“人类世”与后人类的历史观
|
摘要
"人类世"概念的提出最初是从地质学和地层学角度,论证人类活动对地球造成的深刻变化,进而说明地球已经进入一个新的地质时期。近年来,对人类世的研究开始关注人类世的社会意蕴及人文内涵。在此基础上,历史学家也参与到人类世的讨论中,认为这一概念有助于打破传统的历史观念,超越人类历史的局限。人类世时代,新的历史观念的产生将有助于人们重新思考历史研究中的时间和空间概念,摒弃历史叙事中人类中心主义的倾向,看到非人类因素在历史研究中的重要性。
The conception of "Anthropocene"was originally proposed from the perspective of geology and stratigraphy to demonstrate the profound changes that human activities have caused to the Earth,and thus to indicate that the Earth has entered a new geological period. In recent years,the study of Anthropocene begins to focus on its societal implications and humanistic connotations. Based on this,historians participate in the discussion of the Anthropocene,and believe that this conception helps to break the traditional historical ideas and transcend the limitations of human history. In the era of Anthropocene,the emergence of this new historical conception will help us to rethink the idea of time and space in historical research,abandon the tendency of anthropocentrism in historical narratives,and see the importance of non-human factors in human history.
The conception of "Anthropocene"was originally proposed from the perspective of geology and stratigraphy to demonstrate the profound changes that human activities have caused to the Earth,and thus to indicate that the Earth has entered a new geological period. In recent years,the study of Anthropocene begins to focus on its societal implications and humanistic connotations. Based on this,historians participate in the discussion of the Anthropocene,and believe that this conception helps to break the traditional historical ideas and transcend the limitations of human history. In the era of Anthropocene,the emergence of this new historical conception will help us to rethink the idea of time and space in historical research,abandon the tendency of anthropocentrism in historical narratives,and see the importance of non-human factors in human history.
引文
(1)刘宝珺、杨仁超、魏久传等:《地球历史新阶段:人类世》,《山东科技大学学报》(自然科学版),2018年第1期,第5页。
(1)Simon L.Lewis and Mark A.Maslin,“Defining the Anthropocene,”Nature,Vol.519(12 March 2015),p.172.
(2)Andrew Barry and Mark Maslin,“The Politics of the Anthropocene:A Dialogue,”Geo:Geography and Environment,Vol.3,Issue 2(2016),p.5.
(3)Paul J.Crutzen and Eugene F.Stoermer,“The Anthropocene,”IGBP[International Geossphere-Biosphere Programme]Newsletter,No.41(May 2000),pp.17-18.
(4)Paul J.Crutzen,“Geology of Mankind,”Nature,Vol.415(3 January 2002),p.23.
(1)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,Vol.36,No.8(December 2007),p.614.
(2)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,pp.616-620.
(3)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,p.619.
(4)Will Steffen,Jacques Grinevald,Paul Crutzen and John McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Conceptual and Historical Perspectives,”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,Vol.369,Issue 1938(13 March 2011),p.843.
(1)Will Steffen,Jacques Grinevald,Paul Crutzen and John McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Conceptual and Historical Perspectives,”pp.861-862.
(2)Noel Castree,“The Anthropocene and the Environmental Humanities:Extending the Conversation,”Environmental Humanities,Vol.5,Issue1(May,2014),p.255.
(3)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”Critical Inquiry,Vol.35,No.2(Winter 2009),p.201.
(4)Michael Bentley,Modern Historiography:An Introduction,London and New York:Routledge,1999,p.133.
(5)Bruce Mazlish,“Big History,Little Critique,”Historically Speaking,Vol.6,No.5(May/June 2005),p.43.
(1)Julia Adeney Thomas,“History and Biology in the Anthropocene:Problems of Scale,Problems of Value,”American Historical Review,Vol.119,Issue 5(December 2014),p.1592.
(2)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”pp.204-205.
(3)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”pp.212-213.
(4)Edward O.Wilson,In Search of Nature,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,1996,p.x.
(5)[法]费尔南·布罗代尔著,顾良、张慧君译:《长时段:历史与社会科学》,《资本主义论丛》,中央编译出版社1997年版,第173-204页。
(1)Bryan L.Moore,Ecological Literature and the Critique of Anthropocentrism,Cham:Palgrave Macmillan,2017.
(2)比如近来动物史和动物研究的出现,相关的代表作可参见:Hilda Kean,Animal Rights:Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800,London:Reaktion Books,1998;David Perkins,Romanticism and Animal Rights,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007;Rob Boddice,ed.,Anthropocentrism:Humans,Animals,Environments,Leiden:Brill,2011.
(3)Joyce E.Chaplin,“Can the Nonhuman Speak?:Breaking the Chain of Being in the Anthropocene,”Journal of the History of Ideas,Vol.78,No.4(October,2017),pp.509-529.关于“存在之链”,可参见Arthur O.Lovejoy,The Great Chain of Being:A Study of the History of an Idea,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,2001.
(4)Richard Grusin,ed.,The Nonhuman Turn,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2015,p.vii.
(1)Simon L.Lewis and Mark A.Maslin,“Defining the Anthropocene,”Nature,Vol.519(12 March 2015),p.172.
(2)Andrew Barry and Mark Maslin,“The Politics of the Anthropocene:A Dialogue,”Geo:Geography and Environment,Vol.3,Issue 2(2016),p.5.
(3)Paul J.Crutzen and Eugene F.Stoermer,“The Anthropocene,”IGBP[International Geossphere-Biosphere Programme]Newsletter,No.41(May 2000),pp.17-18.
(4)Paul J.Crutzen,“Geology of Mankind,”Nature,Vol.415(3 January 2002),p.23.
(1)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,Vol.36,No.8(December 2007),p.614.
(2)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,pp.616-620.
(3)Will Steffen,Paul J.Crutzen and John R.McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?”,p.619.
(4)Will Steffen,Jacques Grinevald,Paul Crutzen and John McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Conceptual and Historical Perspectives,”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,Vol.369,Issue 1938(13 March 2011),p.843.
(1)Will Steffen,Jacques Grinevald,Paul Crutzen and John McN eil,l“The Anthropocene:Conceptual and Historical Perspectives,”pp.861-862.
(2)Noel Castree,“The Anthropocene and the Environmental Humanities:Extending the Conversation,”Environmental Humanities,Vol.5,Issue1(May,2014),p.255.
(3)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”Critical Inquiry,Vol.35,No.2(Winter 2009),p.201.
(4)Michael Bentley,Modern Historiography:An Introduction,London and New York:Routledge,1999,p.133.
(5)Bruce Mazlish,“Big History,Little Critique,”Historically Speaking,Vol.6,No.5(May/June 2005),p.43.
(1)Julia Adeney Thomas,“History and Biology in the Anthropocene:Problems of Scale,Problems of Value,”American Historical Review,Vol.119,Issue 5(December 2014),p.1592.
(2)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”pp.204-205.
(3)Dipesh Chakrabarty,“The Climate of History:Four Theses,”pp.212-213.
(4)Edward O.Wilson,In Search of Nature,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,1996,p.x.
(5)[法]费尔南·布罗代尔著,顾良、张慧君译:《长时段:历史与社会科学》,《资本主义论丛》,中央编译出版社1997年版,第173-204页。
(1)Bryan L.Moore,Ecological Literature and the Critique of Anthropocentrism,Cham:Palgrave Macmillan,2017.
(2)比如近来动物史和动物研究的出现,相关的代表作可参见:Hilda Kean,Animal Rights:Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800,London:Reaktion Books,1998;David Perkins,Romanticism and Animal Rights,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007;Rob Boddice,ed.,Anthropocentrism:Humans,Animals,Environments,Leiden:Brill,2011.
(3)Joyce E.Chaplin,“Can the Nonhuman Speak?:Breaking the Chain of Being in the Anthropocene,”Journal of the History of Ideas,Vol.78,No.4(October,2017),pp.509-529.关于“存在之链”,可参见Arthur O.Lovejoy,The Great Chain of Being:A Study of the History of an Idea,Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,2001.
(4)Richard Grusin,ed.,The Nonhuman Turn,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2015,p.vii.