基于分形理论的叠片过滤器性能试验研究
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摘要
传统叠片过滤器运行过程中水头损失存在陡增现象,极易在短时间内完全堵塞而影响过滤效果。本文将分形理论应用到叠片过滤器叠片流道的设计中,提出一种叠片过滤器,并与国内外传统叠片过滤器的水头损失、拦沙量、拦截泥沙粒径以及泥沙在流道分布的均匀程度等方面进行试验对比分析。在试验对比的基础上,引入堵塞均匀度指标ηu,通过定量表征运行时段水头损失变化规律判定叠片过滤器堵塞均匀性。结果表明,清水条件下本文叠片过滤器局部水头损失比传统叠片过滤器低12%～20%,含沙水条件下本文叠片过滤器水头损失随时间增长速率均匀且低于传统叠片过滤器的增长速率;不同进水含沙量条件下,本文叠片过滤器的平均拦沙量比传统叠片过滤器高11%～54%,拦截泥沙平均中值粒径为39. 51μm,小于传统叠片过滤器的59. 04～87. 60μm。
During the operation of traditional disc filter,the head loss is steeply increased,and it is easy to reach complete clogging in a short time,which affects the filtering effect. The existing research focuses on the improvement of its macrostructure,and there are few studies on the optimization of disc flow path structure. A fractal theory was introduced into the design of disc filter along flow path. A new type of disc filter was proposed,and compared with the traditional disc filter at home and abroad on the performance of head loss,sand interception,d50 and the uniformity of sediment distribution in the runner. Based on the experimental comparison,the clogging uniformity index ηu,was introduced,and it was desirable to determine the clogging uniformity by quantitatively characterizing the change in head loss during the operating period. The results showed that the local head loss of the new disc filter under the condition of clear water was 12% ～ 20% lower than that of the traditional disc filters,under the condition of sandy water,the head loss of the new disc filter was uniform with time and lower than the growth rate of the traditional disc filter; under the condition of different concentrations of sandy water,the average sand interception of the new disc filter was 11% ～ 54% higher than that of the traditional disc filter,the average d50 of the intercepted sediment was 39. 51 μm,which was smaller than the traditional disc filter of59. 04 ～ 87. 60 μm. The research can provide theoretical and experimental basis for the feasibility and superiority of fractal theory applied to disc structures.
During the operation of traditional disc filter,the head loss is steeply increased,and it is easy to reach complete clogging in a short time,which affects the filtering effect. The existing research focuses on the improvement of its macrostructure,and there are few studies on the optimization of disc flow path structure. A fractal theory was introduced into the design of disc filter along flow path. A new type of disc filter was proposed,and compared with the traditional disc filter at home and abroad on the performance of head loss,sand interception,d50 and the uniformity of sediment distribution in the runner. Based on the experimental comparison,the clogging uniformity index ηu,was introduced,and it was desirable to determine the clogging uniformity by quantitatively characterizing the change in head loss during the operating period. The results showed that the local head loss of the new disc filter under the condition of clear water was 12% ～ 20% lower than that of the traditional disc filters,under the condition of sandy water,the head loss of the new disc filter was uniform with time and lower than the growth rate of the traditional disc filter; under the condition of different concentrations of sandy water,the average sand interception of the new disc filter was 11% ～ 54% higher than that of the traditional disc filter,the average d50 of the intercepted sediment was 39. 51 μm,which was smaller than the traditional disc filter of59. 04 ～ 87. 60 μm. The research can provide theoretical and experimental basis for the feasibility and superiority of fractal theory applied to disc structures.
引文
[1]李云开,周博,杨培岭.滴灌系统灌水器堵塞机理与控制方法研究进展[J].水利学报,2018,49(1):103-114.LI Yunkai,ZHOU Bo,YANG Peiling. Research advances in drip irrigation emitter clogging mechanism and controlling methods[J]. Journal of Hydrulic Engineering,2018,49(1):103-114.(in Chinese)
[2]宗全利,杨洪飞,刘贞姬,等.网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因分析与压降计算[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):215-222.ZONG Quanli,YANG Hongfei,LIU Zhenji,et al. Clogging reason analysis and pressure drop calculation of screen filter[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):215-222. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170927&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298.2017. 09. 027.(in Chinese)
[3]吴显斌,吴文勇,刘洪禄,等.再生水滴灌系统滴头抗堵塞性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):61-64.WU Xianbin,WU Wenyong,LIU Honglu,et al. Experimental study on anti-clogging performance of emitters for reclaimedwastewater irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(5):61-64.(in Chinese)
[4]阿不都沙拉木,彭立新,崔春亮.微灌系统中叠式和网式过滤器对含藻类地表水过滤效果的分析[C]∥中国水利学会青年科技论坛,2005.
[5]叶成恒,范兴科,姜珊.离心叠片与离心筛网过滤系统性能比较试验[J].中国农村水利水电,2010(2):73-75.YE Chengheng,FAN Xingke,JIANG Shan. A comparative experiment on performances of centrifuge disc and centrifuge screenfiltration systems[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2010(2):73-75.(in Chinese)
[6]王燕燕.自清洗叠片过滤器的设计与研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010.WANG Yanyan. Design and research of self-cleaning discs-type filter[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[7]杨万龙,宋世良.叠片式自动反冲洗过滤器的研制[J].中国农村水利水电,2005(1):115-117.YANG Wanlong,SONG Shiliang. Development of laminated automatic backwashing filter[J]. China Rural Water andHydropower,2005(1):115-117.(in Chinese)
[8]肖新棉,董文楚,杨金忠,等.微灌用叠片式砂过滤器性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(5):81-84.XIAO Xinmian,DONG Wenchu,YANG Jinzhong,et al. Experimental study on characteristics of laminated sand filter formicro-irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(5):81-84.(in Chinese)
[9]王君,崔春亮,崔瑞.自主研发的水动活塞式单体叠片过滤器水力学性能研究[J].黑龙江水利科技,2016(9):4-6.WANG Jun,CUI Chunliang,CUI Rui. A test on the hydraulic performance of self-developed piston driven monomer disc filter[J]. Heilongjiang Hydraulic Science and Technology,2016(9):4-6.(in Chinese)
[10]张杰武.高含沙水泥沙分离系统设计与分析[J].节水灌溉,2015(5):88-91.ZHANG Jiewu. Design and analysis of high-sand cement sand separation system[J]. Water Saving Irrigation,2015(5):88-91.(in Chinese)
[11]汤一波.紊流新理论初探:分形DDC和通用物理方程[D].南京:河海大学,1993.YANG Yibo. A preliminary study on the new theory of turbulence:fractal DDC and general physics equations[D]. Nanjing:Hohai University,1993.(in Chinese)
[12] MANDELBROT B B. The fractal geometry of nature[M]. Basel:Birkhuser Verlag,1991.
[13]冯吉.引黄滴灌系统泥沙逐级调控机制及方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.FENG Ji. Step regulation mechanism and method of sediment in drip irrigation system with the yellow river water[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[14]陈伟.基于Y-形单元分形吸液芯结构流动与传热性能研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.CHEN Wei. Research on the flow and heat transfer performance of a fractal wick structure based on the Y-shaped unit[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2015.(in Chinese)
[15]李云开.滴头分形流道设计及其流动特性的试验研究与数值模拟[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LI Yunkai. Design of fractal flow path for emitters and experiment study and medeling on its fluid mechanism[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[16] TUCOTTE D L. Fractals in fluid mechanics[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1988,20(1):5-16.
[17]张娟娟.微灌用典型过滤器水力学特性及泥沙过滤效果研究[D].郑州:华北水利水电大学,2015.ZHANG Juanjuan. Study on hydraulic characteristics and sediment filter effects of typical filters[D]. Zhengzhou:North ChinaUniversity of Water Resources and Electric Power,2015.(in Chinese)
[18]骆秀萍.自清洗网式过滤器运行特性及内部流场数值模拟研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.LUO Xiuping. Study on operating characteristics and internal flow field numerical simulation of self-cleaning screen filter[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2013.(in Chinese)
[19] SL 103—95微灌工程技术规范[S]. 1995.
[20]聂新山.高效网式过滤器的试验研究与特点分析[J].新疆水利,2011(3):25-27.NIE Xinshan. Experimental research and characteristic analysis of high efficiency net filter[J]. Xinjiang Water Resources,2011(3):25-27.(in Chinese)
[21]吕宏兴,裴国霞,杨玲霞.水力学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[22]傅琳,董文楚,郑耀全.微灌工程技术指南[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1988:1-7.
[23]吴显斌.再生水灌溉下滴灌系统抗堵塞性能试验研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.WU Xianbin. Experimental study of drip irrigation system anti-clogging performance under reclaimed water irrigation[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[24]李宏燕.微灌叠片过滤器泥沙过滤与反冲洗研究[D].郑州:华北水利水电大学,2014.LI Hongyan. Study on the filtration and backwashing for the disc filter in micro-irrigation[D]. Zhengzhou:North ChinaUniversity of Water Resources and Electric Power,2014.(in Chinese)
[25] ZHOU B,LI Y,SONG P,et al. Anti-clogging evaluation for drip irrigation emitters using reclaimed water[J]. IrrigationScience,2017,35(3):181-192.
[26]张重.叠片过滤器流动特性的研究及分形流道设计与验证[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.ZHANG Chong. Study on flow characteristics of laminated filter and design and verification of fractal flow channel[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[27]邱元锋,孟戈,罗金耀.微灌旋流网式一体化水砂分离器试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):77-81.QIU Yuanfeng,MENG Ge,LUO Jinyao. Experiment of screen hydrocyclone separator for micro-irrigation[J]. Transactions ofthe CSAE,2016,32(5):77-81.(in Chinese)
[28] PEI Y,LI Y,LIU Y,et al. Eight emitters clogging characteristics and its suitability under on-site reclaimed water dripirrigation[J]. Irrigation Science,2014,32(2):141-157.
[29]李云开,杨培岭,任树梅,等.分形流道设计及几何参数对滴头水力性能的影响[J].机械工程学报,2007,43(7):109-114.LI Yunkai,YANG Peiling,REN Shumei,et al. Effects of fractal flow path designing and its parameters on emitter hydraulicperformance[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2007,43(7):109-114.(in Chinese)
[30]王睿,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.微灌用施肥泵施肥比例与肥水比对过滤器堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(23):117-122.WANG Rui,WANG Wene,HU Xiaotao,et al. Impact of fertilizer proportion and fertilizer-water ratio on clogging of filter byfertilizer pump in micro-irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(23):117-122.(in Chinese)
[31]张文正,翟国亮,吕谋超,等.微灌条件下三种过滤器过滤效果试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(4):88-93.ZHANG Wenzheng,ZHAI Guoliang,LMouchao,et al. Experiment study on the efficacy of sandfilter,screen filter and discfilter for removing silts from the yellow river water for micro-irrigation[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(4):88-93.(in Chinese)
[2]宗全利,杨洪飞,刘贞姬,等.网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因分析与压降计算[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):215-222.ZONG Quanli,YANG Hongfei,LIU Zhenji,et al. Clogging reason analysis and pressure drop calculation of screen filter[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):215-222. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170927&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298.2017. 09. 027.(in Chinese)
[3]吴显斌,吴文勇,刘洪禄,等.再生水滴灌系统滴头抗堵塞性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):61-64.WU Xianbin,WU Wenyong,LIU Honglu,et al. Experimental study on anti-clogging performance of emitters for reclaimedwastewater irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(5):61-64.(in Chinese)
[4]阿不都沙拉木,彭立新,崔春亮.微灌系统中叠式和网式过滤器对含藻类地表水过滤效果的分析[C]∥中国水利学会青年科技论坛,2005.
[5]叶成恒,范兴科,姜珊.离心叠片与离心筛网过滤系统性能比较试验[J].中国农村水利水电,2010(2):73-75.YE Chengheng,FAN Xingke,JIANG Shan. A comparative experiment on performances of centrifuge disc and centrifuge screenfiltration systems[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2010(2):73-75.(in Chinese)
[6]王燕燕.自清洗叠片过滤器的设计与研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010.WANG Yanyan. Design and research of self-cleaning discs-type filter[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[7]杨万龙,宋世良.叠片式自动反冲洗过滤器的研制[J].中国农村水利水电,2005(1):115-117.YANG Wanlong,SONG Shiliang. Development of laminated automatic backwashing filter[J]. China Rural Water andHydropower,2005(1):115-117.(in Chinese)
[8]肖新棉,董文楚,杨金忠,等.微灌用叠片式砂过滤器性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(5):81-84.XIAO Xinmian,DONG Wenchu,YANG Jinzhong,et al. Experimental study on characteristics of laminated sand filter formicro-irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(5):81-84.(in Chinese)
[9]王君,崔春亮,崔瑞.自主研发的水动活塞式单体叠片过滤器水力学性能研究[J].黑龙江水利科技,2016(9):4-6.WANG Jun,CUI Chunliang,CUI Rui. A test on the hydraulic performance of self-developed piston driven monomer disc filter[J]. Heilongjiang Hydraulic Science and Technology,2016(9):4-6.(in Chinese)
[10]张杰武.高含沙水泥沙分离系统设计与分析[J].节水灌溉,2015(5):88-91.ZHANG Jiewu. Design and analysis of high-sand cement sand separation system[J]. Water Saving Irrigation,2015(5):88-91.(in Chinese)
[11]汤一波.紊流新理论初探:分形DDC和通用物理方程[D].南京:河海大学,1993.YANG Yibo. A preliminary study on the new theory of turbulence:fractal DDC and general physics equations[D]. Nanjing:Hohai University,1993.(in Chinese)
[12] MANDELBROT B B. The fractal geometry of nature[M]. Basel:Birkhuser Verlag,1991.
[13]冯吉.引黄滴灌系统泥沙逐级调控机制及方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.FENG Ji. Step regulation mechanism and method of sediment in drip irrigation system with the yellow river water[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[14]陈伟.基于Y-形单元分形吸液芯结构流动与传热性能研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.CHEN Wei. Research on the flow and heat transfer performance of a fractal wick structure based on the Y-shaped unit[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2015.(in Chinese)
[15]李云开.滴头分形流道设计及其流动特性的试验研究与数值模拟[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LI Yunkai. Design of fractal flow path for emitters and experiment study and medeling on its fluid mechanism[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[16] TUCOTTE D L. Fractals in fluid mechanics[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1988,20(1):5-16.
[17]张娟娟.微灌用典型过滤器水力学特性及泥沙过滤效果研究[D].郑州:华北水利水电大学,2015.ZHANG Juanjuan. Study on hydraulic characteristics and sediment filter effects of typical filters[D]. Zhengzhou:North ChinaUniversity of Water Resources and Electric Power,2015.(in Chinese)
[18]骆秀萍.自清洗网式过滤器运行特性及内部流场数值模拟研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.LUO Xiuping. Study on operating characteristics and internal flow field numerical simulation of self-cleaning screen filter[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2013.(in Chinese)
[19] SL 103—95微灌工程技术规范[S]. 1995.
[20]聂新山.高效网式过滤器的试验研究与特点分析[J].新疆水利,2011(3):25-27.NIE Xinshan. Experimental research and characteristic analysis of high efficiency net filter[J]. Xinjiang Water Resources,2011(3):25-27.(in Chinese)
[21]吕宏兴,裴国霞,杨玲霞.水力学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[22]傅琳,董文楚,郑耀全.微灌工程技术指南[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1988:1-7.
[23]吴显斌.再生水灌溉下滴灌系统抗堵塞性能试验研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.WU Xianbin. Experimental study of drip irrigation system anti-clogging performance under reclaimed water irrigation[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[24]李宏燕.微灌叠片过滤器泥沙过滤与反冲洗研究[D].郑州:华北水利水电大学,2014.LI Hongyan. Study on the filtration and backwashing for the disc filter in micro-irrigation[D]. Zhengzhou:North ChinaUniversity of Water Resources and Electric Power,2014.(in Chinese)
[25] ZHOU B,LI Y,SONG P,et al. Anti-clogging evaluation for drip irrigation emitters using reclaimed water[J]. IrrigationScience,2017,35(3):181-192.
[26]张重.叠片过滤器流动特性的研究及分形流道设计与验证[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.ZHANG Chong. Study on flow characteristics of laminated filter and design and verification of fractal flow channel[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[27]邱元锋,孟戈,罗金耀.微灌旋流网式一体化水砂分离器试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):77-81.QIU Yuanfeng,MENG Ge,LUO Jinyao. Experiment of screen hydrocyclone separator for micro-irrigation[J]. Transactions ofthe CSAE,2016,32(5):77-81.(in Chinese)
[28] PEI Y,LI Y,LIU Y,et al. Eight emitters clogging characteristics and its suitability under on-site reclaimed water dripirrigation[J]. Irrigation Science,2014,32(2):141-157.
[29]李云开,杨培岭,任树梅,等.分形流道设计及几何参数对滴头水力性能的影响[J].机械工程学报,2007,43(7):109-114.LI Yunkai,YANG Peiling,REN Shumei,et al. Effects of fractal flow path designing and its parameters on emitter hydraulicperformance[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2007,43(7):109-114.(in Chinese)
[30]王睿,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.微灌用施肥泵施肥比例与肥水比对过滤器堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(23):117-122.WANG Rui,WANG Wene,HU Xiaotao,et al. Impact of fertilizer proportion and fertilizer-water ratio on clogging of filter byfertilizer pump in micro-irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(23):117-122.(in Chinese)
[31]张文正,翟国亮,吕谋超,等.微灌条件下三种过滤器过滤效果试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(4):88-93.ZHANG Wenzheng,ZHAI Guoliang,LMouchao,et al. Experiment study on the efficacy of sandfilter,screen filter and discfilter for removing silts from the yellow river water for micro-irrigation[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(4):88-93.(in Chinese)