安徽省园地氮磷径流流失
摘要
茶园、桑园和葡萄园在安徽省分布面积较广,果园的施肥量一般较大,但利用率低,很大一部分氮、磷随地表径流流入水体,给水体污染带来严重威胁。研究安徽省园地径流氮磷流失规律,对于控制安徽省农业面源污染具有重要意义。研究采用径流池收集降雨径流的方法测算出安徽省园地在常规施肥条件下,总氮的年径流流失量为1.85～13.70kg/hm2,其中茶园为2.127kg/hm2,桑园为8.380kg/hm2,葡萄园为7.940kg/hm2;总磷的年径流流失量为0.202～1.770kg/hm2,其中茶园为0.261kg/hm2,桑园为0.263kg/hm2,葡萄园为1.148kg/hm2;总氮的径流流失率在0.049%～0.453%之间,总磷的径流流失率在0.046%～0.416%之间;且铵态氮和硝态氮是园地中氮素径流流失的主要形态,约占总氮的58%,大多数园地中磷素主要以可溶磷的形态径流流失,但在桑园中却只有29.77%的磷素以可溶磷的形态流失。
The distribution area of tea garden,mulberry field and grapery are broader in Anhui province.High fertilizer application with a low efficiency in garden plots resulted in nitrogen and phosphorus loss into the water through surface runoff,which caused a serious threat for water pollution.Therefore,to research the characteristic of N and P runoff loss from garden plots has important significance to control agricultural non-point source pollution.In this study,three representative garden plots were selected in Anhui province,to monitor and measure quantitatively the N and P runoff losses under the condition of conventional fertilization by building runoff ponds in farmland.The results showed that the annual runoff loss of total nitrogen was 1.85~13.70 kg/hm2 in garden plots under the condition of conventional fertilization,including which was 2.127,8.380,7.940 kg/hm2 in tea garden,mulberry field and grapery,respectively.The annual runoff loss of total phosphorus was 0.202~1.770 kg/hm2,including which was 0.261,0.263,1.148 kg/hm2 in tea garden,mulberry field and grapery,respectively.The runoff loss percentage of nitrogen fertilizer was between 0.049% and 0.453% and phosphorus fertilizer was between 0.046% and 0.416%.Meanwhile,about 58% of nitrogen was present in the form of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen,which were the main forms of nitrogen runoff loss from garden plots.Phosphorus runoff loss was mainly in the form of soluble phosphate in most garden plots,but only about 29.77% phosphorus runoff loss in the form of soluble phosphate in mulberry field.
The distribution area of tea garden,mulberry field and grapery are broader in Anhui province.High fertilizer application with a low efficiency in garden plots resulted in nitrogen and phosphorus loss into the water through surface runoff,which caused a serious threat for water pollution.Therefore,to research the characteristic of N and P runoff loss from garden plots has important significance to control agricultural non-point source pollution.In this study,three representative garden plots were selected in Anhui province,to monitor and measure quantitatively the N and P runoff losses under the condition of conventional fertilization by building runoff ponds in farmland.The results showed that the annual runoff loss of total nitrogen was 1.85~13.70 kg/hm2 in garden plots under the condition of conventional fertilization,including which was 2.127,8.380,7.940 kg/hm2 in tea garden,mulberry field and grapery,respectively.The annual runoff loss of total phosphorus was 0.202~1.770 kg/hm2,including which was 0.261,0.263,1.148 kg/hm2 in tea garden,mulberry field and grapery,respectively.The runoff loss percentage of nitrogen fertilizer was between 0.049% and 0.453% and phosphorus fertilizer was between 0.046% and 0.416%.Meanwhile,about 58% of nitrogen was present in the form of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen,which were the main forms of nitrogen runoff loss from garden plots.Phosphorus runoff loss was mainly in the form of soluble phosphate in most garden plots,but only about 29.77% phosphorus runoff loss in the form of soluble phosphate in mulberry field.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国统计局.中国统计年鉴2008[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2008.
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[6]李德荣,董闻达,王锋尖,等.红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施对磷素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):81-84.
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[15]葛德光.合肥举办葡萄节日出新招花样[J].中国果业信息,2007,24(8):37.
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[19]席运官,陈瑞冰,李国平,等.太湖流域坡地茶园径流流失规律[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):381-385.
[20]杨金玲,张甘霖.皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(3):34-37.
[2]郭辉.金融危机下的安徽蚕桑业发展思考[J].现代农业科技,2009(14):298-299.
[3]Lambertus L.Development and eutrophication[J].Water Science and Technology,1995,31(9):11-15.
[4]Oenema O,liere L V,Schoumans O.Effects of lowering nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in agriculture on the quality ofgroundwater and surface water in the Netherlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,304:289-301.
[5]钱晓雍,沈根祥,黄丽华,等.崇明东滩地区砂质旱田氮磷径流流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):11-14.
[6]李德荣,董闻达,王锋尖,等.红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施对磷素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):81-84.
[7]全为民,严力蛟.农业面源污染对水体富营养化的影响及其防治措施[J].生态学报,2002,22(3):291-299.
[8]王桂苓,马友华,孙兴旺,等.巢湖流域麦稻轮作农田径流氮磷流失研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):6-10.
[9]焦平金,许迪,王少丽,等.自然降雨条件下农田地表产流及氮磷流失规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(3):534-540.
[10]焦平金,王少丽,许迪,等.次暴雨下作物植被类型对农田氮磷径流流失的影响[J].水力学报,2009,40(3):296-302.
[11]朱普平,常志州,郑建初,等.太湖地区稻田主要种植方式氮磷径流损失及经济效益分析[J].江苏农业科学,2007(3):216-218.
[12]席运官,陈瑞冰,徐欣,等.太湖地区麦季氮磷径流流失规律与控制对策研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(5):106-109,113.
[13]杨庆.2009年安徽茶产业发展情况及2010年发展建议[J].茶叶通报,2010,32(2):51-53.
[14]安徽统计局.国家统计局安徽调查总队.安徽统计年鉴2008[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2008.
[15]葛德光.合肥举办葡萄节日出新招花样[J].中国果业信息,2007,24(8):37.
[16]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[17]晏维金,尹澄清,孙濮,等.磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(3):312-316.
[18]程文娟,史静,夏运生,等.滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失分析研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(5):52-55.
[19]席运官,陈瑞冰,李国平,等.太湖流域坡地茶园径流流失规律[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):381-385.
[20]杨金玲,张甘霖.皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(3):34-37.
目录