中国黑戈壁地区植物物种丰富度格局的水热解释
|
摘要
我国黑戈壁地区自然环境恶劣,植物多样性格局受到极端干旱气候的影响而形成了特殊的分布格局。为了揭示黑戈壁地区极端气候对物种丰富度格局的影响,通过对5000 km样线内174个样方中的植物进行调查,结合气候数据,研究影响中国黑戈壁地区植物物种丰富度格局的气候因素以及不同生活型植物物种丰富度格局与气候关系的差异。结果表明,水热动态假说对物种丰富度格局的解释率为62.3%,未解释部分为37.7%,说明其能够很好的解释黑戈壁地区的植物群落物种丰富度格局;能量对物种丰富格局的单独解释率仅为3.5%,水分的单独解释率为16.4%,两者共同解释率为42.4%,水分和能量共同决定的水资源可利用性主导着物种丰富度格局;不同生活型植物对气候因子的响应存在显著差异,水热综合作用对草本植物丰富度格局的解释率为65.4%,但对灌木仅有37.9%,表明水热动态假说不适用于解释灌木植物的物种丰富度格局,植物对气候的适应特性及种间相互作用对物种丰富度格局有着重要的影响。
The Black Gobi Desert is widely distributed in northwest China,with a total area of about 2 × 105km2. The general climate can be characterized as having a high evaporative demand,with variable but low precipitation,making it the most arid of China's dryland areas.Because of this special climate,there are a wealth of natural resources and an ideal place for exploring the relationship of plant species diversity and environmental factors in extreme arid environment. In this study,we sampled 174 plots across the research area to examine the influence of the climate on plant species richness patterns. Different growth forms( shrub and herb) were also analyzed to demonstrate how the richness-climate relationship differed among functional groups. Results showed that climate accounted for 62.3% of variation in total species richness,with 37.7% explained by other undetermined factors. Furthermore,3.5% and 16.4%of total species variance was explained by energy and moisture factors,respectively,while42.4% was simultaneously explained by the two factor groups. These results indicated that energy and moisture played key roles in shaping species richness patterns in the study area.However,only 37.9% of variation in shrub species richness was explained by energy and moisture factors,and the water-energy dynamic hypothesis could not explain shrub species richness in arid regions. These results suggest that the response of species richness to climate showed obvious differences among functional groups as well as interspecific interactions,and the ecophysiological characteristics of species had significant influence on community richness patterns.
The Black Gobi Desert is widely distributed in northwest China,with a total area of about 2 × 105km2. The general climate can be characterized as having a high evaporative demand,with variable but low precipitation,making it the most arid of China's dryland areas.Because of this special climate,there are a wealth of natural resources and an ideal place for exploring the relationship of plant species diversity and environmental factors in extreme arid environment. In this study,we sampled 174 plots across the research area to examine the influence of the climate on plant species richness patterns. Different growth forms( shrub and herb) were also analyzed to demonstrate how the richness-climate relationship differed among functional groups. Results showed that climate accounted for 62.3% of variation in total species richness,with 37.7% explained by other undetermined factors. Furthermore,3.5% and 16.4%of total species variance was explained by energy and moisture factors,respectively,while42.4% was simultaneously explained by the two factor groups. These results indicated that energy and moisture played key roles in shaping species richness patterns in the study area.However,only 37.9% of variation in shrub species richness was explained by energy and moisture factors,and the water-energy dynamic hypothesis could not explain shrub species richness in arid regions. These results suggest that the response of species richness to climate showed obvious differences among functional groups as well as interspecific interactions,and the ecophysiological characteristics of species had significant influence on community richness patterns.
引文
[1]Riklefs RE.A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity[J].Ecol Lett,2004,7(1):1-15.
[2]Er K,Waltar J.Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity[J].PNAS,2007,104(14):5925-5930.
[3]张天汉,王健铭,夏延国,郑昌龙,李景文,贾晓红,吴波.库姆塔格沙漠不同区域种子植物物种组成与区系特征研究[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(1):78-88.Zhang TH,Wang JM,Xia YG,Zheng CL,Li JW,Jia XH,Wu B.Composition of seed plant species and flora features in different areas of the Kumtag Desert of China[J].Plant Science Journal,2016,34(1):78-88.
[4]Gaston KJ.Global Patterns in biodiversity[J].Nature,2000,405(6783):220-227.
[5]Rahbek C,Graves GR.Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness[J].PNAS,2001,98(8):4534-4539.
[6]Palmer MW,White PS.Scale dependence and the species-area relationship[J].Am Nat,1994,144(5):717-740.
[7]Vetaas OR.Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics:a potential unifying theory?[J].J Biogeogr,2006,33(11):1866-1867.
[8]O'Brien EM.Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness:towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora[J].J Biogeogr,1993,20(2):181-198.
[9]Hawkins BA,Porter EE.Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western palearctic butterflies[J].Ecol Entomol,2004,28(6):678-686.
[10]代爽,王襄平,刘超,武娴,李巧燕,王敏.内蒙古灌木群落物种丰富度与气候的关系[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(4):689-698.Dai S,Wang XP,Liu C,Wu X,Li QY,Wang M.Relationship between shrub species richness and climate across central Inner Mongolia,China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis:Natural Science Edition,2013,49(4):689-698.
[11]李秀芹,赵建成,赵荣山.河北省侧蒴藓类植物的地理成分及其与邻近地区的比较[J].武汉植物学研究,2004,22(1):72-77.Li XQ,Zhao JC,Zhao RS.Comparison between the pleurocarpous mosses-flora of hebei and its nearby regions[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2004,22(1):72-77.
[12]Currie DJ,Paquin V.Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees[J].Nature,1987,329(6137):326-327
[13]Francis AP,Currie DJ.A globally consistent richnessclimate relationship for angiosperms[J].Am Nat,2003,161(4):523-536.
[14]Brown JH,Gillooly JF,Allen AP,Savage VM,West GB.Toward a metabolic theory of ecology[J].Ecology,2004,85(7):1771-1789.
[15]李利平,努尔巴依·阿布都沙力克,王少鹏,王志恒,唐志尧.新疆野生维管束植物物种丰富度分布格局的水热解释[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(1):25-30.Li LP,Nuerbayi A,Wang SP,Wang ZH,Tang ZY.Distribution patterns and climatic explanations of species of vascular plants in Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Zone Research,2011,28(1):25-30.
[16]Wright DH.Species-energy theory:An extension of species-area theory[J].Oikos,1983,41(3):496-506.
[17]Wang XP,Fang JY,Sanders NJ,White PS,Tang ZY.Relative importance of climate vs local factors in shaping the regional patterns of forest plant richness across northeast China[J].Ecography,2009,32(1):133-142.
[18]Hawkins BA,Field R,Cornell HV,Currie DJ,Kaufman DM,Kerr JT.Energy,water,and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness[J].Ecology,2003,84(12):3105-3117.
[19]Liping L,Zhiheng W,Stefan Z,Stefan Z,Nurbay A,Zhiyao T,Ming M.Species richness patterns and waterenergy dynamics in the drylands of northwest China[J].Plo S One,2013,8(6):e66450.
[20]李新荣,谭会娟,何明珠,王新平,李小军.阿拉善高原灌木种的丰富度和多度格局对环境因子变化的响应:极端干旱戈壁地区灌木多样性保育的前提[J].中国科学,2009,39(4):504-515Li XR,Tan HJ,He MZ,Wang XP,Li XJ.The response of shrub species richness and abundance patterns to environmental change in Alxa Plateau:the premise of shrubs diversity conservation in extremely arid Gobi regions[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2009,39(4):504-515.
[21]中国黑戈壁地区生态本底科学考察队.中国黑戈壁研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.The Members of Eco-environmental Background Conditions Scientific Expedition for Black Gobi in China.The Research of Black Gobi in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.
[22]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧,贺金生,于丹.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范[J].生物多样性,2009,17(6):533-548.Fang JY,Wang XP,Shen ZH,Tang ZY,He JS,Yu D.Methods and protocols for plant community inventory[J].Biodiversity Science,2009,17(6):533-548.
[23]刘庆福,刘洋,孙小丽,张雪峰,康萨如拉,丁勇.气候假说对内蒙古草原群落物种多样性格局的解释[J].生物多样性,2015,23(4):463-470.Liu QF,Liu Y,Sun XL,Zhang XF,Sarula K,Ding Y.The explanation of climatic hypotheses to community species diversity patterns in Inner Mongolia grasslands[J].Biodiversity Science,2015,23(4):463-470.
[24]Fang JY,Yoda K.Climate and vegetation in ChinaⅢwater balance and distribution of vegetation[J].Ecol Res,1990,5(1):9-23.
[25]Munson SM,Webb RH,Jayne B,Andrew HJ,Swann DE,Sue R.Forecasting climate change impacts to plant community composition in the Sonoran Desert region[J].Global Change Biol,2012,18:1083-1095.
[26]Thornthwaite CW,Hare FK.Climatic classification in forest[J].Unasylva,1995,9:51-59.
[27]Munson SM,Muldavin EH,Jayne B.Regional signatures of plant response to drought and elevated temperature across a desert ecosystem[J].Ecology,2013,94(9):2030-2041.
[28]夏延国,宁宇,李景文,李俊清,冯益民,吴波.中国黑戈壁地区植物区系及其物种多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(9):1906-1915.Xia YG,Ning Y,Li JW,Li JQ,Feng YM,Wu B.Plants species diversity and floral characters in the Black Gobi Desert of China[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(9):1906-1915.
[29]王健铭,董芳宇,巴海·那斯拉,李景文,李俊清,冯益明,卢琦.中国黑戈壁植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2016,36(12):3488-3498.Wang JM,Dong FY,Bahai N,Li JW,Li JQ,Feng YM,Lu Q.Plant distribution patterns and the factors influencing plant diversity in the Black Gobi Desert of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(12):3488-3498.
[30]Turner RM,Bowers JE,Burgess TL.Sonoran Desert Plants:An Ecological Atlas[M].Tucson:University of Arizona Press,2005.
[2]Er K,Waltar J.Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity[J].PNAS,2007,104(14):5925-5930.
[3]张天汉,王健铭,夏延国,郑昌龙,李景文,贾晓红,吴波.库姆塔格沙漠不同区域种子植物物种组成与区系特征研究[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(1):78-88.Zhang TH,Wang JM,Xia YG,Zheng CL,Li JW,Jia XH,Wu B.Composition of seed plant species and flora features in different areas of the Kumtag Desert of China[J].Plant Science Journal,2016,34(1):78-88.
[4]Gaston KJ.Global Patterns in biodiversity[J].Nature,2000,405(6783):220-227.
[5]Rahbek C,Graves GR.Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness[J].PNAS,2001,98(8):4534-4539.
[6]Palmer MW,White PS.Scale dependence and the species-area relationship[J].Am Nat,1994,144(5):717-740.
[7]Vetaas OR.Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics:a potential unifying theory?[J].J Biogeogr,2006,33(11):1866-1867.
[8]O'Brien EM.Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness:towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora[J].J Biogeogr,1993,20(2):181-198.
[9]Hawkins BA,Porter EE.Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western palearctic butterflies[J].Ecol Entomol,2004,28(6):678-686.
[10]代爽,王襄平,刘超,武娴,李巧燕,王敏.内蒙古灌木群落物种丰富度与气候的关系[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(4):689-698.Dai S,Wang XP,Liu C,Wu X,Li QY,Wang M.Relationship between shrub species richness and climate across central Inner Mongolia,China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis:Natural Science Edition,2013,49(4):689-698.
[11]李秀芹,赵建成,赵荣山.河北省侧蒴藓类植物的地理成分及其与邻近地区的比较[J].武汉植物学研究,2004,22(1):72-77.Li XQ,Zhao JC,Zhao RS.Comparison between the pleurocarpous mosses-flora of hebei and its nearby regions[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2004,22(1):72-77.
[12]Currie DJ,Paquin V.Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees[J].Nature,1987,329(6137):326-327
[13]Francis AP,Currie DJ.A globally consistent richnessclimate relationship for angiosperms[J].Am Nat,2003,161(4):523-536.
[14]Brown JH,Gillooly JF,Allen AP,Savage VM,West GB.Toward a metabolic theory of ecology[J].Ecology,2004,85(7):1771-1789.
[15]李利平,努尔巴依·阿布都沙力克,王少鹏,王志恒,唐志尧.新疆野生维管束植物物种丰富度分布格局的水热解释[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(1):25-30.Li LP,Nuerbayi A,Wang SP,Wang ZH,Tang ZY.Distribution patterns and climatic explanations of species of vascular plants in Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Zone Research,2011,28(1):25-30.
[16]Wright DH.Species-energy theory:An extension of species-area theory[J].Oikos,1983,41(3):496-506.
[17]Wang XP,Fang JY,Sanders NJ,White PS,Tang ZY.Relative importance of climate vs local factors in shaping the regional patterns of forest plant richness across northeast China[J].Ecography,2009,32(1):133-142.
[18]Hawkins BA,Field R,Cornell HV,Currie DJ,Kaufman DM,Kerr JT.Energy,water,and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness[J].Ecology,2003,84(12):3105-3117.
[19]Liping L,Zhiheng W,Stefan Z,Stefan Z,Nurbay A,Zhiyao T,Ming M.Species richness patterns and waterenergy dynamics in the drylands of northwest China[J].Plo S One,2013,8(6):e66450.
[20]李新荣,谭会娟,何明珠,王新平,李小军.阿拉善高原灌木种的丰富度和多度格局对环境因子变化的响应:极端干旱戈壁地区灌木多样性保育的前提[J].中国科学,2009,39(4):504-515Li XR,Tan HJ,He MZ,Wang XP,Li XJ.The response of shrub species richness and abundance patterns to environmental change in Alxa Plateau:the premise of shrubs diversity conservation in extremely arid Gobi regions[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2009,39(4):504-515.
[21]中国黑戈壁地区生态本底科学考察队.中国黑戈壁研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.The Members of Eco-environmental Background Conditions Scientific Expedition for Black Gobi in China.The Research of Black Gobi in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.
[22]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧,贺金生,于丹.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范[J].生物多样性,2009,17(6):533-548.Fang JY,Wang XP,Shen ZH,Tang ZY,He JS,Yu D.Methods and protocols for plant community inventory[J].Biodiversity Science,2009,17(6):533-548.
[23]刘庆福,刘洋,孙小丽,张雪峰,康萨如拉,丁勇.气候假说对内蒙古草原群落物种多样性格局的解释[J].生物多样性,2015,23(4):463-470.Liu QF,Liu Y,Sun XL,Zhang XF,Sarula K,Ding Y.The explanation of climatic hypotheses to community species diversity patterns in Inner Mongolia grasslands[J].Biodiversity Science,2015,23(4):463-470.
[24]Fang JY,Yoda K.Climate and vegetation in ChinaⅢwater balance and distribution of vegetation[J].Ecol Res,1990,5(1):9-23.
[25]Munson SM,Webb RH,Jayne B,Andrew HJ,Swann DE,Sue R.Forecasting climate change impacts to plant community composition in the Sonoran Desert region[J].Global Change Biol,2012,18:1083-1095.
[26]Thornthwaite CW,Hare FK.Climatic classification in forest[J].Unasylva,1995,9:51-59.
[27]Munson SM,Muldavin EH,Jayne B.Regional signatures of plant response to drought and elevated temperature across a desert ecosystem[J].Ecology,2013,94(9):2030-2041.
[28]夏延国,宁宇,李景文,李俊清,冯益民,吴波.中国黑戈壁地区植物区系及其物种多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(9):1906-1915.Xia YG,Ning Y,Li JW,Li JQ,Feng YM,Wu B.Plants species diversity and floral characters in the Black Gobi Desert of China[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(9):1906-1915.
[29]王健铭,董芳宇,巴海·那斯拉,李景文,李俊清,冯益明,卢琦.中国黑戈壁植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2016,36(12):3488-3498.Wang JM,Dong FY,Bahai N,Li JW,Li JQ,Feng YM,Lu Q.Plant distribution patterns and the factors influencing plant diversity in the Black Gobi Desert of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(12):3488-3498.
[30]Turner RM,Bowers JE,Burgess TL.Sonoran Desert Plants:An Ecological Atlas[M].Tucson:University of Arizona Press,2005.