安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价
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摘要
为探究安庆市降尘重金属污染程度及存在的健康风险,在市区设置48个采样点采集降尘,分析降尘重金属含量结果表明:安庆市降尘中Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,As,Cd含量平均值分别为134.1,640,128.9,55.4,128.7,63.9,2.98mg/kg.富集因子分析显示:Ni和Cr为轻微富集,Cu,Pb,As的富集因子较高,Zn和Cd为极强富集,其富集指数分别达到10.25和29.53地积累指数评价平均生态危害表明:Cr和Ni属于轻度污染,Cu,Pb,As处于偏中度污染到中度污染之间,Zn属于中度污染,部分地区达到重度污染,Cd处于重污染到严重污染之间,其平均污染指数为5.07属于严重污染.手一口途径摄入是降尘重金属引起非致癌风险的最主要途径,总非致癌风险次序为As>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>Ni>Zn,其中手-口途径儿童As的暴露风险HQ_(ing)已达到2.72明显超出限值1,易对儿童健康造成危害其他金属风险均低于限值,不会对人们身体健康造成危害.降尘中的Ni,Cr,As,Cd通过呼吸途径不具有致癌风险.
In order to evaluate the contamination and health risk of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing,samples of atmospheric deposition were collected from 48 sampling sites respectively and their concentrations of heavy metals were determined.The results showed that the average contents of Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,As,Cd were 134.1,640,128.9,55.4,128.7,63.9,2.98mg/kg,respectively.According to the results,the enrichment factor score of Ni,Cr was close to 1,belonged to slightly enriched,while the enrichment of Cu,Pb,As was more serious,and Zn,Cd were extremely enriched,each enrichment factors were reach 10.25 and 29.53.The assessment results of geo-accumulation index of potential ecological risk indicated that the pollution of Cd in the atmospheric deposition of Anqing was classified as extreme degree and the average geo-accumulation index was 5.07,and that of Cu,Pb,As were between moderate and extreme degrees,and Ni,Cr as slightly uncontaminated,and Zn belonged to moderate pollution,some areas reach serious pollution.Health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metals in atmospheric deposition were mainly ingested by human bodies through hand-mouth ingestion.The order of non-cancer hazard indexes of heavy metals was As > Cr > Pb >Cu > Cd > Ni > Zn.The hand-mouth ingestion of As has reached 2.72 significantly exceeded the limits 1,easy to affect children's health.Other metals didn't exceed the limit of risk,and were not harmful for people's health.Elements such as Ni,Cr,As,Cd content in dust do not cause any cancer risk by inhalation.
In order to evaluate the contamination and health risk of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing,samples of atmospheric deposition were collected from 48 sampling sites respectively and their concentrations of heavy metals were determined.The results showed that the average contents of Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,As,Cd were 134.1,640,128.9,55.4,128.7,63.9,2.98mg/kg,respectively.According to the results,the enrichment factor score of Ni,Cr was close to 1,belonged to slightly enriched,while the enrichment of Cu,Pb,As was more serious,and Zn,Cd were extremely enriched,each enrichment factors were reach 10.25 and 29.53.The assessment results of geo-accumulation index of potential ecological risk indicated that the pollution of Cd in the atmospheric deposition of Anqing was classified as extreme degree and the average geo-accumulation index was 5.07,and that of Cu,Pb,As were between moderate and extreme degrees,and Ni,Cr as slightly uncontaminated,and Zn belonged to moderate pollution,some areas reach serious pollution.Health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metals in atmospheric deposition were mainly ingested by human bodies through hand-mouth ingestion.The order of non-cancer hazard indexes of heavy metals was As > Cr > Pb >Cu > Cd > Ni > Zn.The hand-mouth ingestion of As has reached 2.72 significantly exceeded the limits 1,easy to affect children's health.Other metals didn't exceed the limit of risk,and were not harmful for people's health.Elements such as Ni,Cr,As,Cd content in dust do not cause any cancer risk by inhalation.
引文
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[28]殷汉琴,周涛发,陈永宁,等.铜陵市大气降尘中Cd元素污染特征及其对土壤的影响[J].地质论评,2011,57(2):218-222.
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[30]王玉哲,阎秀兰,廖晓勇,等.焦化工业场地建筑物和生产设施表面Pb的赋存特征及健康风险[J].环境科学,2011,32(3):834-841.
[31]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1021-1028.
[32]MILLIER G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2:108-118.
[33]李凤菊,邵龙义,杨书申.大气颗粒物中重金属的化学特征和来源分析[J].中原工学院学报,2007,18(1):7-11.
[34]滕德智,何作顺.锌镉毒性研究进展[J].微量元素与健康研究,2012,29(1):51-53.
[35]SOUKUP D,BUCK B,GOOSSENS D,et al.Arsenic concentrations in dust emissions from wind erosion and off-road vehicles in the Nellis Dunes Recreational Area,Nevada,USA[J].Aeolian Research,2012,5:77-89.
[2]代杰瑞,祝德成,庞绪贵,等.济宁市近地表大气降尘地球化学特征及污染来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):40-48.
[3]Li H,Qian X,Hu W,et al.Chemical speciation and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city,Nanjing,SE China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,456:212-221.
[4]Abrahams P W.Soils:their implications to human health[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,291(1):1-32.
[5]张春荣,吴正龙,姚春卉,等.青岛市区大气降尘重金属对人体健康风险的评价[J].环境科学,2014,7:047.
[6]胡恭任,戚红璐,于瑞莲,等.大气降尘中重金属形态分析及生态风险评价[J].有色金属,2011,63(2):286-291.
[7]贾振邦,张宝权.应用地积累指数法评价太子河沉积物中重金属污染[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2000,36(4):525-530.
[8]李法云,胡成,张营,等.沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的环境影响与健康风险评价[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(6).
[9]杨孝智,陈扬,徐殿斗,等.北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):944-950.
[10]王晓云,马建华,侯千,等.开封市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属积累及健康风险[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(3):583-593.
[11]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[12]任春辉,卢新卫,李晓雪,等.宝鸡长青镇工业园区周围灰尘重金属污染特征及健康风险[J].地球与环境,2012,40(3):367-374.
[13]Gomez B,Palacios M A,Gomez M,et al.Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinum-group elements in the airborne particles and road dust of some European cities[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,299(1):1-19.
[14]Ferreira-Baptista L,De Miguel E.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:a tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[15]姜林,王岩,王军玲,等.场地环境评价导则[R].
[16]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Soil Screening Guidance:Technical Background Document[M].Washington,DC:Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,1996:1-447.
[17]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Super fund Sites[M].Washington,DC:Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,2002:1-106.
[18]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,(10):1171-1175.
[19]王喆,刘少卿,陈晓民,等.健康风险评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[20]陈兴仁,陈富荣,贾十军,等.安徽省江淮流域土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究[J].中国地质,2012,39(2):302-310.
[21]GAILEY F A,LLOYD O L L.Grass and surface soils as monitors of atmospheric metal pollution in central Scotland[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1985,24(1):1-18.
[22]杨孝智,陈扬,徐殿斗,等.北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):944-950.
[23]杨丽萍,陈发虎.兰州市大气降尘污染物来源研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):499-502.
[24]Manno E,Varrica D,Dongarra G.Metal distribution in road dust samples collected in an urban area close to a petrochemical plant at Gela,Sicily[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(30):5929-5941.
[25]陶俊,陈刚才,赵琦,等.重庆市大气TSP中重金属分布特征[J].重庆环境科学,2003,25(12):15-16.
[26]GB17930-1999车用无铅汽油[S].
[27]梅凡民,徐朝友,周亮.西安市公园大气降尘中Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Cd的化学形态特征及其生物有效性[J].环境化学,2011,30(7):1284-1290.
[28]殷汉琴,周涛发,陈永宁,等.铜陵市大气降尘中Cd元素污染特征及其对土壤的影响[J].地质论评,2011,57(2):218-222.
[29]BUAT-MENARD P,CHESSELET R.Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1979,42(3):399-411.
[30]王玉哲,阎秀兰,廖晓勇,等.焦化工业场地建筑物和生产设施表面Pb的赋存特征及健康风险[J].环境科学,2011,32(3):834-841.
[31]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1021-1028.
[32]MILLIER G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2:108-118.
[33]李凤菊,邵龙义,杨书申.大气颗粒物中重金属的化学特征和来源分析[J].中原工学院学报,2007,18(1):7-11.
[34]滕德智,何作顺.锌镉毒性研究进展[J].微量元素与健康研究,2012,29(1):51-53.
[35]SOUKUP D,BUCK B,GOOSSENS D,et al.Arsenic concentrations in dust emissions from wind erosion and off-road vehicles in the Nellis Dunes Recreational Area,Nevada,USA[J].Aeolian Research,2012,5:77-89.
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