金砖国家参与全球卫生治理的动因、路径与挑战
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摘要
作为一个新兴的全球多边合作机制和当今发展迅速的经济合作组织,金砖国家逐渐成为全球卫生治理的重要力量。金砖国家参与全球卫生治理有着深厚的现实基础和政治基础。金砖国家在议程设置、国际机制改革以及卫生医疗技术转让和融资等方面成为全球卫生治理的积极角色。金砖国家的全球卫生治理以"发展"为核心理念,通过发挥各自优势,促进了全球卫生治理的发展。然而,金砖国家在全球卫生治理政策协调和资金投入等方面存在的内部挑战,制约了其全球卫生治理领导力的发挥。因此,金砖国家如何更好地促进全球卫生治理,还是一个值得进一步思考的问题。
As an emerging global multilateral cooperation network and a group of booming economies, BRICS gradually becomes an important player in global health governance. BRICS participation in global health governance has profound realistic and political foundations. BRICS is playing an active role in agendasetting, reforms of international institutions, health and medical technology transfer and other global health governance areas. Taking "development" as its core value of health governance, BRICS has made contribution to global health governance by bringing its advantages into play. However, there are still limitations and challenges in terms of policy coordination and funding for BRICS, which restrict its leadership in global health governance. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to further investigate how BRCIS can better contribute to global health governance.
As an emerging global multilateral cooperation network and a group of booming economies, BRICS gradually becomes an important player in global health governance. BRICS participation in global health governance has profound realistic and political foundations. BRICS is playing an active role in agendasetting, reforms of international institutions, health and medical technology transfer and other global health governance areas. Taking "development" as its core value of health governance, BRICS has made contribution to global health governance by bringing its advantages into play. However, there are still limitations and challenges in terms of policy coordination and funding for BRICS, which restrict its leadership in global health governance. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to further investigate how BRCIS can better contribute to global health governance.
引文
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(3)Krishna D.Rao,et al.,"Progress towards Universal Health Coverage in BRICS:Translating Economic Growth into Better Health,"Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,pp.429-435.
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(5)"Communique of the II Meeting of BRICS Health Ministers,"New Delhi,India,January 11,201 3,http://bric s.itamaraty.gov.br/press-releases/2 1-documents/1 7 1-meeting-of-brics-health-ministers,登录时间:2019年1月12日。
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(2)张文齐:《金砖国家领导人第十次会晤<约翰内斯堡宣言>》,《人民日报》,2018年7月27日。
(3)中华人民共和国外交部:《金砖国家领导人第八次会晤<果阿宣言>》,2016年10月17日。
(4)习近平:《顺应时代潮流,实现共同发展——在金砖国家工商论坛上的讲话》,新华社,2018年7月26日,http://politics.people.com.cn/nl/201 8/0726/c1024-301 70095.html,登录时间:2019年2月18日。
(5)Lara Gautier,Andrew Harmer,Fabrizio Tediosi&Eduardo Missoni,"Reforming The World Health Organization:What Influence Do They Wield?"Contemporary Politics,Vol. 20,No.2,2014,p.176.
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(1)Ilona Kickbusch,"BRICS's Contribution to the Global Health Agenda",Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,pp.463-464.
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(1)Global Health Strategies Initiatives,How the BRICS Are Reshaping Global Health and Development,Technical Report,New Delhi,2012,p.6.
(2)Lara Gautier,Andrew Harmer,Fabrizio Tediosi&Eduardo Missoni,"Reforming The World Health Organization:What Influence Do They Wield?"Contemporary Politics,Vol.20,No.2,2014,p.170.
(3)Andrew Harmer&Kent Buse,The BRICS—a Paradigm Shift in Global Health,Contemporary Politics,Vol.20,No.2,2014,pp.127-145.
(4)朱冬:《<三亚宣言>奏响金砖五国最强音》,载《中国金融家》,2011年第6期,第57页。
(1)Margret Chan,WHO Director-General Addresses First Meeting of BRICS Health Ministers,Beijing,July 11,2011.
(2)Jacob Creswell,"Tuberculosis In BRICS:Challenges and Opportunities For Leadership Within The Post-20 1 5 Agenda,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization,No.92,20 1 4,pp.459-460.
(3)Rachel Silverman,Kalipso Chalkidou and Adrian Towse,"As UN General Assembly Highlights Tuberculosis Fight,Will BRICS Lead on the R&D Agenda?"in Center for Global Development,https://www.cgdev.org/blog/un-general-assembly-highlights-tuberculosis-fight-will-brics-lead-rd-agenda,登录时间:2018年9月25日。
(1)UN AIDS,UN ADS data 2018,http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2018/unaids-data-2018,登录时间:2018年9月27日。
(2)Eduardo J.Gomez,Geopolitics In Health:Confronting Obesity,AIDS,And Tuberculosis In The Emerging BRICS Economies,Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press,2018,p.202.
(3)孟庆伟:《我国每年艾滋病新感染者约8万超80%学生感染为同性性传播》,《中国经营报》,2018年11月24日。
(4)Amber Cashwell,et al.,"BRICS in the Response to Neglected Tropical Diseases,"Bulletin of the World Health Organ ization,No.92,2014,pp.461-462.
(5)Peter J.Hotez,and Abdallah S.Daar,"The CNCDs and the NTDs:Blurring the Lines Dividing Non-communicable and Communicable Chronic Disease,"PLOS Medicine,Vol.2,No.10,2008,pp.1-3.
(6)Schmidt,Maria Ines,et al.,"Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Brazil:Burden and Current Challenges,"The Lancet,Vol.377,No.9781,201 1,pp.1 949-1961.
(7)Huang Yanzhong,"The Sick Man of Asia:China's Health Crisis,"Foreign Affairs,Vol.90,No.6,2011,pp.119-136.
(1)Nicholas,Eberstadt,"The Dying Bear:Russia's Demographic Disaster,"Foreign Affairs,Vol.90,No.6,2011,pp.95-108.
(2)Reddy K,Srinath,Bela Shah,Cherian Varghese and Anbumani Ramadoss,"Responding to the Threat of Chronic Diseases in India,"The Lancet,Vol.366,No.9498,2005,pp.1744-9.
(3)WHO,International Agency for Research on Cancer,World Cancer Report 2014,edited by Stewart BW,Wild CP,2014,p.16.
(1)Shen Ding,"Digital Diaspora and National Image Building,"Pacjfic Affairs,Vol.80,No.4,Winter2007-2008,p.627.
(2)江忆恩:《简论国际机制对国家行为体的影响》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第12期,第36页。
(1)John Ikenberry and Thomas Wright,Rising Powers and Global Institutions:A Century Foundation Report,New York:The Century Foundation,2008,p.3.
(2)Katherine Bliss,Key players in Global Health:How Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa Are In.fluencing the Game,Washington,DC:Center for Strategic and International Studies Global Health Policy Center,2010,p.15.
(3)其他三种战略优势分别为:一是在社会聚合力、公正和强化的国家基础设施等方面会产生明确的积极收益;二是一种重要的外交工具;三是能够促进国家之间的信任,详见Richard Horton,"Iraq:Time to Signal a New Era for Health in Foreign Policy,"The Lancet,Vol.368,October 21,2006,p.1396。。
(4)M ichaud J,Feldbaum,"Health Diplomacy and the Enduring Relevance of Foreign Policy Intere sts,"PLOS Medicine,Vol.7,No.4,April 2010,p.4.
(1)Andrew Harmer et al.,"BRICS Without Straw?A Systematic Literature Review of Newly Emerging Economies'Influence in Global Health,"Globalization and Health,Vol.9,No.15,2013,p.10.
(2)Zondi S,"The BIRCS Contribution to the Fight against Disease,"in M Larionova and John Kirton,eds.,BRICS New Delhi Summit 2012:Stability,Security and Prosperity,London:Newsdesk,p.74.
(3)Susan L.Erikson,"Getting Political:Fighting for Global Health,"The Lancet,Vol.371,April 12,2008,p.1230.
(4)"10/90"差距指只有10%的全球卫生研究资源用于研究90%的全球人口面临的卫生问题。
(5)Gro Harlem Brundtland,Director-General of the World Health Organization,"WHO Boss Sets out Stance on Health and Human Rights,"WHO Press Release,1998-12-8.
(6)Lawrence O.Gostin and Allyn L.Taylor,"Global Health Law:A Definition and Grand Challenges,"Public Health Ethics,Volume 1,Number 1,2008,p.54.
(7)Eduardo J.Gomez and Jennifer Prah Ruger,The Global and Domestic Politics of Health Policy in Emerging Nations,Journal of Health Politics,Policy and Law,Vo1.40,No.l,201 5,p.10.
(8)Andrew Harmer et al.,"BRICS Without Straw?A Systematic Literature Review of Newly Emerging Economies'Influence in Global Health,"Globalization and Health,Vol.9,No.15,2013,p.11.
(1)Andrew Harmer,"The BRICKS Countries:A New Force in Global Health,"Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,20 14,p.394.
(2)Joseph S.Nye,"The Changing Nature of World Power,"Political Science Quarterly,Vol.105,No.2,1990,p.181.
(3)韦宗友,《国际议程设置:一种初步分析框架》,载《世界经济与政治》,2011年第10期,第46页。
(4)Steven G.Livingston,"The Politics of International Agenda-Setting:Reagan and North-South,"International Studies Quarterly,Vol.36,No.3,1992,p.3 13.
(1)Andrew Harmer,"The BRICS Countries:A New Force in Global Health,"Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,p.394.
(2)Martin McKee,et al."BRICS',Role in Global Health and the Promotion of Universal Health Coverage:the Debate Continues,"Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,20 14,p.452.
(3)Krishna D.Rao,et al.,"Progress towards Universal Health Coverage in BRICS:Translating Economic Growth into Better Health,"Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,pp.429-435.
(4)United Nations General Assembly,Global Health and Foreign Policy,A/67/3 77,Sep 18,20 12.
(5)"Communique of the II Meeting of BRICS Health Ministers,"New Delhi,India,January 11,201 3,http://bric s.itamaraty.gov.br/press-releases/2 1-documents/1 7 1-meeting-of-brics-health-ministers,登录时间:2019年1月12日。
(1)新华社:《首次金砖国家卫生部长会议在京发表<北京宣言>》,2011年7月11日。
(2)张文齐:《金砖国家领导人第十次会晤<约翰内斯堡宣言>》,《人民日报》,2018年7月27日。
(3)中华人民共和国外交部:《金砖国家领导人第八次会晤<果阿宣言>》,2016年10月17日。
(4)习近平:《顺应时代潮流,实现共同发展——在金砖国家工商论坛上的讲话》,新华社,2018年7月26日,http://politics.people.com.cn/nl/201 8/0726/c1024-301 70095.html,登录时间:2019年2月18日。
(5)Lara Gautier,Andrew Harmer,Fabrizio Tediosi&Eduardo Missoni,"Reforming The World Health Organization:What Influence Do They Wield?"Contemporary Politics,Vol. 20,No.2,2014,p.176.
(1)付丽丽:《金砖国家卫生部长会议发布<天津公报>》,《科技日报》,2017年7月7日。
(2)新华社:《首次金砖国家卫生部长会议在京发表<北京宣言>》,2011年7月11日。
(1)姜萍萍、程弘毅:《金砖国家领导人<厦门宣言>》,《人民日报》,2017年9月5日。
(2)张文齐:《金砖国家领导人第十次会晤<约翰内斯堡宣言>》,《人民日报》,2018年7月27日。
(1)常红、杨牧:《中国在促进全球卫生安全方面展现出非凡领导力——访盖茨基金会首席执行官苏珊·德斯蒙德-赫尔曼》,人民网国际频道,2017年1月20日,http://world.people.com.cn/nl/201 7/01 20/c1002-29039283.html,登录时间:2019年3月2日。
(2)陈芳、田晓航:《中国援外医疗五十五载:大爱无疆谱就壮丽诗篇》,新华网,2018年12月17日,http://www.mod.gov.cn/action/2018-1 2/1 7/content_48323 59.htm,登录时间:2019年3月2日。
(3)孙梦:《为非洲留下不走的中国医疗队》,《健康报》,2017年4月17日。
(1)另外两个重点分别是:支持非洲加快实现工业化和支持非洲维护地区和平稳定。详见《王毅谈对第六届中非合作论坛期待:对非合作加强三个支持》,2015年4月14日。https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn//zyxw_602251/t 1254681.shtml,登录时间:2018年11月2日。
(2)孔令敏:《中非卫生合作发展会议通过<开普敦宣言>》,《健康报》,2015年10月8日。
(3)晋继勇:《世界贸易组织与全球公共卫生治理——以TRIPS为例》,载《浙江大学学报》,2011年第3期,第114页。
(4)巴西宪法第196款规定:“健康是所有人的权利,提供健康服务也是政府的义务,上述权利和义务应该通过那些致力于降低疾病风险、促进全民平等获得相关行动和服务的社会和经济政策方法来确保”,详见Constitucion Politica de 1988,con reformas de,1996,http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Brazil/english96.html,登录时间:2018年12月20日。
(5)Lee K,Chagas LC and Novotny TE,"Brazil and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control:Global Health Diplomacy as Soft Power,"PLOS Medicine,Vol.7,No.4,2010,pp.1-4.
(1)吕鹏飞:《印度拟推药品强制许可,或掀起印美制药领域之争》,《中国新闻网》,2014年10月26日。
(2)Maricel Estavillo,"Indira Grants First Compulsory License,For Bayer Cancer Drug,"Intellectual Property Watch,Dec 3,2012.
(3)Rupali Mukherjee,"Government Uses Special Powers to Slash Cancer Drug Price by 97%,"The Times of India,Mar 13,2012.
(4)陈永法、雷媛、伍琳:《印度药品专利强制许可制度研究》,载《价格理论与实践》,201 8年第8期,第90-92页。
(5)Lynne Taylor,"South Africa Pledges Action on Compulsory Licenses,Parallel Imports,"Pharma Times,Nov.07,2013.
(6)Alexei Bobrik,et al.,Russia s Emerging Global Health Leadership,Washington DC:Center for Strategic&International Studies,April 2012,pp.1-2.
(1)World Health Organization,Use of High Burden Country Lists for TB by WHO in the post-2015Era,Geneva,April 2015.
(2)其他国家该种疾病的患病率分别为:巴西(1.1)、中国(5.2)、印度(11)、南非(34),详见Tara Ornstein,"Russia's Global Health Burden,"USC Center for Public Policy,Feb 23,2018。
(3)Michel Kazatchkine and Jose Luis Castro,"Ending Tuberculosis Starts in Moscow,"The Moscow Times,Nov.16,2017.
(4)Richard Horton,"Russia's Pitches for Global Health,"The Lancet,Vol.377,No.9777,2011,p.1556.
(5)Michel Kazatchkine and Jose Luis Castro,"Ending Tuberculosis starts in Moscow,"The Moscow Times,Nov.16,2017.
(6)World Health Organization,Moscow Declaration to End TB,Moscow,Nov.1 6,20 17.
(1)David Fidler,SARS, Governance and Globalization of Diseases,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2004,p.175.
(2)Joseph Nye,"BRICS without Mortar,"Project Syndicate,April 3,2013.
(3)Ilona Kickbusch,BRICS'Contribution to the Global Health Agenda,Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,p.464.
(4)Martin McKee,et al.,"BRICS's Role in Global Health and the Promotion of Universal Health Coverage:the Debate Continues,"Bulletin o.f World Health Organization,No.92,2014,pp.452-453.
(1)Ilona Kickbusch,"BRICS's Contribution to the Global Health Agenda",Bulletin of World Health Organization,No.92,2014,pp.463-464.
(2)王鹏:《势所必然:发展中国家助力世界多极化》,载《人民日报》,2019年2月15日。
(3)Giuliano Russo and Contribute to the Global Health Debate?"Health Policy and Planning,No.29,2014,p.267.Alex Shankland,"Brazil's Engagement in Health Cooperation:What Can It
(4)Lara Gautier,Andrew Harmer,Fabrizio Tediosi&Eduardo Missoni,"Reforming The World Health Organization:What Influence Do They Wield?"Contemporary Politics,Vol.20,No.2,2014,p.174.
(5)Pak K.Lee and Lai-Ha Chan,"China Joins Global Health Governance:New Player,More Medicines,and New Rules?"Global Governance,No.20,2014,p.307.
(1)Sridhar Devi,et al.,"Recent Shifts on Global Governance:Implications for the Response to Noncommunicable Diseases,"PLOS Medicine,Vol.10,No.7,201 3,p.2.
(2)World Health Organization,WHO Director-General Address first Meeting of BRICS Health Ministers,Beijing,China,July 11,2011.
(1)Lara Gautier,Andrew Harmer,Fabrizio Tediosi and Eduardo Missoni,"Reforming The World Health Organization:What Influence Do They Wield?"Contemporary Politics,Vol.20,No.2,2014,p.179.
(2)Ren Minghui and Lu Guoping,"China's Global Health Strategy,"The Lancet,Vol.384,Aug 30,2014,p.719.