电子束熔丝沉积4043/4074铝合金的组织与力学性能
|
摘要
目的研究电子束熔丝沉积Al-Si合金的微观组织与力学性能以及后续热处理的影响。方法采用电子束熔丝沉积快速成形技术,分别对直径2 mm的4043和4047铝合金丝材进行增材制造成形,研究样品在不同方向上的微观组织与力学性能以及后续热处理的影响。结果打印态的4043和4047合金的致密度分别为99.81%和99.88%,热处理后略有降低,分别为98.94%和99.77%。打印态样品中含有一些由硅颗粒和杂质相组成的条带状微观组织。打印态样品中含有近似等轴状与棒状的两类细小Si颗粒。打印态样品在长、宽、高3个方向上的拉伸强度相当,4043合金的抗拉强度为120~127 MPa,伸长率为12%~30%;4047合金的抗拉强度为151~155 MPa,伸长率为15%~30%。经热处理后,样品的强度略有降低,但伸长率显著提升。结论通过控制EBF3参数,可以获得致密无缺陷的具有良好力学性能的块体Al-Si合金样品,其力学性能可通过后续热处理进一步调控。
The paper aims to investigate microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys deposited by electron beam fusing wire and effects of subsequent heat treatment. 4043 Al and 4047 Al alloy wires with a diameter of 2 mm were subjected to additive manufacturing by electron beam freeform fabrication(EBF3). Microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples in different directions and effects of subsequent heat treatment were investigated. The densities of the printed 4043 Al and 4047 Al samples were 99.81% and 99.88%, respectively, and they decreased slightly to 98.94% and 99.77% after heat treatment. The printed samples contained some banded microstructures consisting of silicon particles and impurity phases. Two kinds of fine Si particles with equiaxed or rod-like morphologies were found in the as-printed samples. The tensile strength of the pre-sented samples was similar in three directions: for the 4043 Al, the strength was 120~127 MPa and the elongation was 12%~30%; for the 4047 Al, the tensile strength was 151~155 MPa and the elongation was 15%~30%. After heat treatment, the tensile strength of the samples decreased slightly, but their elongations increased significantly. Dense bulk of Al-Si alloys with good mechanical properties can be printed without macroscopic defects under selective EBF3 parameters, and their mechanical properties could be further modified by subsequent heat treatment.
The paper aims to investigate microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys deposited by electron beam fusing wire and effects of subsequent heat treatment. 4043 Al and 4047 Al alloy wires with a diameter of 2 mm were subjected to additive manufacturing by electron beam freeform fabrication(EBF3). Microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples in different directions and effects of subsequent heat treatment were investigated. The densities of the printed 4043 Al and 4047 Al samples were 99.81% and 99.88%, respectively, and they decreased slightly to 98.94% and 99.77% after heat treatment. The printed samples contained some banded microstructures consisting of silicon particles and impurity phases. Two kinds of fine Si particles with equiaxed or rod-like morphologies were found in the as-printed samples. The tensile strength of the pre-sented samples was similar in three directions: for the 4043 Al, the strength was 120~127 MPa and the elongation was 12%~30%; for the 4047 Al, the tensile strength was 151~155 MPa and the elongation was 15%~30%. After heat treatment, the tensile strength of the samples decreased slightly, but their elongations increased significantly. Dense bulk of Al-Si alloys with good mechanical properties can be printed without macroscopic defects under selective EBF3 parameters, and their mechanical properties could be further modified by subsequent heat treatment.
引文
[1]GAO W,ZHANG Y B,RAMANUJAN D,et al.The Status,Challenges,and Future of Additive Manufacturing in Engineering[J].Computer-Aided Design,2015,69:65—89.
[2]ZELTMANN S E,GUPTA N,TSOUTSOS NG,et al.Manufacturing and Security Challenges in 3D Printing[J].JOM,2016,68(7):1872—1881.
[3]BOURELL D,KRUTH J P,LEU M,et al.Materials for Additive Manufacturing[J].CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology,2017,66:659—681
[4]HERZOG D,SEYDA V,WYCISK E,et al.Additive Manufacturing of Metals[J].Acta Materialia,2016,117:371—392.
[5]张学军,唐思熠,肇恒跃,等.3D打印技术研究现状和关键技术[J].材料工程,2016,44(2):122—128.ZHANG Xue-jun,TANG Si-yi,ZHAO Heng-yue,et al.Research Status and Key Technologies of 3D Printing[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2016,44(2):122—128.
[6]杨平华,高祥熙,梁菁,等.金属增材制造技术发展动向及无损检测研究进展[J].材料工程,2017,45(9):13—21.YANG Ping-hua,GAO Xiang-xi,LIANG Jing,et al.Development Tread and NDT Progress of metal Additive Manufacture Technique[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2017,45(9):13—21.
[7]梁静静,杨彦红,金涛,等.金属材料空间3D打印技术研究现状[J].载人航天,2017,23(5):663—669.LIANG Jing-jing,YANG Yan-hong,JIN Tao,et al.Research Status of 3D Printing Technology for Metals in Space[J].Manned Spaceflight,2017,23(5):663—669.
[8]BRICE C A,HENN D S,SIEDAL D S.Rapid Prototyping and Freeform Fabrication via Electron Beam Welding Deposition[C].Proceedings of Welding Conference,2002.
[9]READ N,WANG W,ESSA K,et al.Selective Laser Melting of Al Si10Mg Alloy:Process Optimisation and Mechanical Properties Development[J].Materials and Design,2015,65:417—424.
[10]BRANDL E,HECKENBERGER U,HOLZINGER V,et al.Additive Manufactured Al Si10Mg Samples Using Selective Laser Melting(SLM):Microstructure,High Cycle Fatigue,and Fracture Behavior[J].Materials and Design,2012,34:159—169
[11]KRISHNAN M,ATZENI E,CANALI R,et al.On the Effect of Process Parameters on Properties of Al Si10Mg Parts Produced by DMLS[J].Rapid Prototyping Journal,2014,20:449—458.
[12]黄丹,朱志华,耿海滨,等.5A06铝合金TIG丝材-电弧增材制造工艺[J].材料工程,2017,45(3):66—72.HUANG Dan,ZHU Zhi-hua,GENG Hai-bin,et al.TIG Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy[J].Journal Materials Engineering,2017,45(3):66—72.
[13]BASAK A,DAS S.Epitaxy and Microstructure Evolution in Metal Additive Manufacturing[J].Annual Review of Materials Research,2016,46:125—149.
[14]ZHAI Y W,GALARRAGA H,LADOS D A.Microstructure Evolution,Tensile Properties,and Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V Alloys Fabricated by Two Additive Manufacturing Techniques[J].Procedia Engineering,2015,114:658—666.
[15]BABU S S,GOODRIDGE R.Additive Manufacturing[J].Materials Science and Technology,2015,31:881—883.
[16]SAMES W J,LIST F A,PANNALA S,et al.The Metallurgy and Processing Science of Metal Additive Manufacturing[J].International Materials Reviews,2016,61:315—360.
[17]陈哲源,锁红波,李晋炜.电子束熔丝沉积快速制造成形技术与组织特征[J].航天制造技术,2010(1):36—39.CHEN Zhe-yuan,SUO Hong-bo,LI Ji-wei,The Forming Character of Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Aerospace Manufacturing Technology,2010(1):36—39.
[18]杨占尧,赵敬云.增材制造与3D打印技术及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.YANG Zhan-yao,ZHAO Jing-yun.Additive Manufacturing and 3D Print Technology&Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2017.
[19]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A,Characterization of2219 Aluminum Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].University of Texas at Austin,2002:482—489.
[20]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A.Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication:a Rapid Metal Deposition Process[C].Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Automotive Composites Conference,Troy,Michigan,2003.
[21]DOMACK M S,TAMINGER K M B,BEGLEY M.Metallurgical Mechanisms Controlling Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy 2219 Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Materials Science Forum,2006,519/520/521:1291—1296.
[22]TAMINGER K M,HAFLEY R A.Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication for Cost Effective Near-net Shape Manufacturing[C].NATO AVT,2006.
[23]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A,DOMACK M S.Evolution and Control of 2219 Aluminum Microstructural Features Through Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Materials Science Forum,2006,519/520/521:1297—1304.
[24]叶於龙,刘二林,刘红伟,等.铸造-挤压法制备ER4043铝合金焊丝及其组织性能[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2013,33(2):174—177.YE Yu-long,LIU Er-lin,LIU Hong-wei,et al.Microstructure and Properties of ER4043 Aluminum Alloy Welding Wire by Casting-Extrusion[J].Special Casting&Nonferrous Alloys,2013,33(2):174—177.
[25]GU J L,DING J L,WILLIAMS S W,et al.The Strengthening Effect of Inter-layer Cold working and Post-deposition Heat Treatment on the Additively Manufactured Al-6.3Cu Alloy[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,651:18—26.
[26]GU J L,DING J L,WILLIAMS S W,et al.The Effect of Inter-layer Cold Working and Post-Deposition Heat Treatment on Porosity in Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloys[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2016,230:26—34.
[27]柏久阳,王计辉,师建行,等.TIG增材制造4043铝合金薄壁零件组织及力学性能[J].焊接,2015,10:23—26.BAI Jiu-yang,WANG Ji-hui,SHI Jian-xing,et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 4043-Al Alloy Thin-Walled Components Produced by Additive Manufacturing with TIG Welding[J].Welding&Joining,2015,10:23—26
[28]朱艳丽,徐晓龙,胡雪峰,等.SAl 4047铝硅合金焊丝拉拔退火工艺[J].金属热处理,2016,41(8):108—111.ZHU Yan-li,XU Xiao-long,HU Xue-feng,et al.Annealing Process of SAL 4047 Al-Si Alloy Solder Wire during Drawing[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2016,41(8):108—111.
[29]师雪飞,冯正海,罗建华.退火温度对4047铝合金板材组织及性能的影响[J].轻金属,2010(6):58—59.SHI Xue-fei,FENG Zheng-hai,LUO Jian-hua.Influence of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Property of 4047 Aluminum Alloy Sheet[J].Light Metals,2010(6):58—59.
[2]ZELTMANN S E,GUPTA N,TSOUTSOS NG,et al.Manufacturing and Security Challenges in 3D Printing[J].JOM,2016,68(7):1872—1881.
[3]BOURELL D,KRUTH J P,LEU M,et al.Materials for Additive Manufacturing[J].CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology,2017,66:659—681
[4]HERZOG D,SEYDA V,WYCISK E,et al.Additive Manufacturing of Metals[J].Acta Materialia,2016,117:371—392.
[5]张学军,唐思熠,肇恒跃,等.3D打印技术研究现状和关键技术[J].材料工程,2016,44(2):122—128.ZHANG Xue-jun,TANG Si-yi,ZHAO Heng-yue,et al.Research Status and Key Technologies of 3D Printing[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2016,44(2):122—128.
[6]杨平华,高祥熙,梁菁,等.金属增材制造技术发展动向及无损检测研究进展[J].材料工程,2017,45(9):13—21.YANG Ping-hua,GAO Xiang-xi,LIANG Jing,et al.Development Tread and NDT Progress of metal Additive Manufacture Technique[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2017,45(9):13—21.
[7]梁静静,杨彦红,金涛,等.金属材料空间3D打印技术研究现状[J].载人航天,2017,23(5):663—669.LIANG Jing-jing,YANG Yan-hong,JIN Tao,et al.Research Status of 3D Printing Technology for Metals in Space[J].Manned Spaceflight,2017,23(5):663—669.
[8]BRICE C A,HENN D S,SIEDAL D S.Rapid Prototyping and Freeform Fabrication via Electron Beam Welding Deposition[C].Proceedings of Welding Conference,2002.
[9]READ N,WANG W,ESSA K,et al.Selective Laser Melting of Al Si10Mg Alloy:Process Optimisation and Mechanical Properties Development[J].Materials and Design,2015,65:417—424.
[10]BRANDL E,HECKENBERGER U,HOLZINGER V,et al.Additive Manufactured Al Si10Mg Samples Using Selective Laser Melting(SLM):Microstructure,High Cycle Fatigue,and Fracture Behavior[J].Materials and Design,2012,34:159—169
[11]KRISHNAN M,ATZENI E,CANALI R,et al.On the Effect of Process Parameters on Properties of Al Si10Mg Parts Produced by DMLS[J].Rapid Prototyping Journal,2014,20:449—458.
[12]黄丹,朱志华,耿海滨,等.5A06铝合金TIG丝材-电弧增材制造工艺[J].材料工程,2017,45(3):66—72.HUANG Dan,ZHU Zhi-hua,GENG Hai-bin,et al.TIG Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy[J].Journal Materials Engineering,2017,45(3):66—72.
[13]BASAK A,DAS S.Epitaxy and Microstructure Evolution in Metal Additive Manufacturing[J].Annual Review of Materials Research,2016,46:125—149.
[14]ZHAI Y W,GALARRAGA H,LADOS D A.Microstructure Evolution,Tensile Properties,and Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V Alloys Fabricated by Two Additive Manufacturing Techniques[J].Procedia Engineering,2015,114:658—666.
[15]BABU S S,GOODRIDGE R.Additive Manufacturing[J].Materials Science and Technology,2015,31:881—883.
[16]SAMES W J,LIST F A,PANNALA S,et al.The Metallurgy and Processing Science of Metal Additive Manufacturing[J].International Materials Reviews,2016,61:315—360.
[17]陈哲源,锁红波,李晋炜.电子束熔丝沉积快速制造成形技术与组织特征[J].航天制造技术,2010(1):36—39.CHEN Zhe-yuan,SUO Hong-bo,LI Ji-wei,The Forming Character of Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Aerospace Manufacturing Technology,2010(1):36—39.
[18]杨占尧,赵敬云.增材制造与3D打印技术及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.YANG Zhan-yao,ZHAO Jing-yun.Additive Manufacturing and 3D Print Technology&Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2017.
[19]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A,Characterization of2219 Aluminum Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].University of Texas at Austin,2002:482—489.
[20]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A.Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication:a Rapid Metal Deposition Process[C].Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Automotive Composites Conference,Troy,Michigan,2003.
[21]DOMACK M S,TAMINGER K M B,BEGLEY M.Metallurgical Mechanisms Controlling Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy 2219 Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Materials Science Forum,2006,519/520/521:1291—1296.
[22]TAMINGER K M,HAFLEY R A.Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication for Cost Effective Near-net Shape Manufacturing[C].NATO AVT,2006.
[23]TAMINGER K M B,HAFLEY R A,DOMACK M S.Evolution and Control of 2219 Aluminum Microstructural Features Through Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication[J].Materials Science Forum,2006,519/520/521:1297—1304.
[24]叶於龙,刘二林,刘红伟,等.铸造-挤压法制备ER4043铝合金焊丝及其组织性能[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2013,33(2):174—177.YE Yu-long,LIU Er-lin,LIU Hong-wei,et al.Microstructure and Properties of ER4043 Aluminum Alloy Welding Wire by Casting-Extrusion[J].Special Casting&Nonferrous Alloys,2013,33(2):174—177.
[25]GU J L,DING J L,WILLIAMS S W,et al.The Strengthening Effect of Inter-layer Cold working and Post-deposition Heat Treatment on the Additively Manufactured Al-6.3Cu Alloy[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,651:18—26.
[26]GU J L,DING J L,WILLIAMS S W,et al.The Effect of Inter-layer Cold Working and Post-Deposition Heat Treatment on Porosity in Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloys[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2016,230:26—34.
[27]柏久阳,王计辉,师建行,等.TIG增材制造4043铝合金薄壁零件组织及力学性能[J].焊接,2015,10:23—26.BAI Jiu-yang,WANG Ji-hui,SHI Jian-xing,et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 4043-Al Alloy Thin-Walled Components Produced by Additive Manufacturing with TIG Welding[J].Welding&Joining,2015,10:23—26
[28]朱艳丽,徐晓龙,胡雪峰,等.SAl 4047铝硅合金焊丝拉拔退火工艺[J].金属热处理,2016,41(8):108—111.ZHU Yan-li,XU Xiao-long,HU Xue-feng,et al.Annealing Process of SAL 4047 Al-Si Alloy Solder Wire during Drawing[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2016,41(8):108—111.
[29]师雪飞,冯正海,罗建华.退火温度对4047铝合金板材组织及性能的影响[J].轻金属,2010(6):58—59.SHI Xue-fei,FENG Zheng-hai,LUO Jian-hua.Influence of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Property of 4047 Aluminum Alloy Sheet[J].Light Metals,2010(6):58—59.