基于DEM的天山山区气温时空模拟研究
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摘要
山区气温主要由太阳辐射决定,在地球表面的分布与区域地形特征密不可分(特别是山区)。采用GIS分析技术,借助DEM和气温观测数据等,在传统气温统计模型的基础上,利用地形的坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽度等因子进行山区气温空间小尺度模拟修正,构建了分布式山区地形修正模型。结果表明,该修正模型模拟效果优于常规气温统计模型;天山山区气温分布规律和趋势与其他方法研究结果一致,温度空间分布差异以冬季最小,夏季最大;气温垂直递减率季节变化为:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,冬季在1 000~2 000 m之间存在明显逆温现象;气温随坡度的变化率表现为在0°~15°地形上较为剧烈。该修正模型为山区任一地域单元气温空间分布的较高精度计算提供了一种可行的方法,对山区气温模拟和生态水文过程等相关研究具有一定的参考价值。
Temperature in mountainous areas is mainly determined and decided by the solar radiation,and the distribution on the surface of the earth is closely and inescapably related to the regional topographic conditions,especially in mountainous areas. The GIS analysis technology and DEM as well as the data of temperature observation,slope of the terrain,slope aspect,terrain shading areas and other factors were used and utilized in this study on the basis of the traditional temperature statistical model. The purposes of this study were to carry out small-scale simulation and correction of air temperature in mountainous area,and to build a distributed mountainous terrain correction model. The results indicated that the values simulated by the modified model were better than those by the conventional temperature statistical model. The temperature distribution patterns and trends in the Tianshan mountainous areas were consistent with those obtained by other methods. The difference of temperature and space distribution was the lowest in winter but the highest in summer. The lapse rate of seasonal temperature variation was in an order of summer > spring > autumn > winter,and there was an obvious temperature inversion in a vertical zone of 1 000-2 000 m a. s. l. in winter. The change rate of the temperature with slop was the highest in a slope range of 0°-15°. The modified model is feasible and viable method for high-precision calculation of spatial distribution of air temperature in any regional unit in mountainous area,and could be referred a certain reference value for researching the air temperature simulation and ecological hydrological processes in mountainous areas.
Temperature in mountainous areas is mainly determined and decided by the solar radiation,and the distribution on the surface of the earth is closely and inescapably related to the regional topographic conditions,especially in mountainous areas. The GIS analysis technology and DEM as well as the data of temperature observation,slope of the terrain,slope aspect,terrain shading areas and other factors were used and utilized in this study on the basis of the traditional temperature statistical model. The purposes of this study were to carry out small-scale simulation and correction of air temperature in mountainous area,and to build a distributed mountainous terrain correction model. The results indicated that the values simulated by the modified model were better than those by the conventional temperature statistical model. The temperature distribution patterns and trends in the Tianshan mountainous areas were consistent with those obtained by other methods. The difference of temperature and space distribution was the lowest in winter but the highest in summer. The lapse rate of seasonal temperature variation was in an order of summer > spring > autumn > winter,and there was an obvious temperature inversion in a vertical zone of 1 000-2 000 m a. s. l. in winter. The change rate of the temperature with slop was the highest in a slope range of 0°-15°. The modified model is feasible and viable method for high-precision calculation of spatial distribution of air temperature in any regional unit in mountainous area,and could be referred a certain reference value for researching the air temperature simulation and ecological hydrological processes in mountainous areas.
引文
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[9]邱新法,仇月萍,曾燕.重庆山地月平均气温空间分布模拟研究[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(6):621-628.[Qiu Xinfa,Chou Yueping,Zeng Yan.Distributed modeling of monthly mean air temperature of rugged terrain of Chongqing[J].Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(6):621-628.]
[10]杨凤海,郭欣欣,高凤杰,等.基于DEM聚焦分析的旬平均气温与地面高程的相关性定量研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(6):37-40.[Yang Fenghai,Guo Xinxin,Gao Fengjie,et al.Research on quantitative relativity between average 10-day air temperature and ground elevation based on focal analysis of DEM[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(6):37-40.]
[11]袁淑杰,谷晓平,缪启龙,等.贵州高原复杂地形下月平均日最低气温分布式模拟研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(2):384-391.[Yuan Shujie,Gu Xiaoping,Miu Qilong,et al.Distributed simulation of monthly mean daily minimum temperature in complex terrains of Guizhou Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(2):384-391.]
[12]李军.山区气温空间分布模拟的DEM尺度影响[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):688-695.[Li Jun.Spatial-scaling effect of DEM on the simulation of spatial distribution of temperature in mountain area[J].Mountain Research,2012,30(6):688-695.]
[13]彭代亮,黄敬峰,蔡承侠,等.新疆月平均气温空间化处理及结果分析[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(5):580-584.[Peng Dailiang,Huang Jingfeng,Cai Chengxia,et al.Spatialization on monthly average air temperature in Xinjiang and the analysis of the result[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition),2007,34(5):580-584.]
[14]杨昕,汤国安,王春,等.基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型——以陕西省耀县为例[J].地理科学,2007,27(4):525-530.[Yang Xin,Tang Guo’an,Wang Chun,et al.Terrain-revised ground surface temperature model of mountain area based on DEM:A case study in Yaoxian County of Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(4):525-530.]
[15]李军,黄敬峰,游松财.不同空间尺度DEM对山区气温空间分布模拟的影响——以浙江省仙居县为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(11):1 384-1 390.[Li Jun,Huang Jingfeng,You Songcai.The different spatial-scaling effect of DEM resolution on the simulation of temperature spatial distribution in mountainous area:A case study in Xianju County,Zhejiang Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(11):1 384-1 390.]
[16]周婷婷,陈文惠.基于MODIS数据和气象观测数据的气温空间插值方法比较[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(9):1 143-1 151.[Zhou Tingting,Chen Wenhui.Comparation of the temperature spatial interpolation methods based on MODIS data and meteorological observation data[J].Progress in Geography,2011,30(9):1 143-1 151.]
[17]姚永慧,张百平.基于MODIS数据的青藏高原气温与增温效应估算[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):95-107.[Yao Yonghui,Zhang Baiping.MODIS-based estimation of air temperature and heating-up effect of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):95-107.]
[18]王艳霞,周汝良,丁琨.基于MODIS遥感影像的云南山地气温垂直直减率场[J].遥感技术与应用,2014,29(4):616-624.[Wang Yanxia,Zhou Ruliang,Ding Kun.Temperature lapse rates in Mountain regions of Yunnan Province based on MODIS images[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2014,29(4):616-624.]
[19]夏智武,刘鹏举,陈增威,等.山地环境日气温PRISM空间插值研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(1):83-90.[Xia Zhiwu,Liu Pengju,Chen Zengwei,et al.Spatial in terpolation of daily air temperature in mountain area based on PRISM[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(1):83-90.]
[20]Lewis A,Hilley G E,Lewicki J L.Integrated thermal infrared imaging and structure-from-motion photogrammetry to map apparent temperature and radiant hydrothermal heat flux at Mammoth Mountain,CA,USA[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2015,303(9):16-24.
[21]张正勇,刘琳,唐湘玲.1960—2010年中国天山山区气候变化区域差异及突变特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(11):1 475-1 484.[Zhang Zhengyong,Liu Lin,Tang Xianglin.The regional difference and abrupt events of climatic change in Tianshan Mountains during 1960-2010[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(11):1 475-1 484.]
[22]赵培培,张明军,王圣杰,等.1960—2012年中国天山山区极端气温的变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):190-197.[Zhao Peipei,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie.et al.Changes of extreme temperature events in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the perod from 1960 to 2012[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(6):190-197.]
[23]陈冬花,邹陈,王苏颖,等.基于DEM的伊犁河谷气温空间插值研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(7):1 925-1 929.[Chen Donghua,Zou Chen,Wang Suying,et al.Study on spatial interpolation of the average temperature in the Yili River valley based on DEM[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(7):1 925-1 929.]
[24]商沙沙,廉丽姝,马婷,等.近54 a中国西北地区气温和降水的时空变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):68-76.[Shang Shashsa,Lian Lizhu,Ma Ting,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Northwest China in recent 54 years[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):68-76.]
[25]焦洋,游庆龙,林厚博,等.1979—2012年青藏高原地区地面气温时空分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(2):283-291.[Jiao Yang,You Qinlong,Lin Houbo,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of surface temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to 2012[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(2):283-291.]
[2]郑景云,尹云鹤,李炳元.中国气候区划新方案[J].地理学报,2010,65(1):3-12.[Zheng Jingyun,Yin Yunhe,Li Bingyuan.A new scheme for climate regionalization in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(1):3-12.]
[3]曹亚娟,延军平.天山南北气候变化特征比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(12):92-96.[Cao Yajuan,Yan Junping.The comparison of climate change characteristics between north and south of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(12):92-96.]
[4]游松财,李军.海拔误差影响气温空间插值误差的研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(1):140-144,157.[You Songcai,Li Jun.Study on error and its pervasion of temperature estimation[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2005,20(1):140-144,157.]
[5]Sun R H,Zhang B P.Topographic effects on spatial pattern of surface air temperature in complex mountain environment[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016.75(7):1-12.
[6]张勇,许吟隆,董文杰,等.SRES B2情景下中国区域最高、最低气温及日较差变化分布特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3):714-723.[Zhang Yong,Xu Yinlong,Dong Wenjie,et al.A preliminary analysis of distribution characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range changes over china under SRES B2 scenario[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2007,50(3):714-723.]
[7]张媛,任国玉.无参考序列条件下地面气温观测资料城市化偏差订正方法——以北京站为例[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(7):2 197-2 207.[Zhang Yuan,Ren Guoyu.Correcting urban bias for surface air temperature serries of Beijing station over time period 1915-2012[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(7):2 197-2 207.]
[8]杨青,史玉光,袁玉江,等.基于DEM的天山山区气温和降水序列推算方法研究[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(3):337-342.[Yang Qing,Shi Yuguang,Yuan Yujiang,et al.Temperature and precipitation series in the Tianshan Mountains calculated based on DEM[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(3):337-342.]
[9]邱新法,仇月萍,曾燕.重庆山地月平均气温空间分布模拟研究[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(6):621-628.[Qiu Xinfa,Chou Yueping,Zeng Yan.Distributed modeling of monthly mean air temperature of rugged terrain of Chongqing[J].Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(6):621-628.]
[10]杨凤海,郭欣欣,高凤杰,等.基于DEM聚焦分析的旬平均气温与地面高程的相关性定量研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(6):37-40.[Yang Fenghai,Guo Xinxin,Gao Fengjie,et al.Research on quantitative relativity between average 10-day air temperature and ground elevation based on focal analysis of DEM[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(6):37-40.]
[11]袁淑杰,谷晓平,缪启龙,等.贵州高原复杂地形下月平均日最低气温分布式模拟研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(2):384-391.[Yuan Shujie,Gu Xiaoping,Miu Qilong,et al.Distributed simulation of monthly mean daily minimum temperature in complex terrains of Guizhou Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(2):384-391.]
[12]李军.山区气温空间分布模拟的DEM尺度影响[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):688-695.[Li Jun.Spatial-scaling effect of DEM on the simulation of spatial distribution of temperature in mountain area[J].Mountain Research,2012,30(6):688-695.]
[13]彭代亮,黄敬峰,蔡承侠,等.新疆月平均气温空间化处理及结果分析[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(5):580-584.[Peng Dailiang,Huang Jingfeng,Cai Chengxia,et al.Spatialization on monthly average air temperature in Xinjiang and the analysis of the result[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition),2007,34(5):580-584.]
[14]杨昕,汤国安,王春,等.基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型——以陕西省耀县为例[J].地理科学,2007,27(4):525-530.[Yang Xin,Tang Guo’an,Wang Chun,et al.Terrain-revised ground surface temperature model of mountain area based on DEM:A case study in Yaoxian County of Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(4):525-530.]
[15]李军,黄敬峰,游松财.不同空间尺度DEM对山区气温空间分布模拟的影响——以浙江省仙居县为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(11):1 384-1 390.[Li Jun,Huang Jingfeng,You Songcai.The different spatial-scaling effect of DEM resolution on the simulation of temperature spatial distribution in mountainous area:A case study in Xianju County,Zhejiang Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(11):1 384-1 390.]
[16]周婷婷,陈文惠.基于MODIS数据和气象观测数据的气温空间插值方法比较[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(9):1 143-1 151.[Zhou Tingting,Chen Wenhui.Comparation of the temperature spatial interpolation methods based on MODIS data and meteorological observation data[J].Progress in Geography,2011,30(9):1 143-1 151.]
[17]姚永慧,张百平.基于MODIS数据的青藏高原气温与增温效应估算[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):95-107.[Yao Yonghui,Zhang Baiping.MODIS-based estimation of air temperature and heating-up effect of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):95-107.]
[18]王艳霞,周汝良,丁琨.基于MODIS遥感影像的云南山地气温垂直直减率场[J].遥感技术与应用,2014,29(4):616-624.[Wang Yanxia,Zhou Ruliang,Ding Kun.Temperature lapse rates in Mountain regions of Yunnan Province based on MODIS images[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2014,29(4):616-624.]
[19]夏智武,刘鹏举,陈增威,等.山地环境日气温PRISM空间插值研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(1):83-90.[Xia Zhiwu,Liu Pengju,Chen Zengwei,et al.Spatial in terpolation of daily air temperature in mountain area based on PRISM[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(1):83-90.]
[20]Lewis A,Hilley G E,Lewicki J L.Integrated thermal infrared imaging and structure-from-motion photogrammetry to map apparent temperature and radiant hydrothermal heat flux at Mammoth Mountain,CA,USA[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2015,303(9):16-24.
[21]张正勇,刘琳,唐湘玲.1960—2010年中国天山山区气候变化区域差异及突变特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(11):1 475-1 484.[Zhang Zhengyong,Liu Lin,Tang Xianglin.The regional difference and abrupt events of climatic change in Tianshan Mountains during 1960-2010[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(11):1 475-1 484.]
[22]赵培培,张明军,王圣杰,等.1960—2012年中国天山山区极端气温的变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):190-197.[Zhao Peipei,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie.et al.Changes of extreme temperature events in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the perod from 1960 to 2012[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(6):190-197.]
[23]陈冬花,邹陈,王苏颖,等.基于DEM的伊犁河谷气温空间插值研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(7):1 925-1 929.[Chen Donghua,Zou Chen,Wang Suying,et al.Study on spatial interpolation of the average temperature in the Yili River valley based on DEM[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(7):1 925-1 929.]
[24]商沙沙,廉丽姝,马婷,等.近54 a中国西北地区气温和降水的时空变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):68-76.[Shang Shashsa,Lian Lizhu,Ma Ting,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Northwest China in recent 54 years[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):68-76.]
[25]焦洋,游庆龙,林厚博,等.1979—2012年青藏高原地区地面气温时空分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(2):283-291.[Jiao Yang,You Qinlong,Lin Houbo,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of surface temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to 2012[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(2):283-291.]