安徽省化肥面源污染环境风险分析
|
摘要
为了深入了解化肥施用对农村生态环境的威胁,在综合考虑化肥施用强度、效率、生态安全标准、环境效应权数及作物复种指数等多种因素的基础上,构建了化肥面源污染环境风险评价指数模型,对安徽省化肥施用时空分异与面源污染环境风险进行研究。结果表明,2013年安徽省总化肥施用强度平均为853.6 kg·hm~(-2),化肥面源污染环境风险指数为0.72,总环境污染风险程度为中度;氮、磷、钾施用比例平均为1∶0.52∶0.49,氮、磷和钾3种单质肥料的环境风险指数分别为0.72、0.78和0.65,风险程度分别为中度、高度和低度,其空间分布具有明显的聚集效应。安徽省16个地级市目前普遍存在农田化肥过量施用的问题,区域差异大,分布规律比较明显。其中淮南为严重风险,蚌埠、六安、芜湖和铜陵4个地区为高度风险,其余各市为中度风险。
Anhui,being one of the major agricultural provinces in China,is faced with a series of environmental problems,of which non-point source pollution from chemical fertilizationin farmlands is one. In order to better understand the potential threats of fertilization to the rural ecosystem and agricultural sustainable development in Anhui Province,China,environmental risk assessment( ERA) of fertilization was conducted. An index model for environmental risk assessment of non-point source pollution from fertilization was established and spatio-temporal variation of fertilization and environmental risk of non-point source pollution from fertilization in Anhui was analyzed. Results show that in Anhui of 2013,the total chemical fertilization intensity was 853. 6 kg·hm~(-2) on average; the environmental risk index of the non-point source pollution from chemical fertilization was 0. 72; the total environmental pollution risk ranked moderate; N ∶ P ∶ K in fertilization was 1 ∶ 0. 52 ∶ 0. 49; the environmental risk index of N,P and K single-element fertilizers was 0. 72,0. 78 and 0. 65,respectively; the environmental risk of the three kinds of single-element fertilizers ranked moderate,serious and light,respectively; and their spatio-temporal distribution displayed an obvious aggregation effect. In the 16 prefecture-leveled cities,the problem of excessive fertilizationin farmlands existed universally. Though varying sharply from region to region in severity,it displayed a specific pattern of distribution. Environmental risk was very serious in Huainan,serious in Bengbu,Lu'an,Wuhu and Tongling,and moderate in the rest of the cities.
Anhui,being one of the major agricultural provinces in China,is faced with a series of environmental problems,of which non-point source pollution from chemical fertilizationin farmlands is one. In order to better understand the potential threats of fertilization to the rural ecosystem and agricultural sustainable development in Anhui Province,China,environmental risk assessment( ERA) of fertilization was conducted. An index model for environmental risk assessment of non-point source pollution from fertilization was established and spatio-temporal variation of fertilization and environmental risk of non-point source pollution from fertilization in Anhui was analyzed. Results show that in Anhui of 2013,the total chemical fertilization intensity was 853. 6 kg·hm~(-2) on average; the environmental risk index of the non-point source pollution from chemical fertilization was 0. 72; the total environmental pollution risk ranked moderate; N ∶ P ∶ K in fertilization was 1 ∶ 0. 52 ∶ 0. 49; the environmental risk index of N,P and K single-element fertilizers was 0. 72,0. 78 and 0. 65,respectively; the environmental risk of the three kinds of single-element fertilizers ranked moderate,serious and light,respectively; and their spatio-temporal distribution displayed an obvious aggregation effect. In the 16 prefecture-leveled cities,the problem of excessive fertilizationin farmlands existed universally. Though varying sharply from region to region in severity,it displayed a specific pattern of distribution. Environmental risk was very serious in Huainan,serious in Bengbu,Lu'an,Wuhu and Tongling,and moderate in the rest of the cities.
引文
[1]李秀芬,朱金兆,顾晓君,等.农业面源污染现状与防治进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(4):81-83.
[2]陈小锋,揣小明,杨柳燕.中国典型湖区湖泊富营养化现状、历史演变趋势及成因分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(4):438-443.
[3]唐晓燕,季斌,王丹丹,等.太湖流域农村生活源产排污系数测算的相关方法及问题分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(4):433-437.
[4]岳玉波,沙之敏,赵峥,等.不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014(12):1424-1432.
[5]夏小江,付伟,朱利群,等.江苏太湖地区不同种植模式下肥料投入与养分平衡分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(5):18-23.
[6]廖人宽,杨培岭,任树梅.高吸水树脂保水剂提高肥效及减少农业面源污染[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):1-10.
[7]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅰ:21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
[8]朱光旭,郭庆军,陈同斌,等.北京市南沙河沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2148-2153.
[9]简敏菲,徐鹏飞,熊建秋,等.鄱阳湖段湿地表土重金属污染风险及水生植物群落多样性评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(4):415-421.
[10]刘钦普.河南省化肥使用环境风险时空特征分析[J].生态经济,2014,30(10):175-178.
[11]刘钦普.中国化肥投入区域差异及环境风险分析[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3596-3605.
[12]安徽省统计局.安徽统计年鉴—2014[EB/OL].(2014-08-30)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.ahtjj.gov.cn/tjj/web/tjnj_view.jsp?str Col Id=13787135717978521&_index=1#.
[13]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2014中国统计年鉴[EB/OL].(2014-10-12)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/indexch.htm.
[14]贺锡泉.非突发性环境风险研究[J].中国环境科学,1990,10(3):218-223.
[15]张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.
[16]国家环境保护总局.关于印发《生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(修订稿)》的通知[EB/OL].(2007-12-26)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/zj/wj/200910/t20091022_172492.htm.
[17]赵建勋,程邁.安徽省肥料施用现状与对策[J].安徽农学通报,2011,17(1):102-103.
[18]高志红,陈晓远,林昌华,等.不同施肥水平对粤北坡岗地木薯干物质积累和产量的影响[J].广东农业科学,2011(4):70-72.
[19]农业部新闻办公室.科学施肥促进肥料利用率稳步提高,我国肥料利用率达33%[EB/OL].(2013-10-10)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201310/t20131010_3625203.htm.
[20]张文凯.安徽淮北小麦黄苗死苗现象与土壤养分含量和p H值的关系研究[J].河北农业科学,2010,14(4):53-54.
[21]代勇.长期施用化肥对土壤污染问题初探[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(4):73-74.
[22]安徽省环境保护厅.2013年安徽省环境状况公报[EB/OL].(2014-06-05)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.aepb.gov.cn/Pages/Aepb11_Show News.aspx?News ID=89591.2014.
[2]陈小锋,揣小明,杨柳燕.中国典型湖区湖泊富营养化现状、历史演变趋势及成因分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(4):438-443.
[3]唐晓燕,季斌,王丹丹,等.太湖流域农村生活源产排污系数测算的相关方法及问题分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(4):433-437.
[4]岳玉波,沙之敏,赵峥,等.不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014(12):1424-1432.
[5]夏小江,付伟,朱利群,等.江苏太湖地区不同种植模式下肥料投入与养分平衡分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(5):18-23.
[6]廖人宽,杨培岭,任树梅.高吸水树脂保水剂提高肥效及减少农业面源污染[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):1-10.
[7]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅰ:21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
[8]朱光旭,郭庆军,陈同斌,等.北京市南沙河沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2148-2153.
[9]简敏菲,徐鹏飞,熊建秋,等.鄱阳湖段湿地表土重金属污染风险及水生植物群落多样性评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(4):415-421.
[10]刘钦普.河南省化肥使用环境风险时空特征分析[J].生态经济,2014,30(10):175-178.
[11]刘钦普.中国化肥投入区域差异及环境风险分析[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3596-3605.
[12]安徽省统计局.安徽统计年鉴—2014[EB/OL].(2014-08-30)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.ahtjj.gov.cn/tjj/web/tjnj_view.jsp?str Col Id=13787135717978521&_index=1#.
[13]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2014中国统计年鉴[EB/OL].(2014-10-12)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/indexch.htm.
[14]贺锡泉.非突发性环境风险研究[J].中国环境科学,1990,10(3):218-223.
[15]张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.
[16]国家环境保护总局.关于印发《生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(修订稿)》的通知[EB/OL].(2007-12-26)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/zj/wj/200910/t20091022_172492.htm.
[17]赵建勋,程邁.安徽省肥料施用现状与对策[J].安徽农学通报,2011,17(1):102-103.
[18]高志红,陈晓远,林昌华,等.不同施肥水平对粤北坡岗地木薯干物质积累和产量的影响[J].广东农业科学,2011(4):70-72.
[19]农业部新闻办公室.科学施肥促进肥料利用率稳步提高,我国肥料利用率达33%[EB/OL].(2013-10-10)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201310/t20131010_3625203.htm.
[20]张文凯.安徽淮北小麦黄苗死苗现象与土壤养分含量和p H值的关系研究[J].河北农业科学,2010,14(4):53-54.
[21]代勇.长期施用化肥对土壤污染问题初探[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(4):73-74.
[22]安徽省环境保护厅.2013年安徽省环境状况公报[EB/OL].(2014-06-05)[2014-10-30].http:∥www.aepb.gov.cn/Pages/Aepb11_Show News.aspx?News ID=89591.2014.
目录