松华坝水库流域非点源污染景观空间负荷
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摘要
为保障松华坝水库流域的饮水安全,促进滇池流域水污染的防治工作,本文以非点源污染为研究对象,通过专家打分法分析不同景观在该流域非点源污染形成中的贡献,并确定各"源"、"汇"景观的比重,以景观空间负荷对比指数为基础,分别从流域整体与各景观空间要素2个方面,定量研究了流域景观格局与非点源污染的关系。结果显示:(1)松华坝水库流域整体和各空间要素层面的4个景观空间负荷指数值均小于0.50,表明流域在整体和各景观空间要素层面,均属于"污染截留型"景观格局,即理论上由当前景观格局新产生并排出的非点源污染物极少;(2)坡度景观空间负荷指数>相对高程景观空间负荷指数>距离景观空间负荷指数,表明加强保护该流域中高海拔陡坡地带的"汇"景观,不仅可以防止形成新的"污染贡献型"景观格局,还可强化其隔离圈式"污染截留型"景观格局,有效阻挡流域中面积最大的"源"景观,位于中高海拔山区的旱地所产生的土壤和养分外流。
To ensure the drinking water safety of Songhuaba Reservoir and to promote the prevention and control of water pollution in Dianchi watershed, this study took the non-point source pollution as the research object. Through analyzing the contribution of the different landscape in the formation of non-point source pollution in the watershed, the weights of each‘source'and‘sink'landscape were characterized by expert evaluation method. The relationship between landscape pattern and non-point source pollution was identified quantitatively from the whole watershed and the three spatial factors levels(slope degree, relative elevation, and distance)by the location-weighted landscape index. The results showed that:(1) All of the location-weighted landscape indexes are less than 0.50, demonstrating that the watershed is the ‘pollutioninterception'landscape pattern in the current, no matter from the whole watershed or from the spatial factor levels. It means that there is few non-point source pollution out from the watershed outlet now, in theory.(2) The result of LWLI_(slope degree)>LWLI_(relative elevation)>LWLI_(distance)indicates that in this watershed, focusing on the protection of the‘sink'landscape on the high-altitude and steep slope zone could not only prevent the formation of new"pollution contribution"landscape pattern, but also could strengthen the existing landscape pattern of‘pollution-interception'in isolation circle.It could effectively block the outflow of soil and nutrients losing by the dry land. The dry land is the largest contributor to non-point source pollution load, is also the‘source'landscape with the largest area, and is located in the middle-high elevation and sloping fields in Songhuaba Reservoir watershed.
To ensure the drinking water safety of Songhuaba Reservoir and to promote the prevention and control of water pollution in Dianchi watershed, this study took the non-point source pollution as the research object. Through analyzing the contribution of the different landscape in the formation of non-point source pollution in the watershed, the weights of each‘source'and‘sink'landscape were characterized by expert evaluation method. The relationship between landscape pattern and non-point source pollution was identified quantitatively from the whole watershed and the three spatial factors levels(slope degree, relative elevation, and distance)by the location-weighted landscape index. The results showed that:(1) All of the location-weighted landscape indexes are less than 0.50, demonstrating that the watershed is the ‘pollutioninterception'landscape pattern in the current, no matter from the whole watershed or from the spatial factor levels. It means that there is few non-point source pollution out from the watershed outlet now, in theory.(2) The result of LWLI_(slope degree)>LWLI_(relative elevation)>LWLI_(distance)indicates that in this watershed, focusing on the protection of the‘sink'landscape on the high-altitude and steep slope zone could not only prevent the formation of new"pollution contribution"landscape pattern, but also could strengthen the existing landscape pattern of‘pollution-interception'in isolation circle.It could effectively block the outflow of soil and nutrients losing by the dry land. The dry land is the largest contributor to non-point source pollution load, is also the‘source'landscape with the largest area, and is located in the middle-high elevation and sloping fields in Songhuaba Reservoir watershed.
引文
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[15]包立,康宏宇,胡兴钢,等.昆明市松华坝水库流域氮磷非点源污染产生负荷估算[J].环境科学导刊,2015,34(3):1-6.[Bao L,Kang H Y,Hu X G,et al.The load estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus from non-point sources in the Songhuaba Reservoir Watershed[J].Environmental Science Survey,2015,34(3):1-6.]
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[18]杨树华,贺彬.滇池流域的景观格局与面源污染控制[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1998.[Yang S H,He B.Landscape Pattern and Non-point Source Pollution control in Dianchi Watershed[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press,1998.]
[2]沈光范.我国水污染防治战略与技术发展趋势[EB/OL].(2006-09-13)[2018-11-12].http://www.hbzhan.com/Tech_news/Detail/239.html.[Shen G F.Water Pollution Control Strategy and Technology Development Trend[EB/OL].(2006-09-13)[2018-11-12].http://www.hbzhan.com/Tech_news/Detail/239.html.]
[3]刘昌明,何希吾.中国21世纪水问题方略[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.[Liu C M,He X W.Water Problems Strategy of China in the 21st Century[M].Beijing:Science Press,1998.]
[4]尚广萍,尚金城.加强流域规划SEA,促进水资源与水环境问题的解决[C].北京:第一届环境影响评价国际论坛论文集,2005.[Shang G P,Shang J C.Strengthening Watershed Planning SEA,Improving the Solution for the Water Environment Problems[C].Beijing:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Environmental Impact Assessment,2005.]
[5]王金南,万军,张惠远,等.中国生态补偿政策评估与框架初探[A].庄国泰,王金南.生态补偿机制与政策设计国际研讨会论文集[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.[Wang J N,Wan J,Zhang H Y,et al.Policy Evaluation and Framework Discussion of Ecological Compensation Mechanism in China[A].Zhuang G T,Wang J N.International symposium proceedings of Ecological Compensation Mechanism and Policy Design[C].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006.]
[6]昆明市环保局.昆明市主城区集中式生活饮用水水源水质状况[EB/OL].(2018-10-29)[2018-11-12].http://www.kmepb.gov.cn/c/2018-10-29/2789082.shtml.[Kunming Environmental Protection Bureau.Water Quality Status of Centralized Drinking Water Source in Main Urban Area of Kunming[EB/OL].(2018-10-29)[2018-11-12].http://www.kmepb.gov.cn/c/2018-10-29/2789082.shtml.]
[7]刘楚文.松华坝水库水源区面源污染的防治[J].水资源保护,2007,23(6):23-27.[Liu C W.Non-point source pollution control in water source area of Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Water Resources Protection,2007,23(6):23-27.]
[8]孔桂芬.松华坝水库水质现状及变化趋势分析[J].云南环境科学,2006,25(S1):116-118.[Kong G F.Present situation and trend analysis of water quality in Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Yunnan Environmental Science,2006,25(S1):116-118.]
[9]陈利顶,傅伯杰,徐建英,等.基于“源-汇”生态过程的景观格局识别方法:景观空间负荷对比指数[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2406-2413.[Chen L D,Fu B J,Xu J Y,et al.Locationweighted landscape contrast index:A scale independent approach for landscape pattern evaluation based on"Source-Sink"ecological processes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(11):2406-2413.]
[10]陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武,等.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1444-1449.[Chen L D,Fu B J,Zhao W W,et al.Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5):1444-1449.]
[11]岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,等.不同尺度景观空间分异特征对水体质量的影响:以深圳市西丽水库流域为例[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):341-351.[Yue J,Wang Y L,Li G C,et al.The influence of landscape spatial difference on water quality at differing scales:A case study of Xili reservoir watershed in Shenzhen City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(12):341-351.]
[12]Chen L D,Tian H Y,Fu B J,et al.Development of a new index for integrating landscape patterns with ecological processes at watershed scale[J].Chin.Geogra.Sci,2009,19(1):37-45.
[13]李明涛,王晓燕,刘文竹.潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2296-2306.[Li M T,Wang X Y,Liu W Z.Relationship between landscape pattern and non-point source pollution loads in the Chaohe River Watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2296-2306.]
[14]范东文.昆明市松花坝水源保护区多学科综合考察与研究总报告[R].昆明:昆明市环境保护局,1988.[Fan D W.The General Report of Multidisciplinary Investigation and Research of Songhuaba Water Source Protection Area in Kunming[R].Kunming:Kunming Environmental Protection Bureau,1988.]
[15]包立,康宏宇,胡兴钢,等.昆明市松华坝水库流域氮磷非点源污染产生负荷估算[J].环境科学导刊,2015,34(3):1-6.[Bao L,Kang H Y,Hu X G,et al.The load estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus from non-point sources in the Songhuaba Reservoir Watershed[J].Environmental Science Survey,2015,34(3):1-6.]
[16]伍立群,顾世祥.滇中水资源研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2005.[Wu L Q,Gu S X.Water Resources Research in Central Yunnan[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press,2005.]
[17]中华人民共和国国土资源部.中华人民共和国土地管理行业标准-县级土地利用总体规划编制规程[EB/OL].(2010-06-27)[2018-11-12].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/97ba9664caaedd3383c4d347.html.[Land and Resources Ministry of the People's Republic of China.Industrial Standards for Land Administration of the People's Republic of China:Regulations for the Compilation of General Plans for Land Use at the County Level[EB/OL].(2010-06-27)[2018-11-12].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/97ba9664ca aedd3383c4d347.html.]
[18]杨树华,贺彬.滇池流域的景观格局与面源污染控制[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1998.[Yang S H,He B.Landscape Pattern and Non-point Source Pollution control in Dianchi Watershed[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press,1998.]