大熊猫化学通讯在饲养管理及保护上的应用
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摘要
在长期进化过程中,大熊猫形成了以肛周腺分泌物和尿液为主要标记物的嗅味通讯方式。在建立领域、繁殖育幼等活动中,嗅味标记传达标记者的身份信息,调整标记者和接受者的行为,是大熊猫这种独居动物个体之间交流的重要手段。大熊猫化学通讯研究主要在圈养种群中开展,有效改进了大熊猫饲养管理技术,在促进圈养大熊猫正常发情和母性行为表达方面以及人工育幼工作方面都起到了积极作用。野生大熊猫化学通讯研究较少,但对嗅味树和嗅味站的调查指出了大熊猫野生种群的重点保护区域,对保护区的规划和管理具有指导意义。总的来说,对大熊猫化学通讯的了解有助于保护工作的开展,但目前这一领域还需要更深入的研究工作。本文最后将气味丰容和嗅味对大熊猫发育的影响作为新的研究方向进行了简要探讨。
In the course of evolution,giant pandas developed a special method of olfactory communication which uses anogenital gland secretions and urine as main scent marks. In activities like marking territory,reproduction and nursing,such scent marks reveal identifications of the markers and coordinate behaviors of both signalers and receivers. As a solitary species,giant pandas rely heavily on this method to communicate between individuals. Studies on chemical communication in giant pandas were mostly conducted within captive populations. Results from these studies helped us improve the husbandry techniques,encourage natural estrous and maternal care,and facilitate hand-rearing of cubs. In the wild,chemical communications are not well known,but some scenttrees and scent-posts were investigated to ascertain leks,the most important areas for a wild panda population and sites of importance for the management and planning of nature reserves. In summary,knowledge of chemical communications in pandas are basic and significant for conservation,and more study is needed of this subject. We also discuss here potential for future studies of olfactory enrichment and the effects of odor on development of giant panda.
In the course of evolution,giant pandas developed a special method of olfactory communication which uses anogenital gland secretions and urine as main scent marks. In activities like marking territory,reproduction and nursing,such scent marks reveal identifications of the markers and coordinate behaviors of both signalers and receivers. As a solitary species,giant pandas rely heavily on this method to communicate between individuals. Studies on chemical communication in giant pandas were mostly conducted within captive populations. Results from these studies helped us improve the husbandry techniques,encourage natural estrous and maternal care,and facilitate hand-rearing of cubs. In the wild,chemical communications are not well known,but some scenttrees and scent-posts were investigated to ascertain leks,the most important areas for a wild panda population and sites of importance for the management and planning of nature reserves. In summary,knowledge of chemical communications in pandas are basic and significant for conservation,and more study is needed of this subject. We also discuss here potential for future studies of olfactory enrichment and the effects of odor on development of giant panda.
引文
[1]于鸿浩.哺乳动物化学通讯研究概况[J].榆林学院学报,2012,22(6):3-9.
[2]张和民,王鹏彦,张贵权,等.大熊猫繁殖研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:89-96.
[3]Aitken-Palmer C,Hou R,Burrell C,et al.Protracted reproductive seasonality in the male giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)reflected by patterns in androgen profiles,ejaculate characteristics,and selected behaviors[J].Biology of Reproduction,2012,86(6):195,1-10.
[4]周小平,王鹏彦,张和民,等.圈养大熊猫行为研究及其方法[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2005:25,76.
[5]胡锦矗,Schaller G B,潘文石,等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985:130-136.
[6]Zhang Jianxu,Liu Dingzhen,Sun Lixing,et al.Potential chemosignals in the anogenital gland secretion of giant pandas,Ailuropoda melanoleuca,associated with sex and individual identity[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2008,34(3):398-407.
[7]梁齐慧,李岗.秦岭野生大熊猫繁殖生态的初步研究[J].动物学杂志,1993,28(5)23-27.
[8]Nie Yonggang,Swaisgood R R,Zhang Zejun,et al.Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild:role of season,sex and marking surface[J].Animal Behaviour,2012,84(1):39-44.
[9]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang H.Chemical communication in the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):the role of age in the signaller and assessor[J].Journal of Zoology,2003,259(2):171-178.
[10]潘文石,吕植,朱小建,等.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[11]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang H.Urinary chemosignals in giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):seasonal and developmental effects on signal discrimination[J].Journal of Zoology,2004,264(3):231-238.
[12]刘国琪,王昊,尹玉峰.王朗自然保护区中大熊猫发情场的嗅味树和嗅味标记调查[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5):445-450.
[13]Swaisgood R R,Zhou Xiaoping,Zhang Guiquan,et al.Application of behavioral knowledge to conservation in the giant panda[J].International Journal of Comparative Psychology,2003,16(2):65-84.
[14]Kleiman D G.Ethology and reproduction of captive giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)[J].Ethology,1983,62(1):1-46.
[15]刘定震,房继明,孙儒泳,等.大熊猫个体不同性活跃能力的行为比较[J].动物学报,1998,44(1):27-34.
[16]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G,Zhou Xiaoping.Giant pandas discriminate individual differences in conspecific scent[J].Animal Behaviour,1999,57(5):1045-1053.
[17]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang Hemin.The highs and lows of chemical communication in giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):effect of scent deposition height on signal discrimination[J].Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2002,51(6):519-529.
[18]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G,Zhou Xiaoping,et al.The effects of sex,reproductive condition and context on discrimination of conspecific odours by giant pandas[J].Animal Behaviour,2000,60(2):227-237.
[19]徐蒙,王智鹏,刘定震,等.发情期大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)交互模态信号通讯[J].科学通报,2011,56(36):3073-3077.
[20]刘定震,魏荣平,张贵权,等.雄性大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)尿液中包含亲缘关系的信息[J].科学通报,2008,53(9):1057-1064.
[21]李德生,张贵权,魏荣平,等.大熊猫种公兽培育研究进展[J].四川动物,2001,20(3):148-151.
[22]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G.Olfactory communication in giant panda[G]//张安居,何光昕.成都国际大熊猫保护学术研讨会论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997:82-85.
[23]张贵权,魏荣平,王鹏彦,等.大熊猫人工育幼操作手册[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2003:19-23.
[24]魏荣平,张贵权,李德生,等.大熊猫母性行为培驯[J].生物学通报,2003,38(2):1-3.
[25]周应敏,吴代福,杨长江,等.大熊猫义母育幼培驯一例[J].野生动物,2010,31(5):238-239,245.
[26]王鹏彦,张贵权,魏荣平,等.提高圈养大熊猫仔兽存活率的研究[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(5):58-63.
[27]边疆晖,吴雁.哺乳动物的生理应激反应及其生态适应性[J].兽类学报,2009,29(4):352-358.
[28]何永果,宋仕贤,马凯,等.哺乳期圈养雌性大熊猫圈舍转移及其育幼行为变化[J].兽类学报,2015,35(3):342-347.
[29]李德生,黄炎,周世强,等.卧龙圈养大熊猫母兽带仔野化培训[J].生物学通报,2011,46(7):13-15.
[30]傅达莉,王昊,秦大公,等.秦岭大熊猫的嗅味标记与发情场植被调查[J].生物学通报,1997,32(4):19-20.
[31]王丽华,闫永文,袁朝晖.大熊猫嗅味树调查[J].陕西林业科技,2012(4):5-7,11.
[32]施晓刚,胡强,金森龙,等.卧龙保护区三江片区大熊猫嗅味树分布初步调查[J].四川动物,2012,31(5):704-707.
[33]闫永文,袁朝晖,宁智刚,等.长青自然保护区大熊猫发情场的嗅味树和嗅味标记监测[J].西北大学学报:自然科学网络版,2012,10(4):1-5.
[34]Fu D L,Wang H,Qin D G,et al.The investigation of giant panda's scent marks and vegetation of lek in Qinling[J].Bulletin of Biology,1997,32(4):19-20.
[35]周杰珑,马国强,李奇生,等.高海拔地区昆明野生动物园大熊猫春季刻板行为探究[J].四川动物,2012,31(3):342-347.
[36]吴海丽,沙炳福,朱建青,等.通过环境丰容提高圈养野生动物福利[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(4):463-467.
[37]王强,吴孔菊,莫凡,等.圈养大熊猫食物丰容对其行为影响的研究[J].四川动物,2008,27(4):516-519.
[38]刘群秀,王爱善,夏菊兴,等.应用气味丰容减少圈养华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)的刻板行为[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(4):376-380.
[39]毛杰,左智力,杨小仪,等.气味丰容对几种蛇类行为影响实验[J].野生动物,2011,32(5):270-272.
[40]雍严格,魏辅文,叶新平,等.佛坪自然保护区野生大熊猫交配行为的观察[J].兽类学报,2004,24(4):346-349.
[2]张和民,王鹏彦,张贵权,等.大熊猫繁殖研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:89-96.
[3]Aitken-Palmer C,Hou R,Burrell C,et al.Protracted reproductive seasonality in the male giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)reflected by patterns in androgen profiles,ejaculate characteristics,and selected behaviors[J].Biology of Reproduction,2012,86(6):195,1-10.
[4]周小平,王鹏彦,张和民,等.圈养大熊猫行为研究及其方法[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2005:25,76.
[5]胡锦矗,Schaller G B,潘文石,等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985:130-136.
[6]Zhang Jianxu,Liu Dingzhen,Sun Lixing,et al.Potential chemosignals in the anogenital gland secretion of giant pandas,Ailuropoda melanoleuca,associated with sex and individual identity[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2008,34(3):398-407.
[7]梁齐慧,李岗.秦岭野生大熊猫繁殖生态的初步研究[J].动物学杂志,1993,28(5)23-27.
[8]Nie Yonggang,Swaisgood R R,Zhang Zejun,et al.Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild:role of season,sex and marking surface[J].Animal Behaviour,2012,84(1):39-44.
[9]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang H.Chemical communication in the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):the role of age in the signaller and assessor[J].Journal of Zoology,2003,259(2):171-178.
[10]潘文石,吕植,朱小建,等.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[11]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang H.Urinary chemosignals in giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):seasonal and developmental effects on signal discrimination[J].Journal of Zoology,2004,264(3):231-238.
[12]刘国琪,王昊,尹玉峰.王朗自然保护区中大熊猫发情场的嗅味树和嗅味标记调查[J].生物多样性,2005,13(5):445-450.
[13]Swaisgood R R,Zhou Xiaoping,Zhang Guiquan,et al.Application of behavioral knowledge to conservation in the giant panda[J].International Journal of Comparative Psychology,2003,16(2):65-84.
[14]Kleiman D G.Ethology and reproduction of captive giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)[J].Ethology,1983,62(1):1-46.
[15]刘定震,房继明,孙儒泳,等.大熊猫个体不同性活跃能力的行为比较[J].动物学报,1998,44(1):27-34.
[16]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G,Zhou Xiaoping.Giant pandas discriminate individual differences in conspecific scent[J].Animal Behaviour,1999,57(5):1045-1053.
[17]White A M,Swaisgood R R,Zhang Hemin.The highs and lows of chemical communication in giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca):effect of scent deposition height on signal discrimination[J].Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2002,51(6):519-529.
[18]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G,Zhou Xiaoping,et al.The effects of sex,reproductive condition and context on discrimination of conspecific odours by giant pandas[J].Animal Behaviour,2000,60(2):227-237.
[19]徐蒙,王智鹏,刘定震,等.发情期大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)交互模态信号通讯[J].科学通报,2011,56(36):3073-3077.
[20]刘定震,魏荣平,张贵权,等.雄性大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)尿液中包含亲缘关系的信息[J].科学通报,2008,53(9):1057-1064.
[21]李德生,张贵权,魏荣平,等.大熊猫种公兽培育研究进展[J].四川动物,2001,20(3):148-151.
[22]Swaisgood R R,Lindburg D G.Olfactory communication in giant panda[G]//张安居,何光昕.成都国际大熊猫保护学术研讨会论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997:82-85.
[23]张贵权,魏荣平,王鹏彦,等.大熊猫人工育幼操作手册[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2003:19-23.
[24]魏荣平,张贵权,李德生,等.大熊猫母性行为培驯[J].生物学通报,2003,38(2):1-3.
[25]周应敏,吴代福,杨长江,等.大熊猫义母育幼培驯一例[J].野生动物,2010,31(5):238-239,245.
[26]王鹏彦,张贵权,魏荣平,等.提高圈养大熊猫仔兽存活率的研究[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(5):58-63.
[27]边疆晖,吴雁.哺乳动物的生理应激反应及其生态适应性[J].兽类学报,2009,29(4):352-358.
[28]何永果,宋仕贤,马凯,等.哺乳期圈养雌性大熊猫圈舍转移及其育幼行为变化[J].兽类学报,2015,35(3):342-347.
[29]李德生,黄炎,周世强,等.卧龙圈养大熊猫母兽带仔野化培训[J].生物学通报,2011,46(7):13-15.
[30]傅达莉,王昊,秦大公,等.秦岭大熊猫的嗅味标记与发情场植被调查[J].生物学通报,1997,32(4):19-20.
[31]王丽华,闫永文,袁朝晖.大熊猫嗅味树调查[J].陕西林业科技,2012(4):5-7,11.
[32]施晓刚,胡强,金森龙,等.卧龙保护区三江片区大熊猫嗅味树分布初步调查[J].四川动物,2012,31(5):704-707.
[33]闫永文,袁朝晖,宁智刚,等.长青自然保护区大熊猫发情场的嗅味树和嗅味标记监测[J].西北大学学报:自然科学网络版,2012,10(4):1-5.
[34]Fu D L,Wang H,Qin D G,et al.The investigation of giant panda's scent marks and vegetation of lek in Qinling[J].Bulletin of Biology,1997,32(4):19-20.
[35]周杰珑,马国强,李奇生,等.高海拔地区昆明野生动物园大熊猫春季刻板行为探究[J].四川动物,2012,31(3):342-347.
[36]吴海丽,沙炳福,朱建青,等.通过环境丰容提高圈养野生动物福利[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(4):463-467.
[37]王强,吴孔菊,莫凡,等.圈养大熊猫食物丰容对其行为影响的研究[J].四川动物,2008,27(4):516-519.
[38]刘群秀,王爱善,夏菊兴,等.应用气味丰容减少圈养华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)的刻板行为[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(4):376-380.
[39]毛杰,左智力,杨小仪,等.气味丰容对几种蛇类行为影响实验[J].野生动物,2011,32(5):270-272.
[40]雍严格,魏辅文,叶新平,等.佛坪自然保护区野生大熊猫交配行为的观察[J].兽类学报,2004,24(4):346-349.