安徽省石塘湖过去百余年湖水总磷浓度的定量重建
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摘要
湖水总磷浓度对湖泊富营养化有很好的预警作用,历史湖水总磷浓度的定量重建能揭示湖泊营养演化历史。依据安徽省石塘湖沉积物钻孔的高分辨率硅藻研究结果,结合长江中下游湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数模型,定量重建了其过去百余年来硅藻组合演替与历史湖水总磷浓度的变化过程。结果表明:石塘湖硅藻经历了从颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulate)优势组合(1867—1981年)向富营养属种高山直链藻(Aulacoseira alpigae)优势组合(1981年以来)的变化。1981年以前,水体ρ(总磷)为50～60μg.L-1,湖泊一直维持在中等营养水平;1981年之后水体ρ(总磷)呈现明显升高趋势(>100μg.L-1),硅藻组合以高山直链藻占绝对优势,同时伴有喜好富营养环境的属种如极微小环藻(Cyclotella atomus)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、谷皮菱形藻(Nitzschia palea)和汉斯冠盘藻(Stephanodiscus hantzschii)等的增加,标志着湖泊富营养化的发生。20世纪80年代以来,农业及城市生活污水排放、农业化学肥料的大量使用以及过度养殖是硅藻种群转变和富营养化发生的主要根源。增温在一定程度上也影响着硅藻群落变化和富营养化的加重。根据重建的硅藻-水体总磷浓度结果,提出石塘湖治理的营养物基准水体ρ(总磷)为60μg.L-1,为该湖整治和修复方案的制定提供可参考的目标,也为当地大量类似湖泊的治理提供重要参考。
Total phosphorous(TP) concentration is a good indicator of lake eutrophication,and quantitative reconstruction of the history of variation of TP concentration of water in the lake may reveal the history of nutrient evolution of the lake.Based on the high-resolution study of diatom fossil in drill cores of sediments in that lake coupled with the functional model for diatom-TP conversion for lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,succession of diatom composition in and history of nutrient evolution of the Shitang Lake was quantitatively reconstructed.Results show that diatom flora experienced change from Aulacoseira granulata-dominated composition(prior to 1981) to Aulacoseira alpigae-dominated one(after 1981).Prior to 1981,TP concentration remained around 50-60 μg·L-1,indicating a medium nutrition level,while after 1981,TP concentration increased rapidly to >100 μg·L-1,and the diatom community was dominated by A.alpigae accompanied with an increasing proportion of eutrophy-phil diatoms,such as Cyclotella atomus,Cyclotella meneghiniana,Nitzschia palea,Stephanodiscus hantzschii,which indicated the beginning of eutrophication of the lake.Since the 1980s increasing discharge of domestic sewage,application of chemical fertilizers and expansion of aquaculture have become the major causes of the eutrophication and the change in diatom flora.To a certain extent,the global warming is another contributor.On the basis of the findings,the TP of 60 μg·L-1 is proposed to be the baseline for management of eutrophication of the Shitang Lake.This study also offers reliable reference for setting up targets for management and remediation of the lake and a large number of similar lakes in this area.
Total phosphorous(TP) concentration is a good indicator of lake eutrophication,and quantitative reconstruction of the history of variation of TP concentration of water in the lake may reveal the history of nutrient evolution of the lake.Based on the high-resolution study of diatom fossil in drill cores of sediments in that lake coupled with the functional model for diatom-TP conversion for lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,succession of diatom composition in and history of nutrient evolution of the Shitang Lake was quantitatively reconstructed.Results show that diatom flora experienced change from Aulacoseira granulata-dominated composition(prior to 1981) to Aulacoseira alpigae-dominated one(after 1981).Prior to 1981,TP concentration remained around 50-60 μg·L-1,indicating a medium nutrition level,while after 1981,TP concentration increased rapidly to >100 μg·L-1,and the diatom community was dominated by A.alpigae accompanied with an increasing proportion of eutrophy-phil diatoms,such as Cyclotella atomus,Cyclotella meneghiniana,Nitzschia palea,Stephanodiscus hantzschii,which indicated the beginning of eutrophication of the lake.Since the 1980s increasing discharge of domestic sewage,application of chemical fertilizers and expansion of aquaculture have become the major causes of the eutrophication and the change in diatom flora.To a certain extent,the global warming is another contributor.On the basis of the findings,the TP of 60 μg·L-1 is proposed to be the baseline for management of eutrophication of the Shitang Lake.This study also offers reliable reference for setting up targets for management and remediation of the lake and a large number of similar lakes in this area.
引文
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[17]陈书琴,路杨,储昭升,等.破罡湖通江前后湖滨带夏季水生植物对比研究[J].生物学杂志,2009,26(3):10-12.
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[22]安徽省统计局.安徽统计年鉴2006[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2007:1-699.
[23]安庆市统计局.安庆统计年鉴2011[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2011:28-87.
[24]董旭辉,羊向东,王荣.长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性属种[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):570-574.
[25]顾宗濂.中国富营养化湖泊的生物修复[J].生态与农村环境学报,2002,18(1):42-45.
[26]卢松,陆林,凌善金,等.人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1):65-71.
[27]余瑞林,周葆华,刘承良.安庆沿江湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(6):522-526.
[28]陈旭,羊向东,董旭辉,等.近50年来环境变化对巢湖硅藻组合演替的影响[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(5):665-672.
[29]ANDERSON N J.Miniview:Diatoms,Temperature and ClimaticChange[J].European Journal of Phycology,2000,35(4):307-314.
[30]MATZINGER A,SCHMID M,VELJANOSKA-SARAFILOSKA E,et al.Eutrophication of Ancient Lake Ohrid:Global Warming Am-plifies Detrimental Effects of Increased Nutrient Inputs[J].Lim-nology and Oceanography,2007,52(1):338-353.
[31]JEPPESEN E,MOSS B,BENNION H,et al.Interaction of ClimateChange and Eutrophication[M]∥Climate Change Impacts onFreshwater Ecosystems.[s.l.]:Wiley-Blackwell,2010:119-151.
[2]GAO C,ZHANG T.Eutrophication in a Chinese Context:Under-standing Various Physical and Socio-Economic Aspects[J].AM-BIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,2010,39(5):385-393.
[3]刘静,杭小帅,梁斌,等.太湖湖区敏感水域水质时空变化特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):628-632.
[4]HECKY R,KILHAM P.Nutrient Limitation of Phytoplankton inFreshwater and Marine Environments:A Review of Recent Evi-dence on the Effects of Enrichment[J].Limnology and Oceanogra-phy,1988,33(4):796-822.
[5]NIXON S W.Coastal Marine Eutrophication:A Definition,SocialCauses,and Future Concerns[J].Ophelia,1995,41(1):199-219.
[6]XU H,PAERL H W,QIN B,et al.Nitrogen and Phosphorus InputsControl Phytoplankton Growth in Eutrophic Lake Taihu,China[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2010,55(1):420-432.
[7]范成新,王春霞.长江中下游湖泊环境地球化学与富营养化[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:26-34.
[8]董旭辉,羊向东.湖泊生态修复基准环境的制定:古生态学面临的机遇[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(6):974-984.
[9]秦伯强.长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(3):193-202.
[10]SMOL J P.The Power of the Past:Using Sediments to Track theEffects of Multiple Stressors on Lake Ecosystems[J].FreshwaterBiology,2010,55(Suppl.1):43-59.
[11]YANG X D,ANDERSON N J,DONG X H,et al.Surface SedimentDiatom Assemblages and Epilimnetic Total Phosphorus in Large,Shallow Lakes of the Yangtze Floodplain:Their Relationships andImplications for Assessing Long-Term Eutrophication[J].Freshwa-ter Biology,2008,53(7):1273-1290.
[12]SMOL J P,STOERMER E F.The Diatoms:Applications for theEnvironmental and Earth Sciences[M].Cambridge,UK:Cam-bridge University Press,2010:4-10.
[13]BENNION H.Surface-Sediment Diatom Assemblages in Shallow,Artificial,Enriched Ponds,and Implications for ReconstructingTrophic Status[J].Diatom Research,1995,10(1):1-19.
[14]陈旭,羊向东,刘倩,等.巢湖近代沉积硅藻种群变化与富营养化过程重建[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(4):607-615.
[15]张欢欢,艾裴.安庆石塘湖大量鱼蟹死亡[EB/OL].(2008-07-18)[2012-12-14].http:∥ah.anhuinews.com/system/2008/07/18/002068320.shtml.
[16]安庆市经济信息中心.让石塘湖成为真正的“凤水”[EB/OL].(2008-09-02)[2012-12-14].http:∥www.anqing.gov.cn/a/zhengwu/dongtai/jingji/2010/0701/16643.html.
[17]陈书琴,路杨,储昭升,等.破罡湖通江前后湖滨带夏季水生植物对比研究[J].生物学杂志,2009,26(3):10-12.
[18]BATTARBEE R W.Diatom Analysis[M]∥BERGLUND B E.Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology.Chich-ester,UK:Wiley,1986:527-570.
[19]KRAMMER K,LANG-BERTALOT H.Baeillariophyceae(l-4Teil)[M]∥ETTL H,GERLOFF J,HEYNIG H,et al.Susswasserfloravon Mitteleuropa.Stuttgart and Jena:Gustav Fischer Verlag,1986-1991.
[20]董旭辉,羊向东,王荣,等.长江中下游地区湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(1):1-12.
[21]JUGGINS S.Software for Ecological and Palaeoecologieal Data A-nalysis and Visualization.C2 Version 1.5 User Guide[CP].New-castle Upon Tyne,UK:Newcastle University,2007:1-73.
[22]安徽省统计局.安徽统计年鉴2006[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2007:1-699.
[23]安庆市统计局.安庆统计年鉴2011[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2011:28-87.
[24]董旭辉,羊向东,王荣.长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性属种[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):570-574.
[25]顾宗濂.中国富营养化湖泊的生物修复[J].生态与农村环境学报,2002,18(1):42-45.
[26]卢松,陆林,凌善金,等.人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1):65-71.
[27]余瑞林,周葆华,刘承良.安庆沿江湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(6):522-526.
[28]陈旭,羊向东,董旭辉,等.近50年来环境变化对巢湖硅藻组合演替的影响[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(5):665-672.
[29]ANDERSON N J.Miniview:Diatoms,Temperature and ClimaticChange[J].European Journal of Phycology,2000,35(4):307-314.
[30]MATZINGER A,SCHMID M,VELJANOSKA-SARAFILOSKA E,et al.Eutrophication of Ancient Lake Ohrid:Global Warming Am-plifies Detrimental Effects of Increased Nutrient Inputs[J].Lim-nology and Oceanography,2007,52(1):338-353.
[31]JEPPESEN E,MOSS B,BENNION H,et al.Interaction of ClimateChange and Eutrophication[M]∥Climate Change Impacts onFreshwater Ecosystems.[s.l.]:Wiley-Blackwell,2010:119-151.
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