黄土高原黑垆土施肥的作物累积产量及土壤肥力贡献
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摘要
施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献是评价施肥是否科学的关键参数,为了给黄土高原黑垆土区施肥及农业可持续发展提供科学的决策依据,通过设置在黄土高原黑垆上的长期定位试验系统研究了不同施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献。试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆与氮磷配施(SNP)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)6个处理。结果表明,所有处理玉米和小麦累积产量与种植年限显著正相关。MNP、SNP、NP、M4处理玉米年均产量分别为8 856、7 089、7 226、7 043 kg·hm~(-2),小麦年均产量分别为4 916、3 747、4 132、3868kg·hm~(-2),均显著高于对照(CK)。SNP、M和MNP处理玉米和小麦产量与NP处理相近或高于NP处理。氮肥、磷肥的作物累积产量贡献量与种植年限分别呈二次凹函数和凸函数关系。氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆还田的作物累积产量贡献量则与种植年限显著正相关,其年均玉米产量贡献量分别为3408、2191kg·hm~(-2),小麦产量贡献量分别为429、206kg·hm~(-2)。长期施用有机肥及秸秆还田可显著增加土壤有机质和全氮含量。长期施磷肥土壤有效磷含量显著增加,而长期施用有机肥土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均显著增加。总体而言,黄土高原黑垆土区长期平衡施用化肥、施用有机肥、秸秆与化肥配合施用及有机肥与化肥配合施用均可增加作物产量,提升土壤肥力质量,适宜化肥施用量为N 90kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2),秸秆还田可隔年施磷。
【Objective】Contributions of fertilization to crop yield and soil fertility are key parameters in evaluating whether the fertilization practices are reasonable or not. In order to provide some scientific basis for decision-making in fertilizing and developing sustainable agriculture in the Heilu soil region of the Loess Plateau, this paper tried to explore in-depth contribution of fertilization to crop yield and soil fertility in a long-term stationary field experiment in the region, relative to treatment.【Method】The long-term experiment, which has been carried on since 1978, was designed to have six treatments,that is, CK(no fertilizer), N(single chemical fertilizer of N), NP(chemical fertilizers of N and P), SNP(straw and chemical fertilizers of N and P), M(single organic manure) and MNP(organic manure and chemical fertilizers of N and P).【Result】Results show that accumulative yields of wheat and maize were significantly and positively related to the number of years the crops had been cultivated in all the treatments with determination coefficients R~2 being all higher than 0.95. The crop of maize and wheat in treatment MNP, SNP, NP and M reached 8 856, 7 089, 7 226, 7 043 kg·hm~(-2) and 4 916, 3 747, 4 132 and3 868 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, in mean annual yield, significantly higher than that in the control(CK).However, among the four treatments, treatments SNP, M and MNP were similar to or higher than treatment NP. The relationships between the contribution of N fertilizer and P fertilizer to accumulative yield and the number of years of cultivation could be well fitted by quadratic concave function and convex function,respectively. In treatments NP and SNP, the contribution was significantly and positively related to the number of years of cultivation, reaching 3 407 and 2 191 kg·hm~(-2), respectively with maize 429 and 208 kg·hm~(-2) respectively with wheat, in accumulative yield. Treatments MNP and SNP significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while treatments CK and NP slightly increased the content of soil organic matter only, and treatment NP almost had no impact on soil total nitrogen. Treatment NP significantly increased soil Olsen-P content, while treatment MNP significantly increased the content of soil Olsen-P content and the content of available potassium, as well.【Conclusion】All the findings listed above suggest that long-term balanced application of chemical fertilizers, application of organic manure,application of chemical fertilizers coupled with straw returned, and application of chemical fertilizer in combination of organic manure all can increase crop yields and improve soil fertility quality, that the suitable fertilizer application rate should be N 90 kg·hm~(-2) and P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2), and that in fields where straw returning is adopted, P fertilizer could be applied once every two years in the Heilu soil area of the Loess Plateau, China.
【Objective】Contributions of fertilization to crop yield and soil fertility are key parameters in evaluating whether the fertilization practices are reasonable or not. In order to provide some scientific basis for decision-making in fertilizing and developing sustainable agriculture in the Heilu soil region of the Loess Plateau, this paper tried to explore in-depth contribution of fertilization to crop yield and soil fertility in a long-term stationary field experiment in the region, relative to treatment.【Method】The long-term experiment, which has been carried on since 1978, was designed to have six treatments,that is, CK(no fertilizer), N(single chemical fertilizer of N), NP(chemical fertilizers of N and P), SNP(straw and chemical fertilizers of N and P), M(single organic manure) and MNP(organic manure and chemical fertilizers of N and P).【Result】Results show that accumulative yields of wheat and maize were significantly and positively related to the number of years the crops had been cultivated in all the treatments with determination coefficients R~2 being all higher than 0.95. The crop of maize and wheat in treatment MNP, SNP, NP and M reached 8 856, 7 089, 7 226, 7 043 kg·hm~(-2) and 4 916, 3 747, 4 132 and3 868 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, in mean annual yield, significantly higher than that in the control(CK).However, among the four treatments, treatments SNP, M and MNP were similar to or higher than treatment NP. The relationships between the contribution of N fertilizer and P fertilizer to accumulative yield and the number of years of cultivation could be well fitted by quadratic concave function and convex function,respectively. In treatments NP and SNP, the contribution was significantly and positively related to the number of years of cultivation, reaching 3 407 and 2 191 kg·hm~(-2), respectively with maize 429 and 208 kg·hm~(-2) respectively with wheat, in accumulative yield. Treatments MNP and SNP significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while treatments CK and NP slightly increased the content of soil organic matter only, and treatment NP almost had no impact on soil total nitrogen. Treatment NP significantly increased soil Olsen-P content, while treatment MNP significantly increased the content of soil Olsen-P content and the content of available potassium, as well.【Conclusion】All the findings listed above suggest that long-term balanced application of chemical fertilizers, application of organic manure,application of chemical fertilizers coupled with straw returned, and application of chemical fertilizer in combination of organic manure all can increase crop yields and improve soil fertility quality, that the suitable fertilizer application rate should be N 90 kg·hm~(-2) and P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2), and that in fields where straw returning is adopted, P fertilizer could be applied once every two years in the Heilu soil area of the Loess Plateau, China.
引文
[1]魏猛,张爱君,诸葛玉平,等.长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):304-312Wei M,Zhang A J,Zhuge Y P,et al.Effect of different long-term fertilization on winter wheat yield and soil nutrient contents in yellow fluvo-aquic soil area(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):304-312
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[4]郝小雨,周宝库,马星竹,等.长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(16):178-185Hao X Y,Zhou B K,Ma X Z,et al.Characteristics of crop yield and nutrient balance under different longterm fertilization practices in black soil(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(16):178-185
[5]陈轩敬,赵亚南,柴冠群,等.长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应.农业工程学报,2016,32(S1):139-144Chen X J,Zhao Y N,Chai G Q,et al.Integrated soil fertility and yield response to long-term different fertilization in purple soil(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(S1):139-144
[6]奚振邦.关于化肥对作物产量贡献的评估问题.磷肥与复肥,2004,19(3):68-71Xi Z B.Evaluation on the contribution of fertilizer to the yield of crop(In Chinese).Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2004,19(3):68-71
[7]李军,邵明安,王立祥.黄土高原地区粮食生产潜力与粮食生产发展战略探讨.中国生态农业学报,2002,10(1):118-120Li J,Shao M A,Wang L X.Developing strategy of grain crop production in Loess Plateau Region of China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2002,10(1):118-120
[8]李凤民,徐进章,孙国钧.半干旱黄土高原退化生态系统的修复与生态农业发展.生态学报,2003,23(9):1901-1909Li F M,Xu J Z,Sun G J.Restoration of degraded ecosystems and development of water-harvesting ecological agriculture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1901-1909
[9]吴磊,马孝义.黄土高原水土流失型非点源污染过程模拟研究进展.中国科技论文.2015,10(13):1497-1506Wu L,Ma X Y.Research progress in erosion-type nonpoint source pollution process simulation of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).China Science Paper,2015,10(13):1497-1506
[10]徐娜,党廷辉,刘文兆.黄土高塬沟壑区农田土壤养分与作物产量变化的长期监测.植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1240-1248Xu N,Dang T H,Liu W Z.Soil nutrient balance and crop yields after 10-years’fertilization in the gully area of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(5):1240-1248
[11]陈磊,郝明德,张少民,等.黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(2):230-235Chen L,Hao M D,Zhang S M,et al.Effects of longterm application of fertilizer on wheat nutrient uptake and soil fertility in Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2007,13(2):230-235
[12]郝明德,来璐,王改玲,等.黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1893-1896Hao M D,Lai L,Wang G L,et al.Effects of longterm fertilization on wheat yield on Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):1893-1896
[13]李忠芳,徐明岗,张会民,等.长期施肥下作物产量演变特征的研究进展.西南农业学报,2012,25(6):2387-2392Li Z F,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Summarize of crop yield dynamic under long-term fertilization(In Chinese).Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,25(6):2387-2392
[14]王位泰,张天锋,姚玉璧,等.黄土高原夏半年降水气候变化特征及对作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(1):154-159Wang W T,Zhang T F,Yao Y B,et al.Climate change character of precipitation during the half year of summer and its impact on crop yield in the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(1):154-159
[15]张树清,孙小凤.甘肃农田土壤氮磷钾养分变化特征.土壤通报,2006,37(1):13-18Zhang S Q,Sun X F.Characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients of arable soil in Gansu(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):13-18
[16]李科江,张素芳,贾文竹,等.半干旱区长期施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):22-26Li K J,Zhang S F,Jia W Z,et al.Effect of longterm fertilization on crop yield and soil fertility in semiarid area(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,1999,5(1):22-26
[17]许咏梅,刘骅,王西和.长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(2):154-162.Xu Y M,Liu Y,Wang X H.Evolution of soil organic carbon and crop yield under long-term fertilization in grey desert soils(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(2):154-162
[18]杨旸,张树兰,杨学云,等.长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响.土壤通报,2017,48(5):1162-1168Yang Y,Zhang S L,Yang X Y,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization on wheat yield,nutrient use efficiency and nutrient balance in rainfed Lousoil(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(5):1162-1168
[19]潘逸凡,杨敏,董达,等.生物质炭对土壤氮素循环的影响及其机理研究进展.应用生态学报.2013,24(9):2666-2673Pan Y F,Yang M,Dong D,et al.Effects of biochar on soil nitrogen cycle and related mechanisms:Areview(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(9):2666-2673
[20]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究.土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783Zhu Z L.Research on soil nitrogen in China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783
[21]王亚萨,邹悦,张晶,等.碳添加对农田土壤氮转化过程影响的研究进展.农学学报,2017,7(2):36-41Wang Y S,Zou Y,Zhang J,et al.Effect of carbon addition on farmland soil nitrogen transformation(In Chinese).Journal of Agriculture,2017,7(2):36-41
[2]黄欠如,胡锋,李辉信,等.红壤性水稻土施肥的产量效应及与气候、地力的关系.土壤学报,2006,43(6):926-933Huang Q R,Hu F,Li H X,et al.Crop yield response to fertilization and its relations with climate and soil fertility in red paddy soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(6):926-933
[3]马强,宇万太,姜子绍,等.不同水分条件下化肥对玉米产量的贡献.土壤,2010,42(2):213-218Ma Q,Yu W T,Jiang Z S,et al.Contribution of fertilizers to maize yield under different precipitations(In Chinese).Soils,2010,42(2):213-218
[4]郝小雨,周宝库,马星竹,等.长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(16):178-185Hao X Y,Zhou B K,Ma X Z,et al.Characteristics of crop yield and nutrient balance under different longterm fertilization practices in black soil(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(16):178-185
[5]陈轩敬,赵亚南,柴冠群,等.长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应.农业工程学报,2016,32(S1):139-144Chen X J,Zhao Y N,Chai G Q,et al.Integrated soil fertility and yield response to long-term different fertilization in purple soil(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(S1):139-144
[6]奚振邦.关于化肥对作物产量贡献的评估问题.磷肥与复肥,2004,19(3):68-71Xi Z B.Evaluation on the contribution of fertilizer to the yield of crop(In Chinese).Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2004,19(3):68-71
[7]李军,邵明安,王立祥.黄土高原地区粮食生产潜力与粮食生产发展战略探讨.中国生态农业学报,2002,10(1):118-120Li J,Shao M A,Wang L X.Developing strategy of grain crop production in Loess Plateau Region of China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2002,10(1):118-120
[8]李凤民,徐进章,孙国钧.半干旱黄土高原退化生态系统的修复与生态农业发展.生态学报,2003,23(9):1901-1909Li F M,Xu J Z,Sun G J.Restoration of degraded ecosystems and development of water-harvesting ecological agriculture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1901-1909
[9]吴磊,马孝义.黄土高原水土流失型非点源污染过程模拟研究进展.中国科技论文.2015,10(13):1497-1506Wu L,Ma X Y.Research progress in erosion-type nonpoint source pollution process simulation of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).China Science Paper,2015,10(13):1497-1506
[10]徐娜,党廷辉,刘文兆.黄土高塬沟壑区农田土壤养分与作物产量变化的长期监测.植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1240-1248Xu N,Dang T H,Liu W Z.Soil nutrient balance and crop yields after 10-years’fertilization in the gully area of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(5):1240-1248
[11]陈磊,郝明德,张少民,等.黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(2):230-235Chen L,Hao M D,Zhang S M,et al.Effects of longterm application of fertilizer on wheat nutrient uptake and soil fertility in Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2007,13(2):230-235
[12]郝明德,来璐,王改玲,等.黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1893-1896Hao M D,Lai L,Wang G L,et al.Effects of longterm fertilization on wheat yield on Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):1893-1896
[13]李忠芳,徐明岗,张会民,等.长期施肥下作物产量演变特征的研究进展.西南农业学报,2012,25(6):2387-2392Li Z F,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Summarize of crop yield dynamic under long-term fertilization(In Chinese).Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,25(6):2387-2392
[14]王位泰,张天锋,姚玉璧,等.黄土高原夏半年降水气候变化特征及对作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(1):154-159Wang W T,Zhang T F,Yao Y B,et al.Climate change character of precipitation during the half year of summer and its impact on crop yield in the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(1):154-159
[15]张树清,孙小凤.甘肃农田土壤氮磷钾养分变化特征.土壤通报,2006,37(1):13-18Zhang S Q,Sun X F.Characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients of arable soil in Gansu(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):13-18
[16]李科江,张素芳,贾文竹,等.半干旱区长期施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(1):22-26Li K J,Zhang S F,Jia W Z,et al.Effect of longterm fertilization on crop yield and soil fertility in semiarid area(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,1999,5(1):22-26
[17]许咏梅,刘骅,王西和.长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(2):154-162.Xu Y M,Liu Y,Wang X H.Evolution of soil organic carbon and crop yield under long-term fertilization in grey desert soils(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(2):154-162
[18]杨旸,张树兰,杨学云,等.长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响.土壤通报,2017,48(5):1162-1168Yang Y,Zhang S L,Yang X Y,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization on wheat yield,nutrient use efficiency and nutrient balance in rainfed Lousoil(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(5):1162-1168
[19]潘逸凡,杨敏,董达,等.生物质炭对土壤氮素循环的影响及其机理研究进展.应用生态学报.2013,24(9):2666-2673Pan Y F,Yang M,Dong D,et al.Effects of biochar on soil nitrogen cycle and related mechanisms:Areview(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(9):2666-2673
[20]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究.土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783Zhu Z L.Research on soil nitrogen in China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783
[21]王亚萨,邹悦,张晶,等.碳添加对农田土壤氮转化过程影响的研究进展.农学学报,2017,7(2):36-41Wang Y S,Zou Y,Zhang J,et al.Effect of carbon addition on farmland soil nitrogen transformation(In Chinese).Journal of Agriculture,2017,7(2):36-41