巢湖表层水体中DDTs农药的残留特征、来源解析与风险评价
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摘要
2009年8月采集了巢湖河流及湖泊表层水体共15个样点,利用固相萃取-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC-ECD)方法测定滴滴涕类(DDTs)农药的含量,分析了其残留特征、来源及风险.结果表明:1)巢湖丰水期DDTs含量范围为1.52-21.79ng/L,平均含量为9.98±4.73ng/L.2)DDT残留主要来自历史上工业DDTs农药的残留和其他o,p-′DDT/p,p-′DDT值较高的农药(如三氯杀螨醇)的使用,东部水源区主要是厌氧条件.3)物种敏感性分布评估模型(SSD)得到的全部物种的风险为8.3×10-15-2.1×10-8,各样点生态风险很小;DDT对所有物种、脊椎动物、无脊椎动物、鱼类、甲壳类和昆虫与蜘蛛的安全阈值分别为1.51、1.91、1.26、0.83、1.70和1.51;5%的水生生物物种受到影响时DDT超过毒性值的风险概率为24.5%,对脊椎动物、无脊椎动物、鱼类、甲壳类和昆虫与蜘蛛类的风险概率分别为15.6%、31.9%、17.5%、46.9%和18.7%.三种风险评价方式得到一致的结果,即巢湖DDT对无脊椎动物(如甲壳类)的生态风险大,而对脊椎动物(如鱼类)的生态风险小.4)用巢湖水饮用或者洗浴时,DDTs致癌风险均在百万分之一以下,风险很小;非致癌风险值均远远小于1,不会对人体产生明显非致癌健康危害.
The contents of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes(DDTs) in surface water from fifteen sampling sites in Lake Chaohu were measured by solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph-electron capture detector(SPE-GC-ECD).The DDTs residues,possible sources,as well as potential ecological and health risks were analyzed.The following results were obtained:1) the average content in the lake water was 9.98 ± 4.73 ng/L,with the range of 1.52-21.79 ng/L.2) The sources of DDT were mainly from historical usage of technical DDTs pesticides and recent usage of other pesticides with larger ratio of o,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDT(such as dicofol).The eastern water source area was mainly under anaerobic conditions.3) The water ecological risk to all species at various sample sites by Species sensitivity distribution(SSD) model was very low with the range of 8.3×10-15-2.1×10-8.Margin of safety(MOS10) of DDT for all species,vertebrates,invertebrates,fish,crustaceans and insects & spiders were 1.51,1.91,1.26,0.83,1.70,and 1.51.In case of 5% freshwater organisms affected,the risk probability of DDT exceeding HC5 for all the species,vertebrates,invertebrates,fish,crustaceans,and insects & spiders was 24.5%,15.6%,31.9%,17.5%,46.9% and 18.7%,respectively.The risk assessment results by three methods were with good agreement,showing that the ecological risk of DDT to invertebrates(e.g.crustaceans) was higher than that to vertebrates(e.g.fish),and that the DDT ecological risk was very low in Lake Chaohu.4) DDTs' carcinogenic risk was lower than 10-6,and its non-carcinogenic risk was far less than 1,implying that it would not cause significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk when using the lake water as drinking and bathing.
The contents of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes(DDTs) in surface water from fifteen sampling sites in Lake Chaohu were measured by solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph-electron capture detector(SPE-GC-ECD).The DDTs residues,possible sources,as well as potential ecological and health risks were analyzed.The following results were obtained:1) the average content in the lake water was 9.98 ± 4.73 ng/L,with the range of 1.52-21.79 ng/L.2) The sources of DDT were mainly from historical usage of technical DDTs pesticides and recent usage of other pesticides with larger ratio of o,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDT(such as dicofol).The eastern water source area was mainly under anaerobic conditions.3) The water ecological risk to all species at various sample sites by Species sensitivity distribution(SSD) model was very low with the range of 8.3×10-15-2.1×10-8.Margin of safety(MOS10) of DDT for all species,vertebrates,invertebrates,fish,crustaceans and insects & spiders were 1.51,1.91,1.26,0.83,1.70,and 1.51.In case of 5% freshwater organisms affected,the risk probability of DDT exceeding HC5 for all the species,vertebrates,invertebrates,fish,crustaceans,and insects & spiders was 24.5%,15.6%,31.9%,17.5%,46.9% and 18.7%,respectively.The risk assessment results by three methods were with good agreement,showing that the ecological risk of DDT to invertebrates(e.g.crustaceans) was higher than that to vertebrates(e.g.fish),and that the DDT ecological risk was very low in Lake Chaohu.4) DDTs' carcinogenic risk was lower than 10-6,and its non-carcinogenic risk was far less than 1,implying that it would not cause significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk when using the lake water as drinking and bathing.
引文
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[15]Sibali LL,Okonkwo JO,Zvinowanda C.Determination of DDTand metabolites in surface water and sediment using LLE,SPE,ACE and SE.B Environ Contam Tox,2009,83(6):885-891.
[16]赵炳梓,张佳宝,周凌云等.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究:Ⅰ表层残留量及其异构体组成.土壤学报,2005,42(5):761-768.
[17]Zheng XY,Liu XD,Liu WJet al.Concentrations and source identification of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in soilsfrom Wolong Natural Reserve.Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(5):743-751.
[18]Qiu XH,Zhu T,Yao Bet al.Contribution of dicofol to the current DDTpollution in China.Environ Sci Technol,2005,39(12):4385-4390.
[19]张颖,摆亚军,徐福留等.河北水库及湖泊沉积物中DDT农药的残留特征与风险评估.环境科学学报,2006,26(4):626-631.
[20]胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿.中国环境科学,2005,25(1):124-128.
[21]Hitch RK,Day HR.Unusual persistence of DDTin some western USA siols.B Environ Contam Tox,1992,48(2):259-264.
[22]Posthuma L,Traas TP,Suter GW.General introduction to species sensitivity distributions.In:Posthuma L,Traas TP,Suter GW eds.Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology.Florida:Lewis,2002:3-9.
[23]王印,王军军,秦宁等.应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.环境科学学报,2009,29(11):2407-2414.
[24]Solomon KR,Baker DB,Richards RPet al.Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters.En-vironmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1996,15(1):31-74.
[25]石璇,杨宇,徐福留等.天津地区地表水中多环芳烃的生态风险.环境科学学报,2004,24(4):619-624.
[26]US EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund(EPA/540/1-89/002).Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Re-medial Response,1989.
[27]万译文,康天放,周忠亮等.北京官厅水库水体中挥发性有机物健康风险评价.环境科学研究,2009,22(2):150-154.
[28]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook(EPA/600/8-89/043).Washington DC:Office of Research and Development USEPA,1989.
[29]陈炼钢.土壤地下水污染治理健康风险分析系统研究[学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006:12-15.
[30]陈炼钢,丰华丽,栾震宇等.三峡库区重庆段江水中POPs健康风险评价.中国水利学会第三届青年科技论坛论文汇编,2007:174-179.
[2]Frenich AG,Vidal JLM,Sicilia ADCet al.Multiresidue analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides inmuscle of chicken,pork and lamb by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.Analytica Chimica Acta,2006,558(1-2):42-52.
[3]Furst P,Furst C,Wilmers K.PCDDs and PCDFs in human milk-statistical evaluation of a 6-years survey.Chemosphere,1991,25(7-10):1029-1038.
[4]游远航,祁士华,叶琴等.土壤环境有机氯农药残留的研究进展.资源环境与工程,2005,19(2):115-119.
[5]Snedeker SM.Pesticides and breast cancer risk:A reviewof DDT,DDE,and dieldrin.Environ Health Persp,2001,109(Suppl 1):35-47.
[6]Turusov V,Rakitsky V,Tomatis L.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT):Ubiquity,persistence,and risks.EnvironHealth Persp,2002,110(2):125-128.
[7]Feng K,Yu BY,Ge DMet al.Organo-chlorine pesticide(DDT and HCH)residues in the Taihu Lake Region and itsmovement in soil-water system:I.Field survey of DDTand HCHresidues in ecosystemof the region.Chemosphere,2003,50(6):683-687.
[8]姚慧丽,王英辉,祁士华等.土壤-水环境系统有机氯农药地球化学特征.环境科学与技术,2008,31(6):4-7.
[9]Dua VK,Kumari R,Sharma VP.HCHand DDTcontamination of rural ponds of India.Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contam-ination and Toxicology,1996,57(4):568-574.
[10]Janiot LJ,Sericano JL,Roses OE.Chlorinated pesticide occurrence in the Uruguay River(Argentina-Uruguay).WaterAir and Soil Pollution,1994,76(3-4):323-331.
[11]Zhou RB,Zhu LZ,Chen YY.Levels and source of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Qiantang River,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,136(1-3):277-287.
[12]Yamashita N,Urushigawa Y,Masunaga Set al.Organochlorine pesticides in water,sediment and fish from the Nile Riverand Manzala Lake in Egypt.International Journal ofEnvironmental Analytical Chemistry,2000,77(4):289-303.
[13]张明,花日茂,李学德等.巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及其组成.应用生态学报,2010,21(1):209-214.
[14]Maskaoui K,Zhou JL,Zheng TLet al.Organochlorine micropollutants in the Jiulong River Estuary and Western XiamenSea,China.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,51(8-12):950-959.
[15]Sibali LL,Okonkwo JO,Zvinowanda C.Determination of DDTand metabolites in surface water and sediment using LLE,SPE,ACE and SE.B Environ Contam Tox,2009,83(6):885-891.
[16]赵炳梓,张佳宝,周凌云等.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究:Ⅰ表层残留量及其异构体组成.土壤学报,2005,42(5):761-768.
[17]Zheng XY,Liu XD,Liu WJet al.Concentrations and source identification of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in soilsfrom Wolong Natural Reserve.Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(5):743-751.
[18]Qiu XH,Zhu T,Yao Bet al.Contribution of dicofol to the current DDTpollution in China.Environ Sci Technol,2005,39(12):4385-4390.
[19]张颖,摆亚军,徐福留等.河北水库及湖泊沉积物中DDT农药的残留特征与风险评估.环境科学学报,2006,26(4):626-631.
[20]胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿.中国环境科学,2005,25(1):124-128.
[21]Hitch RK,Day HR.Unusual persistence of DDTin some western USA siols.B Environ Contam Tox,1992,48(2):259-264.
[22]Posthuma L,Traas TP,Suter GW.General introduction to species sensitivity distributions.In:Posthuma L,Traas TP,Suter GW eds.Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology.Florida:Lewis,2002:3-9.
[23]王印,王军军,秦宁等.应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.环境科学学报,2009,29(11):2407-2414.
[24]Solomon KR,Baker DB,Richards RPet al.Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters.En-vironmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1996,15(1):31-74.
[25]石璇,杨宇,徐福留等.天津地区地表水中多环芳烃的生态风险.环境科学学报,2004,24(4):619-624.
[26]US EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund(EPA/540/1-89/002).Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Re-medial Response,1989.
[27]万译文,康天放,周忠亮等.北京官厅水库水体中挥发性有机物健康风险评价.环境科学研究,2009,22(2):150-154.
[28]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook(EPA/600/8-89/043).Washington DC:Office of Research and Development USEPA,1989.
[29]陈炼钢.土壤地下水污染治理健康风险分析系统研究[学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006:12-15.
[30]陈炼钢,丰华丽,栾震宇等.三峡库区重庆段江水中POPs健康风险评价.中国水利学会第三届青年科技论坛论文汇编,2007:174-179.
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