摘要
中国农村地区的收入不平等程度和人口老龄化程度都高于城市地区,收入不平等会增加个体遭受到的相对剥夺,而人口老龄化是否会给社会经济带来严重负面影响取决于中老年人群体的健康状况。本文使用中国健康与养老追踪调查2015年数据,以村内其他居民为参照组构建相对剥夺测量指标,考察相对剥夺对中国农村中老年人健康状况的影响。多层模型的估计结果表明,收入的相对剥夺对农村中老年人的健康状况具有显著的负向影响:受较强程度相对剥夺的农村中老年人的自评健康状况较差,精神抑郁程度较高,且这种影响在以不同指标来测量相对剥夺的情况下均存在。进一步地,本文发现,相对剥夺对农村中老年人的客观健康状况并无显著影响,且相对剥夺对健康状况的不利影响主要作用于45~60岁的中年人、男性和来自收入不平等程度较高地区的农村中老年人。收入不平等引致的相对剥夺给农村中老年人的健康状况带来了不利影响,因此,改善农村地区的收入分配格局,有利于农村中老年人保持良好的健康状况。本文研究为深化农村地区的收入分配制度改革提供了相对剥夺和农村居民健康状况关系视角的经验证据。
Both the degree of income inequality and population ageing are more pronounced in rural China than in urban areas.On the one hand,the more unequal a society is economically,the higher the degree of relative deprivation people can feel.On the other hand,whether population ageing has a negative impact on the society depends on the health condition of middle and old-aged persons.Based on those facts,this article uses the recent round of CHARLS data to test relative deprivation hypotheses among Chinese rural middle and old-aged persons.The study uses sample individuals from the same villages as benchmark reference groups to construct three different relative deprivation indexes.The results from multilevel model regressions consistently show that relative deprivation has a significant negative effect on rural elderly's self-rated health condition and mental health condition.But relative deprivation seems to have little effect on objective heath measures,such as the incidence of functional limitations and chronic diseases.The analysis shows that the negative health effects of relative deprivation are mainly applied to middle-aged persons,male villagers and those coming from provinces with higher income inequality index.The relative deprivation induced by income inequality has caused a huge public health concern in rural societies with population ageing.The study suggests that deepening the income distribution policy reform may improve the health condition of rural population and relieve health burden in ruralareas.
引文
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(1)中国农村老年人存在较严重的贫困问题,中国农村60岁以上老年人的贫困率为28.9%(参见《中国人口老龄化的挑战:中国健康与养老追踪调查全国基线报告》,http://www.doc88.com/p-0874648160403.html)。本文研究样本的家庭人均年收入水平与张川川等(2014)使用CHARLS2011年基线调查数据得到的这一指标值较为接近。
(2)Li and Zhu(2006)使用中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey,CHNS)1993年数据,实证考察了收入不平等对健康状况的影响。在他们的分析中,也以村内其他成员为参照组构建相对剥夺变量。
(1)这10道题是:“我因一些小事而烦恼”,“我在做事时很难集中精力”,“我感到情绪低落”,“我觉得做任何事都很费劲”,“我对未来充满希望”,“我感到害怕”,“我的睡眠不好”,“我很愉快”,“我感到孤独”,“我觉得我无法继续我的生活”。
(1)参见《中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年全国基线调查用户使用手册》,http://charls.pku.edu.cn/uploads/document/2011-charls-wave1/application/CHARLS_nationalbaseline_users_guide.pdf。
(1)收入百分位排序变量的取值范围为[0, 100],数值越大,表明农村中老年人家庭人均年收入在所在村村民家庭人均年收入排序中的位次越靠前,相对收入越高。
(1)正文所描述的控制变量的系数估计值为表2中方程4至方程6对应系数估计值的平均数。
(2)从样本农村中老年人的自评健康状况结果看,73%的农村女性中老年人认为自己的健康状况“不好”,男性样本的这一比例为67%;从农村中老年人精神健康的性别差异看,农村女性中老年人的CES-D得分均值为19.57分,而农村男性中老年人的CES-D得分均值为17.1分。双样本t检验结果表明,男性和女性在自评健康状况和精神健康上存在显著差异。
(3)受篇幅所限,表3和后文表4中没有报告村级随机截距项方差、组内相关系数、对数似然值等结果,感兴趣的读者可通过编辑部向作者索取。