动作技能学习“窗口期”及理论建构——基于一体化体育课程建设的核心理论
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摘要
基于人的动作发展规律、认知发展规律、身体发育规律、身体素质发展敏感期、运动技能形成规律以及体育课程教学实践的需要等,提出了动作技能学习"窗口期"的概念;建构了动作技能学习"窗口期"理论框架,包含存在形式、本质特征、内部规律三层结构体系,其中,存在形式是年龄段即窗口期,本质特征包含稳定性、递进性和叠加性,内部规律包含稳定性是按发展匹配度确立,递进性是据动作难易度排列,叠加性是依功能重合度定位。动作技能学习"窗口期"及理论为破解一体化体育课程体系建设的理论难题提供指导,为进一步深化体育课程教学一体化改革提供理论保障。
Based on human movement development laws, cognition development laws, body development laws,physical quality development sensitive periods, movement skill formation laws, and the needs of physical education course teaching practice, etc, the author put forward the concept of the "window period" of movement skill learning;established the theoretical framework of the "window period" of movement skill learning, which includes a structural system with three layers: the existence form, essential characteristics and internal laws, in which, the existence form is the age group, i.e. the window period; essential characteristics include stability, progression and superposition; included in internal laws, stability is established according to the degree of development matching, progression is arranged according to the degree of movement difficulty, superposition is oriented according to the degree of function coincidence. The "window period" of movement skill learning and its theory provide guidance for solving theoretical conundrums in the construction of the integrated physical education curriculum system, and provide theoretical assurance for further deepening the reform of physical education course teaching integration.
Based on human movement development laws, cognition development laws, body development laws,physical quality development sensitive periods, movement skill formation laws, and the needs of physical education course teaching practice, etc, the author put forward the concept of the "window period" of movement skill learning;established the theoretical framework of the "window period" of movement skill learning, which includes a structural system with three layers: the existence form, essential characteristics and internal laws, in which, the existence form is the age group, i.e. the window period; essential characteristics include stability, progression and superposition; included in internal laws, stability is established according to the degree of development matching, progression is arranged according to the degree of movement difficulty, superposition is oriented according to the degree of function coincidence. The "window period" of movement skill learning and its theory provide guidance for solving theoretical conundrums in the construction of the integrated physical education curriculum system, and provide theoretical assurance for further deepening the reform of physical education course teaching integration.
引文
[1]卓金源,米靖,苏士强.“敏感期”是否对训练敏感:不同年龄段青少年力量训练效果的实验研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2015,38(10):139-145.
[2]袁圣敏,吴键.中国儿童青少年1985-2010年速度素质发展敏感期变化[J].中国学校卫生,2018(2):304-306.
[3]吴键,向静文,袁圣敏.中国1985-2010年儿童青少年爆发力素质发展敏感期变化[J].中国学校卫生,2018(8):1132-1134.
[4]周国海,季浏,尹小俭.儿童青少年体能发展敏感期相关热点问题[J].成都体育学院学报,2016,42(6):114-120.
[5]邓淑珍,常利涛.云南省少数民族学生身体素质敏感期研究[J].中国学校卫生,2016(5):651-653+657.
[6]易妍.吉林省青少年学生身体素质发展敏感期的研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2012.
[7]MARC H B.Sensitive periods in development:Structural characteristics and causal interpretations[J].Psychological Bulletin,1989,105(2):179-197.
[8]PATRICK B.How do sensitive periods arise and what are they for?[J].Anim Behav,1979,27:470-486.
[9]CLARKE H H,DEGUTIS E W.Comparison of skeletal age and various physical and motor factors with the pubescent development of 10,13,and 16 year old boys[J].The Research Quarterly,1961,33(3):356-368.
[10]EDWARDS.The science behind the genius[J].Applied Developmental Psychology,2006,27:183-187.
[11]FLATTERS I,HILL L J B,WILLIAMS J H G,et al.Manual control age and Sex differences in 4 to 11year old children[J].PLOS ONE,2014,9(2):1-12.
[12]ATKO V,JAAN L,MAARIKE H,et al.Critical periods in the development of performance capacity during childhood and adolescence[J].European Journal of Physical Education,1999,4:75-119.
[13]田麦久,刘爱杰.聚焦“跨项选材”:我国运动员选拔培养路径的建设与反思[J].体育学研究,2018(5):69-77.
[14]刘卫民,秦更生.相对年龄效应对运动员选材与发展影响的元分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2012,36(6):67-71.
[15]刘卫民,王健.运动员选材过程的反思与重构[J].北京体育大学学报,2015,38(9):123-129+135.
[16]杨建军,阎智力.运动员科学选材的人类学研究及展望[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2017(5):6-10.
[17]STEPHEN M R.Critical overview of applications of genetic testing in sport talent identification[J].Recent Patents on DNA&Gene Sequences,2012,6(3):247-255.
[18]ANGELA A,CHRIS B,GERT-JAN P,et al.Unnatural selection:Talent identification and development in sport[J].Nonlinear Dynamics,Psychology,and Life Sciences,2005,9(1):61-88.
[19]SARAH B,SUZAN T PERIKLES S.Conventional and genetic talent identification in sports:Will recent developments trace talent?[J].Sports Med,2014,44(11):1489-1503.
[20]ADAM M,ADAM Z,IGOR R.A neural network model approach to athlete selection[J].Sports Engineering,2011,13(2):83-93.
[21]ROEL V,MATTHIEU,WILLIAMS A M,et al.Talent identification and development programmes in sport[J].Sports Med,2008,38(9):703-714.
[22]于素梅.论一体化课程建设对学校体育发展的促进[J].体育学刊,2019,26(1):9-12.
[23]国务院办公厅关于强化学校体育促进学生身心健康全面发展的意见(国办发[2016]27号)[EB/OL].(2016-05-06)[2019-04-30].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-05/06/content_5070778.htm.
[24]中共中央国务院关于加强青少年体育增强青少年体质的意见[EB/OL].(2007-05-24)[2019-04-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-05/24/content_625090.htm.
[25]于素梅,毛振明.“前自动化阶段”存在的必然性分析[J].西安体育学院学报,2009,26(1):107-111.
[26]于素梅,毛振明.体育学法论[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2009.
[27]教育部办公厅关于开展“体育、艺术2+1项目”实验工作的通知(教体厅函[2004]33号).
[28]宁科.幼儿大肌肉动作发展特征及教学指导策略研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2017.
[29]杨龙祥.皮亚杰认知发展阶段理论下的学前教育思考[J].牡丹江教育学院学报,2015(10):51-52.
[30]靳乐乐.儿童少年身体素质发育规律视角下早期田径训练探析[J].体育师友,2017(2):29-30.
[31]郝传旭.新型体能训练手段改善初中生身体素质的实验探索[D].成都:成都体育学院,2018.
[32]王伟杰.儿童青少年身体素质敏感期的变化特点[D].北京:北京体育大学,2015.
[33]刘传勋.从运动技能形成的规律探究体育教学[J]淮南师范学院学报,2006(4):116-117.
[2]袁圣敏,吴键.中国儿童青少年1985-2010年速度素质发展敏感期变化[J].中国学校卫生,2018(2):304-306.
[3]吴键,向静文,袁圣敏.中国1985-2010年儿童青少年爆发力素质发展敏感期变化[J].中国学校卫生,2018(8):1132-1134.
[4]周国海,季浏,尹小俭.儿童青少年体能发展敏感期相关热点问题[J].成都体育学院学报,2016,42(6):114-120.
[5]邓淑珍,常利涛.云南省少数民族学生身体素质敏感期研究[J].中国学校卫生,2016(5):651-653+657.
[6]易妍.吉林省青少年学生身体素质发展敏感期的研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2012.
[7]MARC H B.Sensitive periods in development:Structural characteristics and causal interpretations[J].Psychological Bulletin,1989,105(2):179-197.
[8]PATRICK B.How do sensitive periods arise and what are they for?[J].Anim Behav,1979,27:470-486.
[9]CLARKE H H,DEGUTIS E W.Comparison of skeletal age and various physical and motor factors with the pubescent development of 10,13,and 16 year old boys[J].The Research Quarterly,1961,33(3):356-368.
[10]EDWARDS.The science behind the genius[J].Applied Developmental Psychology,2006,27:183-187.
[11]FLATTERS I,HILL L J B,WILLIAMS J H G,et al.Manual control age and Sex differences in 4 to 11year old children[J].PLOS ONE,2014,9(2):1-12.
[12]ATKO V,JAAN L,MAARIKE H,et al.Critical periods in the development of performance capacity during childhood and adolescence[J].European Journal of Physical Education,1999,4:75-119.
[13]田麦久,刘爱杰.聚焦“跨项选材”:我国运动员选拔培养路径的建设与反思[J].体育学研究,2018(5):69-77.
[14]刘卫民,秦更生.相对年龄效应对运动员选材与发展影响的元分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2012,36(6):67-71.
[15]刘卫民,王健.运动员选材过程的反思与重构[J].北京体育大学学报,2015,38(9):123-129+135.
[16]杨建军,阎智力.运动员科学选材的人类学研究及展望[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2017(5):6-10.
[17]STEPHEN M R.Critical overview of applications of genetic testing in sport talent identification[J].Recent Patents on DNA&Gene Sequences,2012,6(3):247-255.
[18]ANGELA A,CHRIS B,GERT-JAN P,et al.Unnatural selection:Talent identification and development in sport[J].Nonlinear Dynamics,Psychology,and Life Sciences,2005,9(1):61-88.
[19]SARAH B,SUZAN T PERIKLES S.Conventional and genetic talent identification in sports:Will recent developments trace talent?[J].Sports Med,2014,44(11):1489-1503.
[20]ADAM M,ADAM Z,IGOR R.A neural network model approach to athlete selection[J].Sports Engineering,2011,13(2):83-93.
[21]ROEL V,MATTHIEU,WILLIAMS A M,et al.Talent identification and development programmes in sport[J].Sports Med,2008,38(9):703-714.
[22]于素梅.论一体化课程建设对学校体育发展的促进[J].体育学刊,2019,26(1):9-12.
[23]国务院办公厅关于强化学校体育促进学生身心健康全面发展的意见(国办发[2016]27号)[EB/OL].(2016-05-06)[2019-04-30].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-05/06/content_5070778.htm.
[24]中共中央国务院关于加强青少年体育增强青少年体质的意见[EB/OL].(2007-05-24)[2019-04-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-05/24/content_625090.htm.
[25]于素梅,毛振明.“前自动化阶段”存在的必然性分析[J].西安体育学院学报,2009,26(1):107-111.
[26]于素梅,毛振明.体育学法论[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2009.
[27]教育部办公厅关于开展“体育、艺术2+1项目”实验工作的通知(教体厅函[2004]33号).
[28]宁科.幼儿大肌肉动作发展特征及教学指导策略研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2017.
[29]杨龙祥.皮亚杰认知发展阶段理论下的学前教育思考[J].牡丹江教育学院学报,2015(10):51-52.
[30]靳乐乐.儿童少年身体素质发育规律视角下早期田径训练探析[J].体育师友,2017(2):29-30.
[31]郝传旭.新型体能训练手段改善初中生身体素质的实验探索[D].成都:成都体育学院,2018.
[32]王伟杰.儿童青少年身体素质敏感期的变化特点[D].北京:北京体育大学,2015.
[33]刘传勋.从运动技能形成的规律探究体育教学[J]淮南师范学院学报,2006(4):116-117.