创业韧性:概念、测量与影响
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摘要
创业韧性是个人在面对创业逆境、压力和不确定状况时有效运作的能力,是创业成功的关键要素,对于创业理论研究与大众创业实践具有重要的意义和价值。文章梳理了创业韧性、韧性以及创业研究中的相关文献,介绍了创业韧性的概念、测量与维度、影响因素和影响结果,同时从创业韧性量表的开发、创业韧性影响因素的实证研究和创业韧性应对——品味作用的探索等方面对未来研究进行了展望,期望为国内研究提供参考。
Resilience refers to the competence to overcome the adversity or traumatic experience,to adapt to change and then to quickly return to normal,which is vital for the entrepreneurial success.Therefore,the notion of resilience has become increasingly important in the field of entrepreneurship theoretical study and business practice.After collecting and reviewing plenty of literature on resilience,entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial research,this paper is organized in the following sections:firstly,the concepts and development of resilience and entrepreneurial resilience are discussed;secondly,the scales and dimensions that make up the major contents of entrepreneurial resilience are introduced;thirdly,the influential factors and impacts of entrepreneurial resilience are summarized;lastly,some suggestions for future research are provided,such as scales development,empirical research of influential factors and coping strategies.
Resilience refers to the competence to overcome the adversity or traumatic experience,to adapt to change and then to quickly return to normal,which is vital for the entrepreneurial success.Therefore,the notion of resilience has become increasingly important in the field of entrepreneurship theoretical study and business practice.After collecting and reviewing plenty of literature on resilience,entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial research,this paper is organized in the following sections:firstly,the concepts and development of resilience and entrepreneurial resilience are discussed;secondly,the scales and dimensions that make up the major contents of entrepreneurial resilience are introduced;thirdly,the influential factors and impacts of entrepreneurial resilience are summarized;lastly,some suggestions for future research are provided,such as scales development,empirical research of influential factors and coping strategies.
引文
[1]LEE J,WANG J. Developing entrepreneurial resilience:implications for human resource development[J]. European Journal ofTraining and Development,2017,41(6):519-539.
[2]DUCHEK S. Entrepreneurial resilience:a biographical analysis of successful entrepreneurs[J]. International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2016,12(3):1-27.
[3]DE MOL E,HO V T,POLLACK J. Predicting entrepreneurial burnout in a moderated mediated model of job fit[J]. Journal ofSmall Business Management,2016,54(10):1-20.
[4]DE VRIES H,SHIELDS M. Towards a theory of entrepreneurial resilience:a case study analysis of new zealand SME owneroperators[J]. Applied Research Journal,2006,5(1):33-43.
[5]MAS-TUR A,PINAZO P,TUR-PORCAR A M,et al. What to avoid to succeed as an entrepreneur[J]. Journal of BusinessResearch,2015,68(11):2279-2284.
[6]ANTONIOLI D,NICOLL F,RAMACIOTTI L,et al. The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’entrepreneurial intention[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2016,6(4):15-32.
[7]CORNER P D,SIGH S,PAVLOVICH K. Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure[J]. International Small BusinessJournal:Researching Entrepreneurship,2017,35(6):687-708.
[8]CRICK J M,CRICK D. Developing entrepreneurial resilience in the UK tourism sector[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016,25(3):315-325.
[9]BULLOUGH A,RENKO M. Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times[J]. Business Horizons,2013,56(3),343-350.
[10]SHEPHERD D A,PATZELT H. Harsh evaluations of entrepreneurs who fail:the role of sexual orientation,use of environmentallyfriendly technologies,and observers’perspective taking[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2015,52(2):253-284.
[11]芮正云,方聪龙.新生代农民工创业韧性的影响机理研究[J].社会科学,2017(5):54-60.
[12]张永艳,何晓斌,成功.大学生创业动机、韧性与创业倾向————基于个体—环境互动的视角[J].江汉学术,2014(2):49-54.
[13]唐静,朱智敏,赵烨.韧性—知识获取模型对大学生连续创业的影响研究[J].高教探索,2016(10):8-15.
[14]程族桁,廖真珍,谭海娟.高校大学生创业自我效能感与心理韧性的关系探究[J].人才资源开发,2017(11):29-30.
[15]LUTHANS F,VOGELGESANG G R,LESTER P B. Developing the psychological capital of resiliency[J]. Human ResourceDevelopment,2006,5(5):25-44.
[16]EICHER M,MATZKA M,DUBEY C. Resilience in adult cancer care:an integrative literature review[J]. Oncology NursingForum,2015,42(1):3-16.
[17]ORR J A,KING R J,HAWKE P. Can we text you? A qualitative exploration of young unemployed job seekers’attitudes toreceiving resilience-building SMS messages[J]. Advances in Mental Health,2013,11(3):268-285.
[18]LINAN F,CHEN Y W. Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurialintentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2009,33(3):593-617.
[19]BONANNO G A. Uses and abuses of the resilience construct:loss,trauma,and health-related adversities[J]. Social Science andMedicine,2012,74(5):753-756.
[20]MASTEN A. Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth[J]. Child Development,2014,85(1):6-20.
[21]ZHAO H,SEIBERT S E,LUMPKIN G T. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance:a meta-analytic review[J]. Journal of Management,2010,36(2):381-404.
[22]REIVICH K J,SELIGMAN M E,MCBRIDE S. Master resilience training in the U. S. army[J]. American Psychologist,2011,66(1):25-34.
[23]BERGSTROM J,DEKKER S W. Bridging the macro and the micro by considering the meso:reflections on the fractal nature ofresilience[J]. Ecology and Society,2014,19(4):467-474.
[24]WELSH M. Resilience and responsibility:governing uncertainty in a complex world[J]. The Geographical Journal,2014,180(1):15-26.
[25]CABRAS I,MOUNT M. Economic development,entrepreneurial embeddedness and resilience:the case of pubs in rural ireland[J]. European Planning Studies,2016,24(2):254-276.
[26]HAYWARD M A,FORSTER W R,SARASVATHY S,et al. Beyond hubris:how highly confident entrepreneurs rebound toventure again[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2010,25(6):569-578.
[27]DUENING T N. Five minds for the entrepreneurial future:cognitive skills as the intellectual foundation for next generationentrepreneurship curricula[J]. Journal of Entrepreneurship,2010,19(1):1-22.
[28]LIU D Y,FAIRWEATHER-SCHMIDT A K,BURNS R,et al. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale:establishing invariancebetween gender across the lifespan in a large community based study[J]. Journal of Psychopathology and BehavioralAssessment,2015,37(2):340-348.
[29]GUCCIARDI D F,JACKSON B,COULTE T J,et al. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC):dimensionality and age-related measurement invariance with Australian cricketers[J]. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,2011,12(4):423-433.
[30]CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T. Development of a new resilience scale:the Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC)[J].Depression and Anxiety,2003,18(2):76-82.
[31]CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T,LEE L C. Spirituality,resilience,and anger in survivors of violent trauma:a community survey[J]. Journal of Traumatic Stress,2003,16(5):487-494.
[32]VAISHNAVI S,CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T. An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC),the CD-RISC2:psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials[J]. Psychiatry Research,2007,152(2/3):293-297.
[33]AYALA J C,MANZANO G. The resilience of the entrepreneur influence on the success of the business:a longitudinal analysis[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology,2014,42(2):126-135.
[34]FISHER R,MARITZ A,LOBO A. Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success?[J]. Academy of EntrepreneurshipJournal,2016,22(2):39-53.
[35]JENKINS A S,WIKLUND J,BRUNDIN E. Individual responses to firm failure:appraisals,grief,and the influence of priorfailure experience[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2014,29(1):17-33.
[36]EGGERS J P,SONG L. Dealing with failure:serial entrepreneurs and the costs of changing industries between ventures[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(6):1785-1803.
[37]SANTOS F J,ROOMI M A,LINAN F. About gender differences and the social environment in the development of entrepreneurialintentions[J]. Journal of Small Business Management,2016,54(1):59-66.
[38]SINGH S,CORNER P,PAVLOVICH K. Coping with entrepreneurial failure[J]. Journal of Management and Organization,2007,13(4):331-344.
[39]SANCHEZ J C. Cognitive scripts and entrepreneurial success[J]. Universitas Psychologica,2014,13(1):331-332.
[40]WILLIAMS T A,SHEPHERD D A. Victim entrepreneurs doing well by doing good:venture creation and well-being in theaftermath of a resource shock[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2016,31(4):365-387.
[41]BULLOUGH A,RENKO M,MYATT T. Danger zone entrepreneurs:the importance of resilience and self-efficacy forentrepreneurial intentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2014,38(3):473-499.
[42]LENT R W,BROWN S D. Social cognitive approach to career development:an overview[J]. Career Development Quarterly,1996,44(4):310-321.
[43]何良兴,张玉利,宋正刚.创业情绪与创业行为倾向关系研究[J].研究与发展管理,2017(3):13-20.
[44]BOCKEN N. Sustainable venture capital-catalyst for sustainable start-up success?[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,108(1):647-658.
[45]ACHTENHAGEN L,NALDI L,MELIN L. Business growth-do practitioners and scholars really talk about the same thing?[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2010,34(2):289-316.
[46]FISHER R,MARITZ A,LOBO A. Evaluating entrepreneurs’perception of success:development of a measurement scale[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour&Research,2014,20(3):478-492.
[47]HOFSTEDE G. Cultural constrsints in management theories[J]. Academy of Management Executive,1993,7(1):81-94.
[48]MAROM M,KOSLOWSKY M. The effects of role stressors,work-related hassles,and critical job eventson mental health over time:a study of new employees[J]. International Journal of Psychological Studies,2013,5(3):108-121.
[49]BRYANT F B. A four-factor model of perceived control:avoiding,coping,obtaining,and savoring[J].Journal of Personality,1989,57(4):773-797.
(1)“中国创业公司失败率高达90%?方向不对努力白费”[EB/OL](2016-10-18)[2017-12-20]http://tech.163.com/16/1018/11/C3LGTGFN00097U7V.
(1)另有1篇郭骁(2011)的论文主题也是“创业韧性”,但在变量测量时体现出的内涵与本文的并不一致。
[2]DUCHEK S. Entrepreneurial resilience:a biographical analysis of successful entrepreneurs[J]. International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2016,12(3):1-27.
[3]DE MOL E,HO V T,POLLACK J. Predicting entrepreneurial burnout in a moderated mediated model of job fit[J]. Journal ofSmall Business Management,2016,54(10):1-20.
[4]DE VRIES H,SHIELDS M. Towards a theory of entrepreneurial resilience:a case study analysis of new zealand SME owneroperators[J]. Applied Research Journal,2006,5(1):33-43.
[5]MAS-TUR A,PINAZO P,TUR-PORCAR A M,et al. What to avoid to succeed as an entrepreneur[J]. Journal of BusinessResearch,2015,68(11):2279-2284.
[6]ANTONIOLI D,NICOLL F,RAMACIOTTI L,et al. The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’entrepreneurial intention[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2016,6(4):15-32.
[7]CORNER P D,SIGH S,PAVLOVICH K. Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure[J]. International Small BusinessJournal:Researching Entrepreneurship,2017,35(6):687-708.
[8]CRICK J M,CRICK D. Developing entrepreneurial resilience in the UK tourism sector[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016,25(3):315-325.
[9]BULLOUGH A,RENKO M. Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times[J]. Business Horizons,2013,56(3),343-350.
[10]SHEPHERD D A,PATZELT H. Harsh evaluations of entrepreneurs who fail:the role of sexual orientation,use of environmentallyfriendly technologies,and observers’perspective taking[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2015,52(2):253-284.
[11]芮正云,方聪龙.新生代农民工创业韧性的影响机理研究[J].社会科学,2017(5):54-60.
[12]张永艳,何晓斌,成功.大学生创业动机、韧性与创业倾向————基于个体—环境互动的视角[J].江汉学术,2014(2):49-54.
[13]唐静,朱智敏,赵烨.韧性—知识获取模型对大学生连续创业的影响研究[J].高教探索,2016(10):8-15.
[14]程族桁,廖真珍,谭海娟.高校大学生创业自我效能感与心理韧性的关系探究[J].人才资源开发,2017(11):29-30.
[15]LUTHANS F,VOGELGESANG G R,LESTER P B. Developing the psychological capital of resiliency[J]. Human ResourceDevelopment,2006,5(5):25-44.
[16]EICHER M,MATZKA M,DUBEY C. Resilience in adult cancer care:an integrative literature review[J]. Oncology NursingForum,2015,42(1):3-16.
[17]ORR J A,KING R J,HAWKE P. Can we text you? A qualitative exploration of young unemployed job seekers’attitudes toreceiving resilience-building SMS messages[J]. Advances in Mental Health,2013,11(3):268-285.
[18]LINAN F,CHEN Y W. Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurialintentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2009,33(3):593-617.
[19]BONANNO G A. Uses and abuses of the resilience construct:loss,trauma,and health-related adversities[J]. Social Science andMedicine,2012,74(5):753-756.
[20]MASTEN A. Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth[J]. Child Development,2014,85(1):6-20.
[21]ZHAO H,SEIBERT S E,LUMPKIN G T. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance:a meta-analytic review[J]. Journal of Management,2010,36(2):381-404.
[22]REIVICH K J,SELIGMAN M E,MCBRIDE S. Master resilience training in the U. S. army[J]. American Psychologist,2011,66(1):25-34.
[23]BERGSTROM J,DEKKER S W. Bridging the macro and the micro by considering the meso:reflections on the fractal nature ofresilience[J]. Ecology and Society,2014,19(4):467-474.
[24]WELSH M. Resilience and responsibility:governing uncertainty in a complex world[J]. The Geographical Journal,2014,180(1):15-26.
[25]CABRAS I,MOUNT M. Economic development,entrepreneurial embeddedness and resilience:the case of pubs in rural ireland[J]. European Planning Studies,2016,24(2):254-276.
[26]HAYWARD M A,FORSTER W R,SARASVATHY S,et al. Beyond hubris:how highly confident entrepreneurs rebound toventure again[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2010,25(6):569-578.
[27]DUENING T N. Five minds for the entrepreneurial future:cognitive skills as the intellectual foundation for next generationentrepreneurship curricula[J]. Journal of Entrepreneurship,2010,19(1):1-22.
[28]LIU D Y,FAIRWEATHER-SCHMIDT A K,BURNS R,et al. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale:establishing invariancebetween gender across the lifespan in a large community based study[J]. Journal of Psychopathology and BehavioralAssessment,2015,37(2):340-348.
[29]GUCCIARDI D F,JACKSON B,COULTE T J,et al. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC):dimensionality and age-related measurement invariance with Australian cricketers[J]. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,2011,12(4):423-433.
[30]CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T. Development of a new resilience scale:the Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC)[J].Depression and Anxiety,2003,18(2):76-82.
[31]CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T,LEE L C. Spirituality,resilience,and anger in survivors of violent trauma:a community survey[J]. Journal of Traumatic Stress,2003,16(5):487-494.
[32]VAISHNAVI S,CONNOR K M,DAVIDSON R T. An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC),the CD-RISC2:psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials[J]. Psychiatry Research,2007,152(2/3):293-297.
[33]AYALA J C,MANZANO G. The resilience of the entrepreneur influence on the success of the business:a longitudinal analysis[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology,2014,42(2):126-135.
[34]FISHER R,MARITZ A,LOBO A. Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success?[J]. Academy of EntrepreneurshipJournal,2016,22(2):39-53.
[35]JENKINS A S,WIKLUND J,BRUNDIN E. Individual responses to firm failure:appraisals,grief,and the influence of priorfailure experience[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2014,29(1):17-33.
[36]EGGERS J P,SONG L. Dealing with failure:serial entrepreneurs and the costs of changing industries between ventures[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(6):1785-1803.
[37]SANTOS F J,ROOMI M A,LINAN F. About gender differences and the social environment in the development of entrepreneurialintentions[J]. Journal of Small Business Management,2016,54(1):59-66.
[38]SINGH S,CORNER P,PAVLOVICH K. Coping with entrepreneurial failure[J]. Journal of Management and Organization,2007,13(4):331-344.
[39]SANCHEZ J C. Cognitive scripts and entrepreneurial success[J]. Universitas Psychologica,2014,13(1):331-332.
[40]WILLIAMS T A,SHEPHERD D A. Victim entrepreneurs doing well by doing good:venture creation and well-being in theaftermath of a resource shock[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2016,31(4):365-387.
[41]BULLOUGH A,RENKO M,MYATT T. Danger zone entrepreneurs:the importance of resilience and self-efficacy forentrepreneurial intentions[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2014,38(3):473-499.
[42]LENT R W,BROWN S D. Social cognitive approach to career development:an overview[J]. Career Development Quarterly,1996,44(4):310-321.
[43]何良兴,张玉利,宋正刚.创业情绪与创业行为倾向关系研究[J].研究与发展管理,2017(3):13-20.
[44]BOCKEN N. Sustainable venture capital-catalyst for sustainable start-up success?[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,108(1):647-658.
[45]ACHTENHAGEN L,NALDI L,MELIN L. Business growth-do practitioners and scholars really talk about the same thing?[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2010,34(2):289-316.
[46]FISHER R,MARITZ A,LOBO A. Evaluating entrepreneurs’perception of success:development of a measurement scale[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour&Research,2014,20(3):478-492.
[47]HOFSTEDE G. Cultural constrsints in management theories[J]. Academy of Management Executive,1993,7(1):81-94.
[48]MAROM M,KOSLOWSKY M. The effects of role stressors,work-related hassles,and critical job eventson mental health over time:a study of new employees[J]. International Journal of Psychological Studies,2013,5(3):108-121.
[49]BRYANT F B. A four-factor model of perceived control:avoiding,coping,obtaining,and savoring[J].Journal of Personality,1989,57(4):773-797.
(1)“中国创业公司失败率高达90%?方向不对努力白费”[EB/OL](2016-10-18)[2017-12-20]http://tech.163.com/16/1018/11/C3LGTGFN00097U7V.
(1)另有1篇郭骁(2011)的论文主题也是“创业韧性”,但在变量测量时体现出的内涵与本文的并不一致。