华北地区高产冬小麦氮磷钾养分需求特征
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摘要
【目的】明确华北地区高产冬小麦氮磷钾养分需求特征及其与籽粒产量的定量关系,为高产冬小麦实时养分管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】在适宜氮磷钾养分供应条件下,通过华北地区多年多点田间试验数据构建冬小麦氮磷钾养分需求特征大数据,量化该区冬小麦地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量与籽粒产量的关系,定量单位籽粒产量的氮磷钾养分需求量。【结果】在适宜施氮条件下,华北地区生产冬小麦籽粒的氮素需求量平均为24.3 kg·t~(-1),单位籽粒氮素需求量随着籽粒产量的提高而有所降低。当产量水平在<4.5 t·hm~(-2)和6.0—7.5t·hm~(-2),籽粒氮素需求量从27.1 kg·t~(-1)降低到24.5 kg·t~(-1),这是由收获指数的升高和籽粒氮浓度的降低造成的;当产量水平在6.0—7.5 t·hm~(-2)和9.0—10.5 t·hm~(-2),籽粒氮素需求量从24.5 kg·t~(-1)降低到22.7 kg·t~(-1),这是由籽粒氮浓度的降低造成的;当产量水平>10.5 t·hm~(-2),单位籽粒氮素需求量趋于稳定,不再变化。在适宜施磷条件下,生产冬小麦籽粒的磷素需求量平均为4.5 kg·t~(-1),单位籽粒磷素需求量随着籽粒产量的提高而降低,从产量水平<4.5 t·hm~(-2)的4.7 kg·t~(-1)下降到产量水平>9.0 t·hm~(-2)的4.2 kg·t~(-1),这是由收获指数的升高和籽粒磷浓度的降低造成的。在适宜施钾条件下,生产冬小麦籽粒的钾素需求量平均为21.1 kg·t~(-1),单位籽粒钾素需求量随着籽粒产量的提高而降低,从产量水平<4.5 t·hm~(-2)的23.8 kg·t~(-1)下降到产量水平>7.5 t·hm~(-2)的20.2 kg·t~(-1),这是由收获指数的升高和籽粒钾浓度的降低造成的。冬小麦在拔节至扬花阶段呈现最大的干物质累积与养分吸收速率。【结论】华北地区在适宜的氮磷钾养分供应条件下,冬小麦氮磷钾需求量随产量的提高而增加。随着产量的提高,冬小麦单位籽粒产量的氮素、磷素和钾素需求量下降,这种趋势主要是由收获指数的增加和籽粒氮、磷、钾浓度的降低造成的。对于不同产量水平的冬小麦,高产水平下冬小麦在拔节期后具有较高的干物质累积和养分吸收速率。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of N, P and K nutrient demand of high-yielding winter wheat and to identity the relationship between N, P and K requirements and grain yield, so the results of the study could provide theoretical basis and technical support for in-season nutrient management of high-yielding winter wheat in North China Plain. 【Method】 Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment, some databases of nutrient demand of winter wheat was created by collecting on-farm experiments in different places and in many years to evaluate the relationship between aboveground N, P and K uptake and grain yield to quantify N, P and K requirements per ton grain yield in North China Plain.【Result】For the optimal N fertilizer treatment, the average N requirement per ton grain in North China Plain was 24.3 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield. For the yield ranges between <4.5 t·hm~(-2) and 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 27.1 kg to 24.5 kg due to increasing harvest index and decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges between 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm~(-2) and 9.0 to 10.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 24.5 kg to 22.7 kg due to decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges >10.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain tended to be stable and changed little. Under the optimal P fertilizer treatment, the average P requirement per ton grain was 4.5 kg, and it declined from 4.7 kg in the yield range of <4.5 t·hm~(-2) to 4.2 kg in the yield range of >9.0 t·hm~(-2) due to the increasing harvest index and the diluting effect of declining grain P concentrations. Under the optimal K fertilizer treatment, the average K requirement per ton grain was 21.1 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield, it decreased from 23.8 kg with <4.5 t·hm~(-2) to 20.2 kg with >7.5 t·hm~(-2), which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain potassium concentrations. The largest variation in dry matter and nutrient accumulation occurred from the stem elongation stage to anthesis stage.【Conclusion】Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment in North China Plain, the N, P and K uptake requirement increased with increasing grain yield. The average N, P and K requirement per ton grain declined with increasing grain yield, which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain N, P and K concentrations. For different yield levels of winter wheat, there was higher dry matter accumulation rate and nutrient uptake rate after the stem elongation stage of high yield levels.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of N, P and K nutrient demand of high-yielding winter wheat and to identity the relationship between N, P and K requirements and grain yield, so the results of the study could provide theoretical basis and technical support for in-season nutrient management of high-yielding winter wheat in North China Plain. 【Method】 Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment, some databases of nutrient demand of winter wheat was created by collecting on-farm experiments in different places and in many years to evaluate the relationship between aboveground N, P and K uptake and grain yield to quantify N, P and K requirements per ton grain yield in North China Plain.【Result】For the optimal N fertilizer treatment, the average N requirement per ton grain in North China Plain was 24.3 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield. For the yield ranges between <4.5 t·hm~(-2) and 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 27.1 kg to 24.5 kg due to increasing harvest index and decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges between 6.0 to 7.5 t·hm~(-2) and 9.0 to 10.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain decreased from 24.5 kg to 22.7 kg due to decreasing grain N concentration. For the yield ranges >10.5 t·hm~(-2), the N requirement per ton grain tended to be stable and changed little. Under the optimal P fertilizer treatment, the average P requirement per ton grain was 4.5 kg, and it declined from 4.7 kg in the yield range of <4.5 t·hm~(-2) to 4.2 kg in the yield range of >9.0 t·hm~(-2) due to the increasing harvest index and the diluting effect of declining grain P concentrations. Under the optimal K fertilizer treatment, the average K requirement per ton grain was 21.1 kg and it declined with increasing grain yield, it decreased from 23.8 kg with <4.5 t·hm~(-2) to 20.2 kg with >7.5 t·hm~(-2), which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain potassium concentrations. The largest variation in dry matter and nutrient accumulation occurred from the stem elongation stage to anthesis stage.【Conclusion】Under the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatment in North China Plain, the N, P and K uptake requirement increased with increasing grain yield. The average N, P and K requirement per ton grain declined with increasing grain yield, which was attributed to the increase of the harvest index and decline in grain N, P and K concentrations. For different yield levels of winter wheat, there was higher dry matter accumulation rate and nutrient uptake rate after the stem elongation stage of high yield levels.
引文
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[19]于振文,田奇卓,潘庆民,岳寿松,王东,段藏禄,段玲玲,王志军,牛运生.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585.YU Z W,TIAN Q Z,PAN Q M,YUE S S,WAGN D,DUAN Z L,DUAN L L,WANG Z J,NIU Y S.Theory and practice on cultivation of super high yield of winter wheat in the wheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River districts.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(5):577-585.(in Chinese)
[20]潘庆民,于振文,王月福,田奇卓.公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999,25(5):541-547.PAN Q M,YU Z W,WANG Y F,TIAN Q Z.Studies on uptake and distribution of nitrogen in wheat at the level of 9000 kg per hectare.Acta Agronomica Sinica,1999,25(5):541-547.(in Chinese)
[21]LIU X Y,HE P,JIN J Y,ZHOU W,SULEWSKI G,PHILLIPS S.Yield gaps,indigenous nutrient supply,and nutrient use efficiency of wheat in China.Agronomy Journal,2011,103(5):1452-1463.
[22]串丽敏.基于产量反应和农学效率的小麦推荐施肥方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.CHUAN L M.Methodology of fertilizer recommendation based on yield response and agronomic efficiency for wheat[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.(in Chinese)
[23]车升国,袁亮,李燕婷,林治安,李燕青,赵秉强,沈兵.我国主要麦区小麦产量形成对磷素的需求.植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):869-876.CHE S G,YUAN L,LI Y T,LIN Z A,LI Y Q,ZHAO B Q,SHEN B.Phosphorous requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(4):869-876.(in Chinese)
[24]张法全,王小燕,于振文,王西芝,白洪立.公顷产10000 kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性.作物学报,2009,35(6):1086-1096.ZHANG F Q,WANG X Y,YU Z W,WANG X Z,BAI H L.Characteristics of accumulation and distribution of nitrogen and dry matter in wheat at yield level of ten thousand kilograms per hectare.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(6):1086-1096.(in Chinese)
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[2]彭雪松.河南省小麦玉米化肥施用状况与应用效果研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2012.PENG X S.Study on chemical fertilizer consumption and application effect on wheat and maize in Henan province[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[3]CUI Z L,CHEN X P,ZHANG F S.Current nitrogen management status and measures to improve the intensive wheat-maize system in China.Ambio,2010,39(5/6):376-384.
[4]GUO J H,LIU X J,ZHANG Y,SHEN J L,HAN W X,ZHANG W F,CHRISTIE P,GOULDING K W,VITOUSEK P M,ZHANG F S.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[5]LIU X J,DUAN L,MO J M,DU E Z,SHEN J L,LU X K,ZHANG Y,ZHOU X B,HE C N,ZHANG F S.Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China:An overview.Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2251-2264.
[6]马政华,寇长林,康利允.分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(27):15-21.MA Z H,KOU C L,KANG L Y.Influence of water supply and phosphorus application in different depth on yield and nutrient accumulation and distribution of winter wheat.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(27):15-21.(in Chinese)
[7]LIU M Q,YU Z R,LIU Y H,KONIJN N T.Fertilizer requirements for wheat and maize in China:the QUEFTS approach.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2006,74(3):245-258.
[8]GIULIANI M M,GIUZIO L,CARO A D,FLAGELLA Z.Relationships between nitrogen utilization and grain technological quality in durum wheat:I.nitrogen translocation and nitrogen use efficiency for protein.Agronomy Journal,2011,103(5):1487-1494.
[9]CHUAN L M,HE P,PAMPOLINO M F,JOHNSTON A M,JIN J Y,XU X P,ZHAO S C,QIU S J,ZHOU W.Establishing a scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations for wheat in China:Yield response and agronomic efficiency.Field Crops Research,2013,140(1):1-8.
[10]HE P,LI S T,JIN J Y,WANG H T,LI C J,WANG,Y L,CUI R Z.Performance of an optimized nutrient management system for double-cropped wheat-maize rotations in North-Central China.Agronomy Journal,2009,101(6):1489-1496.
[11]ZHANG H M,YANG X Y,HE X H,XU M G,HUANG S M,LIU H,WANG B R.Effect of long-term potassium fertilization on crop yield and potassium efficiency and balance under wheat-maize rotation in China.Pedosphere,2011,21(2):154-163.
[12]党红凯,李瑞奇,李雁鸣,孙亚辉,张馨文,刘梦星.超高产冬小麦对氮素的吸收、积累和分配.植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(5):1037-1047.DANG H K,LI R Q,LI Y M,SUN Y H,ZHANG X W,LIU M X.Absorption,accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in super-highly yielding winter wheat.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(5):1037-1047.(in Chinese)
[13]党红凯,李瑞奇,李雁鸣,张馨文,孙亚辉.超高产栽培条件下冬小麦对磷的吸收、积累和分配.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(3):531-541.DANG H K,LI R Q,LI Y M,ZHANG X W,SUN Y H.Absorption,accumulation and distribution of phosphorus in winter wheat under super-highly yielding conditions.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2012,18(3):531-541.(in Chinese)
[14]党红凯,李瑞奇,李雁鸣,孙亚辉,张馨文,孟建.超高产冬小麦对钾的吸收、积累和分配.植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):274-287.DANG H K,LI R Q,LI Y M,SUN Y H,ZHANG X W,MENG J.Absorption,accumulation and distribution of potassium in super highly-yielding winter wheat.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(2):274-287.(in Chinese)
[15]FOWLER D B.Crop nitrogen demand and grain protein concentration of spring and winter wheat.Agronomy Journal,2003,95(2):260-265.
[16]YUE S C,MENG Q F,ZHAO R F,YE Y L,ZHANG F S,CUI Z L,CHEN X P.Change in nitrogen requirement with increasing grain yield for winter wheat.Agronomy Journal,2012,104(6):1687-1693.
[17]ZHAN A,CHEN X P,LI S Q,CUI Z L.Changes in phosphorus requirement with increasing grain yield for winter wheat.Agronomy Journal,2015,107(6):2003-2010.
[18]ZHAN A,ZOU C Q,YE Y L,LIU Z H,CUI Z L,CHEN X P.Estimating on-farm wheat yield response to potassium and potassium uptake requirement in China.Field Crops Research,2016,191:13-19.
[19]于振文,田奇卓,潘庆民,岳寿松,王东,段藏禄,段玲玲,王志军,牛运生.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585.YU Z W,TIAN Q Z,PAN Q M,YUE S S,WAGN D,DUAN Z L,DUAN L L,WANG Z J,NIU Y S.Theory and practice on cultivation of super high yield of winter wheat in the wheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River districts.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(5):577-585.(in Chinese)
[20]潘庆民,于振文,王月福,田奇卓.公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999,25(5):541-547.PAN Q M,YU Z W,WANG Y F,TIAN Q Z.Studies on uptake and distribution of nitrogen in wheat at the level of 9000 kg per hectare.Acta Agronomica Sinica,1999,25(5):541-547.(in Chinese)
[21]LIU X Y,HE P,JIN J Y,ZHOU W,SULEWSKI G,PHILLIPS S.Yield gaps,indigenous nutrient supply,and nutrient use efficiency of wheat in China.Agronomy Journal,2011,103(5):1452-1463.
[22]串丽敏.基于产量反应和农学效率的小麦推荐施肥方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.CHUAN L M.Methodology of fertilizer recommendation based on yield response and agronomic efficiency for wheat[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.(in Chinese)
[23]车升国,袁亮,李燕婷,林治安,李燕青,赵秉强,沈兵.我国主要麦区小麦产量形成对磷素的需求.植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):869-876.CHE S G,YUAN L,LI Y T,LIN Z A,LI Y Q,ZHAO B Q,SHEN B.Phosphorous requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(4):869-876.(in Chinese)
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[25]HU C X,WANG Y H.Variation among wheat varieties in characteristics of potassium uptake and distribution,and potassium nutrition efficiency.Journal of Huazhong Agricultural,2000,19(3):233-239.
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