滴灌模式和水分调控对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用的影响
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摘要
采用裂区试验设计探究了地下滴灌和地表滴灌(drip underground, DU; drip surface, DS)模式下土壤水分调控(分别为田间持水量的40%～50%、60%～70%和80%～90%,记为W40、W60和W80)对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,DU处理的吐丝后氮素积累量及水分利用效率分别较DS显著提高了6.18%和4.85%～8.61%。夏玉米的干物质、氮素指标及产量对滴灌模式的响应依赖于土壤水分调控水平,在W40和W60处理条件下,DU处理显著增加夏玉米的净光合速率,提高了吐丝后干物质和氮素的积累量及向籽粒的转运,最终DU处理的干物质积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、产量及氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.29%～19.94%、?1.10%～20.65%、3.29%～19.94%和3.31%～23.64%。而在W80处理条件下, DS处理的干物质积累量、吐丝后氮素积累量、产量及蒸散量比DU处理分别提高了6.80%～12.24%、5.93%、8.39%～14.91%和9.73%～14.57%。综上所述,在限水灌溉条件下,地下滴灌能够增加吐丝后干物质积累量、氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,最终增加产量。在充分供水条件下,地表滴灌更有利于干物质及氮素的积累,但由于消耗过多的水分,因此水分利用效率未显著增加。
A split-plot experiment was conducted to explore the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and allocation characteristics, and water use efficiency of maize in response to different drip irrigation regimes. Drip underground(DU) and drip surface(DS) were applied with three levels of water treatment [W40, W60, and W80 referring to 40%?50% field water capacity(FWC),60%?70% FWC, and 80%?90% FWC, respectively]. The nitrogen accumulation and water use efficiency of DU treatment has been significantly increased by 6.18% and 4.85%?8.61% respectively compared with DS treatment. The response of dry matter and nitrogen characteristics to drip irrigation patterns was depended on soil water regulation levels. Under W40 and W60 conditions, DU significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate of summer maize, improved dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after silking and their contribution to grains. At last, DU increased the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation in grains,yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity by 3.29% to 19.94%, ?1.10% to 20.65%, 3.29% to 19.94%, and 3.31% to 23.64%respectively. While under W80 condition, dry matter and nitrogen accumulations, yield and crop evapotranspiration were 6.80% to12.24%, 5.93%, 8.39% to 14.91%, and 9.73% to 14.57% respectively higher in DS than in DU. In conclusion, drip underground could improve dry matter and nitrogen translocated to grain, and increase yield under limited irrigated condition(W40 and W60),while under adequate water supply(W80), drip surface could enhance the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation with lower water use efficiency due to excessive water consumption.
A split-plot experiment was conducted to explore the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and allocation characteristics, and water use efficiency of maize in response to different drip irrigation regimes. Drip underground(DU) and drip surface(DS) were applied with three levels of water treatment [W40, W60, and W80 referring to 40%?50% field water capacity(FWC),60%?70% FWC, and 80%?90% FWC, respectively]. The nitrogen accumulation and water use efficiency of DU treatment has been significantly increased by 6.18% and 4.85%?8.61% respectively compared with DS treatment. The response of dry matter and nitrogen characteristics to drip irrigation patterns was depended on soil water regulation levels. Under W40 and W60 conditions, DU significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate of summer maize, improved dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after silking and their contribution to grains. At last, DU increased the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation in grains,yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity by 3.29% to 19.94%, ?1.10% to 20.65%, 3.29% to 19.94%, and 3.31% to 23.64%respectively. While under W80 condition, dry matter and nitrogen accumulations, yield and crop evapotranspiration were 6.80% to12.24%, 5.93%, 8.39% to 14.91%, and 9.73% to 14.57% respectively higher in DS than in DU. In conclusion, drip underground could improve dry matter and nitrogen translocated to grain, and increase yield under limited irrigated condition(W40 and W60),while under adequate water supply(W80), drip surface could enhance the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation with lower water use efficiency due to excessive water consumption.
引文
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[2]薛昌颖,刘荣花,马志红.黄淮海地区夏玉米干旱等级划分.农业工程学报,2014,30(16):147-156.Xue C Y,Liu R H,Ma Z H.Drought grade classification of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai area.Trans CSAE,2014,30(16):147-156(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]Liu H,Yu L,Luo Y,Wang X,Huang G.Responses of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes.Agric Water Manage,2011,98:483-492.
[4]Lenoner R S,María G,Raúl S,Javier B.Evaluation of drip and subsurface drip irrigation in a uniform loamy soil.Soil Sci,2012,177:147-152.
[5]刘洋,栗岩峰,李久生,严海军.东北半湿润区膜下滴灌对农田水热和玉米产量的影响.农业机械学报,2015,46(10):93-104.Liu Y,Li Y F,Li J S,Yan H J.Effects of mulched drip irrigation on water and heat conditions in field and maize yield in subhumid region of northeast China.Trans CSAM,2015,46(10):93-104(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]Meshkat M,Warner R C,Workman S R.Evaporation reduction potential in an undisturbed so irrigated with surface drip and sand tube irrigation.Trans ASAE,2000,43:79-86.
[7]?olak Y B,Yazar A,Sesveren S,?olak?.Evaluation of yield and leaf water potantial(LWP)for eggplant under varying irrigation regimes using surface and subsurface drip systems.Sci Hortic,2017,219:10-21.
[8]杨明达,关小康,白田田,张鹏钰,韩静丽,王静丽,王同朝.不同滴灌模式对土壤水分空间变异及夏玉米生长的影响.河南农业大学学报,2016,50(1):1-7.Yang M D,Guan X K,Bai T T,Zhang P Y,Han J L,Wang J L,Wang T C.Effect of different drip irrigation modes on spatial distribution variance of soil water and summer maize growth.JHenan Agric Univ,2016,50(1):1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]田霄鸿,聂刚,李生秀.不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响.土壤通报,2002,33:263-267.Tian X H,Nie G,Li S X.Effect of water and nutrients supplying in different soil layers on growth and nutrition absorption of corn seedlings.Chin J Soil Sci,2002,33:263-267(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]李蓓,李久生.滴灌带埋深对田间土壤水氮分布及春玉米产量的影响.中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2009,7:222-226.Li B,Li J S.Effects of drip irrigation placement depth on distribution of soil water&nitrogen and spring maize yield.J China Inst Water Resour Hydropower Res,2009,7:222-226(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]李凤民,郭安红,雒梅,赵松岭.土壤深层供水对冬小麦干物质生产的影响.应用生态学报,1997,8:575-579.Li F M,Guo A H,Luo M,Zhao S L.Effect of water supply from deep soil on dry matter production of winter wheat.Chin J Appl Ecol,1997,8:575-579(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]王建东,龚时宏,高占义,邹慧,于颖多.滴灌模式对农田土壤水氮空间分布及冬小麦产量的影响.农业工程学保,2009,25(11):68-73.Wang J D,Gong S H,Gao Z Y,Zou H,Yu Y D.Effects of drip irrigation mode on spatial distribution of soil water and nitrogen and winter wheat yield.Trans CSAE,2009,25(11):68-73(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]孔清华,李光永,王永红,温义刚.不同施肥条件和滴灌方式对青椒生长的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(7):21-25.Kong Q H,Li G Y,Wang Y H,Wen Y G.Influences of subsurface drip irrigation and surface drip irrigation on bell pepper growth under different fertilization conditions.Trans CSAE,2010,26(7):21-25(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]张明智,牛文全,许健,李元.微灌与播前深松对根际土壤梅活性和夏玉米产量的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27:1925-1935.Zhang M Z,Niu W Q,Xu J,Li Y.Influences of micro-irrigation and subsoiling before planting on enzyme activity in soil rhizosphere and summer maize yield.Chin J Appl Ecol,2016,27:1925-1935(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]赵斌,董树亭,张吉旺,刘鹏.控释肥对夏玉米产量和氮素积累与分配的影响.作物学报,2010,36:1760-1768.Zhao B,Dong S T,Zhang J W,Liu P.Effects of controlledrelease fertilizer on yield and nitrogen accumulation and distribution in summer maize.Acta Agron Sin,2010,36:1760-1768(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]Guo Z J,Yu Z W,Wang D,Shi Y,Zhang Y L.Photosynthesis and winter wheat yield responses to supplemental irrigation based on measurement of water content in various soil layers.Field Crops Res,2014,166:102-111.
[17]Thomas H,Morgan W G,Thomas A M,Ougham H J.Expression of the stay-green character introgressed into Lolium temulentum Ceres from a senescence mutant of Festuca pratensis.Theor Appl Genet,1999,99:92-99.
[18]邹慧,黄兴法,龚时宏.水分调亏对地下滴灌夏玉米田水热动态的影响.农业机械学报,2012,43(9):72-77.Zou H,Huang X F,Gong S H.Effects of water deficit on soil moisture and temperature regimes in subsurface drip irrigated summer corn field.Trans CSAM,2012,43(9):72-77(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]Hashemi A M,Herbert S J,Putnam D H.Yield response of corn to crowding stress.Agron J,2005,97:839-846.
[20]马玉平,孙琳丽,马晓群.黄淮海地区夏玉米对干旱和涝渍的生理生态反应.干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(4):85-93.Ma Y P,Sun L L,Ma X Q.Ecophysiological responses of summer maize to drought and waterlogging in Huang-Huai-Hai plain.Agric Res Arid Areas,2016,34(4):85-93(in Chinese with English abstract).
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