Application of short-time Fourier transform to high-rise frame structural-health monitoring based on change of inherent frequency over time
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摘要
The high-rise frame structure has become more and more widespread, like its damage from the complication of the environment. The traditional method of damage detection, which is only suitable for the stationary signal, does not apply to a high-rise frame structure because its damage signal is non-stationary. Thus, this paper presents an application of the short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to damage detection of high-rise frame structures. Compared with the fast Fourier transform, STFT is found to be able to express the frequency spectrum property of the time interval using the signal within this interval. Application of STFT to analyzing a Matlab model and the shaking table test with a twelve-story frame-structure model reveals that there is a positive correlation between the slope of the frequency versus time and the damage level. If the slope is equal to or greater than zero, the structure is not damaged. If the slope is smaller than zero, the structure is damaged, and the less the slope is, the more serious the damage is. The damage results from calculation based on the Matlab model are consistent with those from the shaking table test, demonstrating that STFT can be a reliable tool for the damage detection of high-rise frame structures.
The high-rise frame structure has become more and more widespread, like its damage from the complication of the environment. The traditional method of damage detection, which is only suitable for the stationary signal, does not apply to a high-rise frame structure because its damage signal is non-stationary. Thus, this paper presents an application of the short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to damage detection of high-rise frame structures. Compared with the fast Fourier transform, STFT is found to be able to express the frequency spectrum property of the time interval using the signal within this interval. Application of STFT to analyzing a Matlab model and the shaking table test with a twelve-story frame-structure model reveals that there is a positive correlation between the slope of the frequency versus time and the damage level. If the slope is equal to or greater than zero, the structure is not damaged. If the slope is smaller than zero, the structure is damaged, and the less the slope is, the more serious the damage is. The damage results from calculation based on the Matlab model are consistent with those from the shaking table test, demonstrating that STFT can be a reliable tool for the damage detection of high-rise frame structures.
The high-rise frame structure has become more and more widespread, like its damage from the complication of the environment. The traditional method of damage detection, which is only suitable for the stationary signal, does not apply to a high-rise frame structure because its damage signal is non-stationary. Thus, this paper presents an application of the short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to damage detection of high-rise frame structures. Compared with the fast Fourier transform, STFT is found to be able to express the frequency spectrum property of the time interval using the signal within this interval. Application of STFT to analyzing a Matlab model and the shaking table test with a twelve-story frame-structure model reveals that there is a positive correlation between the slope of the frequency versus time and the damage level. If the slope is equal to or greater than zero, the structure is not damaged. If the slope is smaller than zero, the structure is damaged, and the less the slope is, the more serious the damage is. The damage results from calculation based on the Matlab model are consistent with those from the shaking table test, demonstrating that STFT can be a reliable tool for the damage detection of high-rise frame structures.
引文
[1]JAMADAR I M,VAKHARIA D P.A numerical model for the identification of the structural damages in rolling contact bearings using matrix method of dimensional analysis[J/OL].Journal of Tribology,2016,138(2)[2016-05-07].https://tribology.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2470738.DOI:10.1115/1.4031989.
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[4]KONG X,CAI C S,KONG B.Damage detection based on transmissibility of a vehicle and bridge coupled system[J/OL].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2015,141(1)[2016-05-06].http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0000821.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000821.
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[11]裴强,王丽,全厚辉.钢筋混凝土框架结构参数时变特性的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2013,33(1):40-46.PEI Q,WANG L,QUAN H H.Study on characteristics of time-varying parameters of reinforced concrete frame structure[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2013,33(1):40-46.(In Chinese).
[12]樊江玲,张玉旋,李鹏程,等.时频分析在环境激励下模态参数辨识中的应用[J].上海工程技术大学学报,2010,24(3):221-224.FAN J L,ZHANG Y X,LI P C,et al.Application of time-frequency analysis for modal parameter identification under ambient excitation[J].Journal of Shanghai University of Engineering Science,2010,24(3):221-224.(In Chinese).
[13]许国山,林琦,丁勇,等.既有结构外套增层隔震加固振动台试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2014,47(3):19-25.XU G S,LIN Q,DING Y,et al.Shake table test of existing structure with external structure reinforcement and mid-story isolation rehabilitation[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2014,47(3):19-25.(In Chinese).
[14]左熹,陈国兴,王志华,等.软弱场地上地铁车站结构近远场地震反应特性振动台试验[J].土木工程学报,2010,43:299-305.ZUO X,CHEN G X,WANG Z H,et al.Shaking table test the seism response of subway station structure in soft sites under near and far field ground motion[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43:299-305.(In Chinese).
[15]谭德先,周云,米斯特,等.环境激励下高层建筑结构模态测试与有限元建模分析[J].土木工程学报,2015,48(9):40-49.TAN D X,ZHOU Y,MI S,et al.Ambient vibration dynamic test and finite element analysis for high-rise buildings[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2015,48(9):40-49.(In Chinese).
[16]YANG Y C,NAGARAJAIAH S.Time-frequency blind source separation using independent component analysis for output-only modal identification of highly damped structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2013,139(10):1780-1793.
[17]TANSEL B,TANSEL I N,DIZGE N,et al.Diagnostic assessment of membrane health and performance by Stransform of flux data[C]//World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011:Bearing Knowledge for Sustainability.[S.l.]:American Society of Civil Engineers,2011:3355-3358.
[18]HOU H L,PANG C S,GUO H L,et al.Study on highspeed and multi-target detection algorithm based on STFT and FRFT combination[J].Optic,2016,127:713-717.
[19]裴强,王丽.结构参数识别方法研究[J].大连大学学报,2013,34(3):36-44.PEI Q,WANG L.The study of the Structural modal parameter identification[J].Journal of Dalian University,2013,34(3):36-44.(In Chinese).
[20]NIELD S A,WILLIAMS M S,MCFADDEN P D.Nonlinear vibration characteristics of damagedconcrete beams[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2006,129(2):260-280.
[21]续秀忠,张志宜,华宏星,等.应用时频分析方法辨识时变系统的模态参数[J].振动工程学报,2003,16(3):358-362.XU X Z,ZHANG Z Y,HUA H X,et al.Application of the time-frequency method to detect the parameter of time-varying system[J].Journal of Vibration Engineering,2003,16(3):358-362.(In Chinese).
[22]LI X L,LI Z H,WANG E Y,et al.Analysis of natural mineral earthquake and blast based on Hilbert–Huang transform(HHT)[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2016,128:79-86.
[23]乌建中,陶益.基于短时傅里叶变换的风机叶片裂纹损伤检测[J].中国工程机械学报,2014,12(2):180-183.Wu J Z,Tao Y.STFT-based crack detection on wind turbine blades[J].Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery,2014,12(2):180-183.(In Chinese).
[24]董建华,顾汉明,张星.几种时频分析方法的比较及应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(4):312-316.DONG J H,GU H M,ZHANG X.A comparison of time-frequency analysis methods and their application[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(4):312-316.(In Chinese).
[25]WANG Z J,ZHAO B M.Correlations between structural damage and ground motion parameters during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Soil Dynamics Earthquake Engineering,2015,72:129-137.
[2]宗周红,牛杰,王浩.基于模型确认的结构概率损伤识别方法研究进展[J].土木工程学报,2012,45(8):121-130.ZONG Z H,NIU J,WANG H.Damage detection method based the probability of structural mode[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2012,45(8):121-130.(In Chinese).
[3]XU W,ZHU W D,SMITH S A,et al.Structural damage detection using slopes of longitudinal vibration shapes[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,2015,14(5):439-440.
[4]KONG X,CAI C S,KONG B.Damage detection based on transmissibility of a vehicle and bridge coupled system[J/OL].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2015,141(1)[2016-05-06].http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0000821.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000821.
[5]GHASEMZADEH F,POUR-GHAZ M.Effect of damage on moisture transport in concrete[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2014,27(9):[2016-05-06].http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0001211 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001211.
[6]朱宏平,余璟,张俊兵.结构损伤动力检测与健康监测研究现状与展望[J].工程力学,2011,28(2):1-11.ZHU H P,YU J,ZHANG J B.Structural damage detection and the health monitoring[J].Engineering Mechanics,2011,28:1-12.(In Chinese).
[7]SHOJAEI A,LI G Q,TAN P J,et al.Dynamic delamination in laminated fiber reinforced composites:a continuum damage mechanics approach[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,2015,71:262-276.
[8]SIRACUSANO G,LAMONACA F,TOMASELLO R,et al.A framework for the damage evaluation of acoustic emission signals through Hilbert-Huang transform[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2016,75:109-122.
[9]FENZA A D,SORRENTINO A,VITIELLO P.Application of artificial neural networks andprobability ellipse methods for damage detection using Lamb waves[J].Composite Structures,2015,133:390-403.
[10]裴强,李龙,薛志成.基于振动台试验的时域结构模态参数识别法对比研究[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2015,31(4):621-627.PEI Q,LI L,XUE Z C.Comparison study on structural modal parameter identification methods based on shaking table tests[J].Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Natural Science),2015,31(4):621-627.(In Chinese).
[11]裴强,王丽,全厚辉.钢筋混凝土框架结构参数时变特性的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2013,33(1):40-46.PEI Q,WANG L,QUAN H H.Study on characteristics of time-varying parameters of reinforced concrete frame structure[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2013,33(1):40-46.(In Chinese).
[12]樊江玲,张玉旋,李鹏程,等.时频分析在环境激励下模态参数辨识中的应用[J].上海工程技术大学学报,2010,24(3):221-224.FAN J L,ZHANG Y X,LI P C,et al.Application of time-frequency analysis for modal parameter identification under ambient excitation[J].Journal of Shanghai University of Engineering Science,2010,24(3):221-224.(In Chinese).
[13]许国山,林琦,丁勇,等.既有结构外套增层隔震加固振动台试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2014,47(3):19-25.XU G S,LIN Q,DING Y,et al.Shake table test of existing structure with external structure reinforcement and mid-story isolation rehabilitation[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2014,47(3):19-25.(In Chinese).
[14]左熹,陈国兴,王志华,等.软弱场地上地铁车站结构近远场地震反应特性振动台试验[J].土木工程学报,2010,43:299-305.ZUO X,CHEN G X,WANG Z H,et al.Shaking table test the seism response of subway station structure in soft sites under near and far field ground motion[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43:299-305.(In Chinese).
[15]谭德先,周云,米斯特,等.环境激励下高层建筑结构模态测试与有限元建模分析[J].土木工程学报,2015,48(9):40-49.TAN D X,ZHOU Y,MI S,et al.Ambient vibration dynamic test and finite element analysis for high-rise buildings[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2015,48(9):40-49.(In Chinese).
[16]YANG Y C,NAGARAJAIAH S.Time-frequency blind source separation using independent component analysis for output-only modal identification of highly damped structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2013,139(10):1780-1793.
[17]TANSEL B,TANSEL I N,DIZGE N,et al.Diagnostic assessment of membrane health and performance by Stransform of flux data[C]//World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011:Bearing Knowledge for Sustainability.[S.l.]:American Society of Civil Engineers,2011:3355-3358.
[18]HOU H L,PANG C S,GUO H L,et al.Study on highspeed and multi-target detection algorithm based on STFT and FRFT combination[J].Optic,2016,127:713-717.
[19]裴强,王丽.结构参数识别方法研究[J].大连大学学报,2013,34(3):36-44.PEI Q,WANG L.The study of the Structural modal parameter identification[J].Journal of Dalian University,2013,34(3):36-44.(In Chinese).
[20]NIELD S A,WILLIAMS M S,MCFADDEN P D.Nonlinear vibration characteristics of damagedconcrete beams[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2006,129(2):260-280.
[21]续秀忠,张志宜,华宏星,等.应用时频分析方法辨识时变系统的模态参数[J].振动工程学报,2003,16(3):358-362.XU X Z,ZHANG Z Y,HUA H X,et al.Application of the time-frequency method to detect the parameter of time-varying system[J].Journal of Vibration Engineering,2003,16(3):358-362.(In Chinese).
[22]LI X L,LI Z H,WANG E Y,et al.Analysis of natural mineral earthquake and blast based on Hilbert–Huang transform(HHT)[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2016,128:79-86.
[23]乌建中,陶益.基于短时傅里叶变换的风机叶片裂纹损伤检测[J].中国工程机械学报,2014,12(2):180-183.Wu J Z,Tao Y.STFT-based crack detection on wind turbine blades[J].Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery,2014,12(2):180-183.(In Chinese).
[24]董建华,顾汉明,张星.几种时频分析方法的比较及应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(4):312-316.DONG J H,GU H M,ZHANG X.A comparison of time-frequency analysis methods and their application[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(4):312-316.(In Chinese).
[25]WANG Z J,ZHAO B M.Correlations between structural damage and ground motion parameters during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Soil Dynamics Earthquake Engineering,2015,72:129-137.