基于生态位模型的艾比湖鹅喉羚生境评价
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摘要
明确物种生境空间分布格局及其与环境因素的关系,对了解该物种的生境需求和适宜生境空间分布至关重要。生境评价和预测是对物种进行有效保护的基础。以鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)为研究对象,以其重要栖息地新疆博州艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区为研究区域,选取115个鹅喉羚分布点数据和23个环境变量因子,应用MAXENT模型分析其生境空间分布及主要影响因子,划分了鹅喉羚在研究区域的适宜生境,并对它的栖息地特征进行了分析。探讨了鹅猴羚生境选择与环境因子的关系。结果表明:气温日较差是影响鹅喉羚生境分布的主要环境因子。植被类型,坡度和最干月降水量对艾比湖鹅喉羚的生境选择影响不大。除了温度和降水在内的19项生物气候变量是鹅猴羚选择生境的重要因素之外,海拔和坡向等地形特征也影响鹅猴羚的生境选择性。鹅喉羚的高度适宜生境区主要分布在研究区域的北部和东部,中度及低度适宜生境区则分布于高度适宜生境区的边缘,而非适宜生境区主要集中在西部地区。研究不仅提供了鹅喉羚在艾比湖的实际分布状况及其栖息地特征,也为鹅喉羚在栖息地方面的研究,即鹅猴羚的栖息地选择和环境因子的关系方面提供了一个重要的依据。
Understanding the spatial distribution of a species' habitat and its relationship with environmental factors is crucial to determine the distribution of suitable habitat of a target species and its habitat requirements. Such habitat assessment and prediction form the basis for effective species protection. The maximum entropy( MAXENT) model can be used to predict the possible distribution range of a species in a target region according to data of geographic distribution and environmental factors. The Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve in Xinjiang is the main habitat for Gazella subgutturosa. In order to clarify the spatial distribution of G. subgutturosa in this area and analyze its habitat features,a predictive habitat distribution map of this species was estimated using the MAXENT model with a total of 115 recorded points of known G. subgutturosa occurrence and 23 environmental factors; the environmental factors and habitat selection of G. subgutturosa were then analyzed. The results showed that the mean diurnal range is the main environmental factorinfluencing the distribution of G. subgutturosa,followed by maximum temperature of the warmest month,temperature seasonality,mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest month, and annual mean temperature. Vegetation type,slope,and precipitation of the driest month had little effect on habitat distribution. The model constructed by MAXENT was highly reliable,as evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. In addition to 19 bioclimatic variables( including temperature and precipitation),topographical features such as elevation and aspect also appear to affect the habitat selection of G. subgutturosa. The most suitable habitat for G. subgutturosa was mainly distributed in the northern and eastern parts of the study area,and habitats with moderate and low suitability were in the marginal areas of the most suitable habitats. On the other hand,the western part of the study area was determined to be an unsuitable habitat for G. subgutturosa. This study not only provides information on the actual distribution of G. subgutturosa habitat in the Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve,but also provides important clues for future research about this species and its habitat.
Understanding the spatial distribution of a species' habitat and its relationship with environmental factors is crucial to determine the distribution of suitable habitat of a target species and its habitat requirements. Such habitat assessment and prediction form the basis for effective species protection. The maximum entropy( MAXENT) model can be used to predict the possible distribution range of a species in a target region according to data of geographic distribution and environmental factors. The Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve in Xinjiang is the main habitat for Gazella subgutturosa. In order to clarify the spatial distribution of G. subgutturosa in this area and analyze its habitat features,a predictive habitat distribution map of this species was estimated using the MAXENT model with a total of 115 recorded points of known G. subgutturosa occurrence and 23 environmental factors; the environmental factors and habitat selection of G. subgutturosa were then analyzed. The results showed that the mean diurnal range is the main environmental factorinfluencing the distribution of G. subgutturosa,followed by maximum temperature of the warmest month,temperature seasonality,mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest month, and annual mean temperature. Vegetation type,slope,and precipitation of the driest month had little effect on habitat distribution. The model constructed by MAXENT was highly reliable,as evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. In addition to 19 bioclimatic variables( including temperature and precipitation),topographical features such as elevation and aspect also appear to affect the habitat selection of G. subgutturosa. The most suitable habitat for G. subgutturosa was mainly distributed in the northern and eastern parts of the study area,and habitats with moderate and low suitability were in the marginal areas of the most suitable habitats. On the other hand,the western part of the study area was determined to be an unsuitable habitat for G. subgutturosa. This study not only provides information on the actual distribution of G. subgutturosa habitat in the Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve,but also provides important clues for future research about this species and its habitat.
引文
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[14]Kingswood S C,Blank D A.Gazella subgutturosa.Mammalian Species,1996,518:1-10.
[15]汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书:兽类.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[16]徐文轩,乔建芳,刘伟,杨维康.鹅猴羚生态生物学研究现状.生态学杂志,2008,27(2):257-262.
[17]马福,张建龙.中国重点陆生野生动物资源调查.北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[18]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,葛炎,陶永善,李斌.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择.动物学研究,2009,30(3):311-318.
[19]高行宜,许可芬,姚军,贾泽信.新疆鹅猴羚的种群结构.兽类学报,1996,16(1):14-18.
[20]John Reeves Ellerman,T S C Morrison-Scott.Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946.London:British Museum(Natural History),1951.
[21]钱燕文,张洁,郑宝赉.新疆南部的鸟兽.北京:科学出版社,1965.
[22]Groves C P.On the smaller gazelles of the genus Gazella de Blinville,1916.Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde,1969,34:38-60.
[23]许可芬,任志刚,高行宜.卡拉麦里山保护区的蒙古野驴,鹅喉羚资源及生存现状.干旱区研究,1997,14(增刊):17-22.
[24]弥艳.基于3S技术的艾比湖流域农业非点源污染对水环境的影响研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2010.
[25]孔琼英.艾比湖流域植被研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2008.
[26]朱耿平,刘国卿,卜文俊,高玉葆.生态位模型的基本原理及其在生物多样性保护中的应用.生物多样性,2013,21(1):90-98.
[27]齐增湘,徐卫华,熊兴耀,欧阳志云,郑华,甘德欣.基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价.生物多样性,2011,19(3):343-352.
[28]J A Swets.Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems.Science,1998,240(4857):1285-1293.
[29]Miguel B Araújo,Richaed G Pearson,Wilfried Thuiller,Markus Erhard.Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change.Global Change Biology,2005,11(9):1504-1513.
[2]Jonathan E M Baillie,Janine Griffiths,Sam T Turvey,Jonathan Loh,Ben Collen.Evolution Lost:Status and Trends of the World's Vertebrates.London:Zoological Society of London,2010.
[3]Lenore Fahrig.Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,2003,34:487-515.
[4]Yang X Q,S P S Kushwaha,S Saran,Xu J C,P S Roy.Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of medicinal plant,Justicia adhatoda L.in Lesser Himalayan foothills.Ecological Engineering,2013,51:83-87.
[5]Stephanie Schadt,Eloy Revilla,Throsten Wiegand,Felix Knauer,Peter Kaczensky,Urs Breitenmoser,Ludeˇk Bufka,Jaroslav Cˇerven y',Petr Koubek,Thomas Huber,Cvetko Stania,Ludwig Trepl.Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx.Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(2):189-203.
[6]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,谭迎春,张和民.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价.生态学报,2001,21(11):1869-1874.
[7]徐卫华,欧阳志云,蒋泽银,郑华,刘建国.大相岭山系大熊猫生境评价与保护对策研究.生物多样性,2006,14(3):223-231.
[8]Lluís Brotons,Wilfried Thuiller,Miguel B Araújo,Alexandre H Hirzel.Presence-absence versus presence-only modelling methods for predicting bird habitat suitability.Ecography,2004,27(4):437-448.
[9]Steven J Phillips,Robert P Anderson,Robert E Schapire.Maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions.Ecological Modelling,2006,190(3/4):231-259.
[10]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,刘建国,肖燚,陈佑平,赵联军,黄俊忠.生态位因子分析在大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境评价中的应用.生态学报,2008,28(2):821-828.
[11]徐卫华,罗翀.MAXENT模型在秦岭川金丝猴生境评价中的应用.森林工程,2010,26(2):1-4.
[12]Pilar A Hernandez,Catherine H Graham,Lawrence L Master,Deborah L Albert.The effect of sample size and species characteristics on performance of different species distribution modeling methods.Ecography,2006,29(5):773-785.
[13]Richard G Pearson,Christopher J Raxworthy,Miguel Nakamura,A Townsend Peterson.Predicting species'distributions from small numbers of occurrence records:a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar.Journal of Biogeography,2007,34(1):102-117.
[14]Kingswood S C,Blank D A.Gazella subgutturosa.Mammalian Species,1996,518:1-10.
[15]汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书:兽类.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[16]徐文轩,乔建芳,刘伟,杨维康.鹅猴羚生态生物学研究现状.生态学杂志,2008,27(2):257-262.
[17]马福,张建龙.中国重点陆生野生动物资源调查.北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[18]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,葛炎,陶永善,李斌.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择.动物学研究,2009,30(3):311-318.
[19]高行宜,许可芬,姚军,贾泽信.新疆鹅猴羚的种群结构.兽类学报,1996,16(1):14-18.
[20]John Reeves Ellerman,T S C Morrison-Scott.Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946.London:British Museum(Natural History),1951.
[21]钱燕文,张洁,郑宝赉.新疆南部的鸟兽.北京:科学出版社,1965.
[22]Groves C P.On the smaller gazelles of the genus Gazella de Blinville,1916.Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde,1969,34:38-60.
[23]许可芬,任志刚,高行宜.卡拉麦里山保护区的蒙古野驴,鹅喉羚资源及生存现状.干旱区研究,1997,14(增刊):17-22.
[24]弥艳.基于3S技术的艾比湖流域农业非点源污染对水环境的影响研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2010.
[25]孔琼英.艾比湖流域植被研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2008.
[26]朱耿平,刘国卿,卜文俊,高玉葆.生态位模型的基本原理及其在生物多样性保护中的应用.生物多样性,2013,21(1):90-98.
[27]齐增湘,徐卫华,熊兴耀,欧阳志云,郑华,甘德欣.基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价.生物多样性,2011,19(3):343-352.
[28]J A Swets.Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems.Science,1998,240(4857):1285-1293.
[29]Miguel B Araújo,Richaed G Pearson,Wilfried Thuiller,Markus Erhard.Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change.Global Change Biology,2005,11(9):1504-1513.