marine,and terrestrialecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution,1999,100(1-3):179-196.
[12]方凤满,金高洁,高超.巢湖水环境质量时空演变特征及成因分析[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):178-182.
[13]王绪伟,王心源,封毅,等.巢湖沉积物总磷含量及无机磷形态的研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(4):56-59.
[14]张敏,谢平,徐军,等.大型浅水湖泊——巢湖内源磷负荷的时空变化特征及形成机制[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35(增刊Ⅱ):63-72.
[15]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
[16]Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al.Development of aharmonised phosphorus extraction procedure and certification of asediment reference material[J].Journal of EnvironmentalMonitoring,2001,3(1):121-125.
[17]杜臣昌,刘恩峰,羊向东,等.巢湖沉积物重金属富集特征与人为污染评价[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(1):59-66.
[18]周慧平,高超,孙波,等.巢湖流域土壤全磷含量的空间变异特征和影响因素[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(6):2112-2117.
[19]Liu E F,Yang X D,Shen J,et al.Environmental response toclimate and human impact during the last 400 years in TaibaiLake catchment,middle reach of Yangtze River,China[J].Science of the Total Environnent,2007,385(1-3):196-207.
[20]Sun Q L,Wang S M,Zhou J,et al.Sediment geochemistry ofLake Daihai,north-central China:Implications for catchmentweathering and climate change during the Holocene[J].Journalof Paleolimnology,2010,43(1):75-87.
[21]Yan Z Z,Gu H Y,Dai Y B,et al.Population,land use andenvironmental impacts in Shucheng County,Anhui Province,China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties[J].Environment andHistory,2009,15(1):61-78.
[22]Zhang H,Shan B Q.Historical distribution and partitioning ofphosphorus in sediments in an agricultural watershed in theYangtze-Huaihe region,China[J].Environmental Science andTechnology,2008,42(7):2328-2333.
[23]国家环境保护总局.“三河”“三湖”水污染防治计划及规划[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000.
[24]张培,吴开亚,金菊良,等.巢湖出入湖口的水质动态分析评价[J].水电能源科学,2011,29(5):29-33.
[25]周志华,刘丛强,李军,等.巢湖沉积物δ13Corg和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1338-1343.
[26]陈旭,羊向东,刘倩,等.巢湖近代沉积硅藻种群变化与富营养化过程重建[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(4):607-615.
[27]Scheffer M,Carpenter S R.Catastrophic regime shifts inecosystems:linking theory to observation[J].Trends in Ecologyand Evolution,2003,18(12):
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