芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价
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摘要
分析了不同人类活动方式下芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)含量差异,采用污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和沉积物质量基准(SQG)比较法对湿地土壤重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:6个样地土壤重金属含量只有Cd含量(0.76～3.67 mg/kg)显著超过土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995);6个样地土壤Cd和Cu含量与塘式水产养殖湿地、网式水产养殖湿地、垃圾倾倒地下游湿地和垃圾倾倒地土壤Pb和Zn含量超过土壤背景值,而6个样地土壤Ni和Cr含量与湖泊底泥和耕地土壤Pb和Zn含量未超标;土壤6种重金属综合污染指数为垃圾倾倒地下游湿地(25.4)>网式水产养殖湿地(25.3)>塘式水产养殖湿地(23.1)>垃圾倾倒地(19.2)>耕地(8.2)=湖泊底泥(8.2);土壤6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为网式水产养殖湿地(603.6)>垃圾倾倒地下游湿地(595.5)>塘式水产养殖湿地(538.4)>垃圾倾倒地(439.9)>耕地(145.6)>湖泊底泥(136.6)。土壤Cd含量高是导致湿地土壤重金属较高污染(Cd单项污染指数占综合污染指数:49%～76%)和存在严重潜在生态风险(Cd单项潜在生态风险指数占综合潜在生态风险指数:88%～96%)的关键元素。基于沉积物质量基准比较法的潜在风险评价结果表明湿地土壤存在Ni、Cd和Cu污染的中等潜在生态风险。
Ni,Cr,Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn contents in soil were analyzed,and the pollution index and the potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals were calculated to estimate soil pollution in the Longwo Lake Wetland in Wuhu City.The results showed that soil Cd contents(0.76~3.67 mg/kg) seriously exceeded soil quality standard(GB 15618-1995) in all 6 studied fields,while other heavy metal contents were under soil quality standard.Soil Cd and Cu contents in all 6 studied fields and soil Pb and Zn contents in pond fishery wetlands,net fishery wetlands,rubbish wetland and rubbish field exceeded soil element background contents,otherwise soil Ni and Cr contents in all studied fields and soil Pb and Zn contents in lake sediment and cultivated land were under soil element background contents.Pollution indices of all soil heavy metals in studied fields cultivated land decreased with the following tendency: rubbish dumping wetland(25.4)>net fishery wetland(25.3)>pond fishery wetland(23.1)>rubbish dumping field(19.2)>cultivated land(8.2)=lake sediment(8.2).Potential ecological risk indices of all the 6 soil heavy metals decreased with the tendency: net fishery wetland(603.6)>rubbish dumping wetland(595.5)>pond fishery wetland(538.4)>rubbish dumping field(439.9)>cultivated land(145.6)>lake sediment(136.6).Soil Cd was the key element inducing soil heavy metal pollution and serious potential ecological risks.Comparing to sediment quality guide line,soil Ni,Cd,and Cu induced a medium potential ecological risk in Longwo Lake Wetlands in Wuhu City.
Ni,Cr,Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn contents in soil were analyzed,and the pollution index and the potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals were calculated to estimate soil pollution in the Longwo Lake Wetland in Wuhu City.The results showed that soil Cd contents(0.76~3.67 mg/kg) seriously exceeded soil quality standard(GB 15618-1995) in all 6 studied fields,while other heavy metal contents were under soil quality standard.Soil Cd and Cu contents in all 6 studied fields and soil Pb and Zn contents in pond fishery wetlands,net fishery wetlands,rubbish wetland and rubbish field exceeded soil element background contents,otherwise soil Ni and Cr contents in all studied fields and soil Pb and Zn contents in lake sediment and cultivated land were under soil element background contents.Pollution indices of all soil heavy metals in studied fields cultivated land decreased with the following tendency: rubbish dumping wetland(25.4)>net fishery wetland(25.3)>pond fishery wetland(23.1)>rubbish dumping field(19.2)>cultivated land(8.2)=lake sediment(8.2).Potential ecological risk indices of all the 6 soil heavy metals decreased with the tendency: net fishery wetland(603.6)>rubbish dumping wetland(595.5)>pond fishery wetland(538.4)>rubbish dumping field(439.9)>cultivated land(145.6)>lake sediment(136.6).Soil Cd was the key element inducing soil heavy metal pollution and serious potential ecological risks.Comparing to sediment quality guide line,soil Ni,Cd,and Cu induced a medium potential ecological risk in Longwo Lake Wetlands in Wuhu City.
引文
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[15]马利民,唐燕萍,陈玲,等.Zn,Cu和Ni污染土壤中重金属的化学固定[J].环境化学,2009,28(1):96-88.
[2]王海东,方凤满,谢宏芳,等.芜湖市区土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(4):36-40.
[3]杨忠平,卢文喜,刘新荣,等.长春市城区表层土壤重金属污染来源解析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2009,22(5):29-33.
[4]谢小进,康建成,李卫江,等.上海宝山区农用土壤重金属分布于来源分析[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):769-774.
[5]余健,房莉,方凤满,等.芜湖市不同功能区土壤重金属污染状况与环境质量评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):210-213.
[6]王建华,吕宪国.城市湿地概念和功能及中国城市湿地保护[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(4):555-560.
[7]Hakanson L..An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic PollutionControl:A Sediment Ecological Approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[8]马建华,王晓云,侯千,等.某城市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J].地理研究,2011,30(3):486-495.
[9]方凤满,蒋炳言,王海东,等.芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属颗粒效应及其健康风险评价[J].地理研究,2010,29(7):1193-1202.
[10]GB15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].
[11]章明奎,王浩,郑顺安.不同土地利用方式下水塘底泥氮磷和重金属的积累及释放特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1391-1397.
[12]楚蓓,李取生,蔡莎莎,等.珠江口湿地土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].海洋环境科学,2008,27(3):250-252.
[13]范文宏,张博,陈静生,等.锦州湾沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生物毒性风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1000-1005.
[14]Long E.R.,Macdonald D.D.,Smith S.L.,et al.Incidence ofAdverse Biological Effects within Ranges of Chemical Concentrationsin Marine and Estuarine Sediments[J].Environmental Manage-ment,1995,19(1):81-97.
[15]马利民,唐燕萍,陈玲,等.Zn,Cu和Ni污染土壤中重金属的化学固定[J].环境化学,2009,28(1):96-88.
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