在华外资研发的区位因子与空间演变:基于中国高技术产业的实证
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摘要
在华外资研发活动的区位选择及其影响因子在20余年的发展过程中是否存在着动态变化?本文以外资研发活动较为密集的高技术产业作为研究对象,选取2000年和2012年两个对比年份,以除西藏外的中国大陆30个省域为研究样本,构建高技术产业外资在华研发区位指标体系进行因子分析,结果显示:高技术产业外资在华研发的区位因子由2000年的产业发展水平、研发资源基础、市场规模现状变为2012年的区域综合实力、研发外部环境、本地人力资源,说明环境与人才已取代初期的资源和市场,成为决定性的区位因子;高技术产业外资在华研发空间等级体系中,东部省域仍然处在核心区域或高密区域,而低密区域和弱势区域以西部地区省域为主,2012年与2000年相比,高密区域和中密区域中的中部省域明显增多,而弱势区域的省域数有所增加,通过30个省域对高技术产业外资研发重心迁移的贡献度分解,可以反映出集聚和扩散并存的空间演变特征。
It has been more than 20 years since foreign R&D in China began to flourish in Mid 1990 s, and a matter of concern is whether there is any dynamic change of Foreign R&D location factors. Taking high technology industry as research object and 30 provinces as research samples, this paper uses factor analysis method to find and compare location factors of Foreign R&D in China's high technology industry in 2000 and 2012. The result shows that R&D location decision factors of foreign investment in China's high technology industry,have changed from"level of industrial development, R&D resource base and situation of market size"in 2000 to "regional comprehensive strength, external R&D environment and local human resources"in 2012, that is to say, environment and talent have replaced resources and markets, becoming the decisive location factor. In the R&D space hierarchy by foreign investment in China's high technology industry, eastern provinces basically belong to the core region or high-density area, and western provinces mostly belong to low-density area or disadvantaged area. In 2012 compared with 2000, central provinces in the high-density area and middle-density area have risen significantly, at the same time, the number of provinces in the weak area also increases. It reflects space evolution characteristic of coexistence of agglomeration and diffusion from the space hierarchy changes.
It has been more than 20 years since foreign R&D in China began to flourish in Mid 1990 s, and a matter of concern is whether there is any dynamic change of Foreign R&D location factors. Taking high technology industry as research object and 30 provinces as research samples, this paper uses factor analysis method to find and compare location factors of Foreign R&D in China's high technology industry in 2000 and 2012. The result shows that R&D location decision factors of foreign investment in China's high technology industry,have changed from"level of industrial development, R&D resource base and situation of market size"in 2000 to "regional comprehensive strength, external R&D environment and local human resources"in 2012, that is to say, environment and talent have replaced resources and markets, becoming the decisive location factor. In the R&D space hierarchy by foreign investment in China's high technology industry, eastern provinces basically belong to the core region or high-density area, and western provinces mostly belong to low-density area or disadvantaged area. In 2012 compared with 2000, central provinces in the high-density area and middle-density area have risen significantly, at the same time, the number of provinces in the weak area also increases. It reflects space evolution characteristic of coexistence of agglomeration and diffusion from the space hierarchy changes.
引文
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[30]王晔.高技术产业跨国公司在华R&D投资研究[D].复旦大学,2010.
[31]杜群阳,倪春平,朱剑光.跨国公司在华R&D机构的空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2011,31(1):102-106.
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[2] Caves. Internationalization of Research and Transfer of Technology by Multinational Enterprises[J]. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,1981,43(2):115-130.
[3] Florida. The Globalization of R&D:Results of a Survey of Foreign-affiliated R&D Laboratories in the USA[J]. Research Policy,1997,26:165-196.
[4] Serapio and Dalton. Globalization of Industrial R&D:An Examination of Foreign Direct Investment in R&D in the United States[J]. Research Policy,1999,28:303-316.
[5] Zedtwitz, M. V.,&Gassmann, O.. Market versus technology drive in r&d internationalization:four different patterns of managing research and development[J]. Research Policy,2002,31(4),569-588.
[6] Colovic. Attractiveness of territories for the localization of R&D activities:A study of determinant factors[Z].[2007-12-31]. http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=1600&cf=9.
[7] Belderbos, Lykogianni and Veugelers. Strategic R&D Location by Multinational Firms:Spillovers,Technology Sourcing and Competition[J]. Journal of Economics&Management Strategy,2008,17(3):759-779.
[8] OECD. The Internationalization of Business R&D:Evidence, Impacts and Implications[R]. Internal working document, OECD, Paris,2008b.
[9] Siedschlag, Smith, Turcu and Zhang. What Determines the Location Choice of Multinational R&D Firms[D]. University of Orléans, Rue de Blois, BP 6739, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France,2010.
[10] OECD. Attractiveness for Innovation:Location Factors for International Investment[R]. OECD Publishing,2011.
[11]杜德斌.跨国公司R&D全球化的区位模式研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2001.
[12]何淑明.跨国公司设立海外R&D分支机构的区位分析[J].重庆商学院学报,2002(6):23-24.
[13]喻世友,万欣荣,史卫.论跨国公司R&D投资的国别选择[J].管理世界,2004(1):46-54.
[14]王建华.跨国公司海外R&D投资的内在动因与区位选择[J].上海行政学院学报,2004(07):100-105.
[15]李安方.跨国公司R&D全球化:理论、效应与中国的对策研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[16]何琼,王铮.跨国R&D投资在中国的区位因素分析[J].中国软科学,2006(7):113-120.
[17]祝影.全球研发网络:跨国公司研发全球化的空间结构研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2007.
[18]祝影,杜德斌.跨国公司研发全球化的空间等级体系研究——基于因子分析的结果[J].世界地理研究,2008(1):85-93.
[19]杨翊之.跨国公司在华研发区位选择的因素研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009(6):20-24
[20]薛澜,沈群红,王书贵.全球化战略下跨国公司在华研发投资布局──基于跨国公司在华独立研发机构行业分布差异的实证分析[J].管理世界,2002(3):33-42.
[21]李洁.跨国公司在中国R&D投资区位选择的实证分析[J].商业研究,2005(8):41-44.
[22]崔新健,吉生保.跨国公司在华研发投资的区位决定因素——基于中国规模以上工业企业面板数据的实证研究[J].经济地理,2009,29(1):54-58.
[23]李毅,时秀梅,周燕华,等.跨国公司在华R&D区位演绎与决定因素—基于研发功能演化的视角[J].科研管理,2011,32(2):59-66.
[24] Malecki, E. J.. Research and Development and the Geography of High Technology Industries[M]. Totowa, NJ:Rowman&Littlefield,1985.
[25] Malecki, E. J..Technology and Economic Development:The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change[M]. London:Longman,1991.
[26] Castells, M.. The Informational City,Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
[27]包惠.美国产业研发的空间结构与科技政策研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2005.
[28]杨树旺,刘航,易明.产业研发空间结构演化研究——以湖北省为例[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2009,9(1):83-89.
[29]王承云,张婷婷.长三角地区研发产业的空间结构演化[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(8):989-996.
[30]王晔.高技术产业跨国公司在华R&D投资研究[D].复旦大学,2010.
[31]杜群阳,倪春平,朱剑光.跨国公司在华R&D机构的空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2011,31(1):102-106.
[32]徐建华,余庆余.人类生态系统[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1993.
[33]叶明确. 1978—2008年中国经济重心迁移的特征与影响因素[J].经济地理,2012,32(4):12-18.